Solution

XII CH-1

Class 12 - Physics
1. As the electric field intensity at point P is zero, the electric field produced by both the charges should be equal and opposite in
direction which can be possible in the following manner:
i. The two-point charges (q1 and q2) should be of opposite nature.
ii. The magnitude of charge q1 must be greater than the magnitude of charge q2 as distance of q1 is greater than q2.

2. inside electric field lines are non-uniform but outside they are uniform.

3.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Explanation:
If the charged particle is initially at rest in an electric field, it will move along the electric line of force. But when the initial
velocity of charged particle makes some angle with the line of force then the resultant path is not along the line of force.
Because electric line of force may not coincide with the line of velocity of charge.

4. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:
Conservation of electric charge states that the total charge of an isolated system remains unchanged with time.
5. a. q 1 = q2 = 6.5 × 10
−7
C

r = 50 cm = 0.50 m
1 9 2 −2
k = = 9 × 10 N m C
4πε0

F=?
According to Coulomb's law, electrostatic force of attraction is given by;
q1 q2
F = k
2
r
9 −7 −7
9× 10 ×6.5× 10 ×6.5× 10
=
2
(0.50)

−2
F = 1.5 × 10 N

b. Now, if each sphere is charged double, and the distance between them is halved then the force of repulsion is:
2q1 2q2
F = k ⋅
2
r
( )
2
q1 q2
F = 16k ⋅
2
r

−2 −2
= 16 × 1.5 × 10 = 24 × 10

F = 0.24 N
6. Force on the oil drop due to electric field = qE = neE
Weight of oil drop = mg = volume × density × g = 4

3
π r3ρg
The field E must act vertically downward so that the negatively charged oil drop experiences an upward force and balances the
weight of the drop.

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 When the drop is held stationary, Weight of oil drop = Force on the oil drop due to electric field
1/3
4 3neE
or 3
πr ρg
3
= neE ∴ r = [ 4πρg
]

Now n = 12, e = 1.6 × 10-19 C,

E = 2.55 × 104 Vm-1, g = 9.81 ms-2
ρ = 1.26 g cm-3 = 1.26 × 103 kg m-3
1/3
−19 4
3×12×1.6× 10 ×2.55× 10
∴ r = [ ]
3
4×3.14×1.26× 10 ×9.81

1/3
9×16×255 −15
= [ × 10 ]
314×126×981

= (9.46 × 10-4)1/3 × 10-5

= 0.0981 × 10-5 m = 9.81 × 10-4 mm.
7. i.

ii. a. For region II, the electric field due to sheet of charge A will be from left to right and due to the sheet of charge B will be
from right to left thus,
1
EII = (σ1 − σ2 )
2ε0

towards right from sheet A to sheet B.

b. For region III, the electric field due to both charged sheet will be from left to right thus,
1
EIII = (σ1 + σ2 )
2ε0

towards the right side away from the two sheets.

8. The intensity EA at D due to charge at A is given by
−6
9 10 1 1
EA = 9 × 10 × [∵ AD = AC = × 2 = 1m]
2 2 2
1

or , E = 9 × 10 N C
A along DC
3 −1

The intensity EC at D due to charge at C is given by

−6
9 2×10
EC = 9 × 10 ×
2
1

or, E = 18 × 10 N C
C along DA 3 −1

The magnitude of the resultant of EC and EA is given by

3 3
EC − EA = (18 × 10 − 9 × 10 )

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 = 9 × 10 N C
3
along DA −1

The intensity EB at D due to charge at B is given by

−6
9 5×10
EB = 9 × 10 ×
3

or, E = 15 × 10 N C
B
3 −1
along DB
In right angled ΔC DB,
∘ BD
cos 30 =
2

√3 –
or BD = 2
× 2 = √3m

If E be the magnitude of the resultant intensity, then

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
3 2 3 2
E = √(9 × 10 ) + (15 × 10 )

4 −1
= 1.749 × 10 N C
→
9. Given, 3^
E = 3 × 10 i N C
−1

a. ΔS (Area of the square) = 10 × 10 = 100cm = 10 m 2 −2 2

The area of a surface can be represented as a vector along normal to the surface. Since normal to the square is along x-axis, we
have
→
−2 ^ 2
ΔS = 10 i m

Electric flux through the square is given by :-

→ −
−→
ϕ = E ⋅ ΔS

= (3 × 10 3^
i ) ⋅ (10
−2 ^
i)

2 −1
= 30N m C

b. Given, the angle between area vector and the electric field is 60°. Therefore,
→ →
ϕ = E ⋅ ΔS
∘
= E ⋅ ΔS cos 60
3 −2 1
= 3 × 10 × 10 ×
2

2 −1
= 15N m C

10. a. Electric field due to a uniformly charged sheet

= 1 × 10-6 N /C outward
σ
E= 2∈o

At point Q For finite plane sheet, electric field is uniform in the middle. At the edges it will be curved.
b. q'1 = q'2 =
10+(−20)

2
= -5 μC
F' = F

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11.

i. If we place the third charge 2q between A and B the direction of the force on 2q due to A and B on C will be same.
So the net force cannot be zero, so the charge q cannot be placed between A and B.
ii. If 2q is placed the right side of A then rAC > rBC as qA < qB. So FCA < FCB always as the direction of FCA is towards right and
FCB is left so, FCA + FCB ≠ 0 we can not obtain required condition.
iii. Now consider 2q at the C to left of q at distance x from q.
Force on 2q at C (left of q) is in opposite direction so net force will be zero if magnitude is equal. So,
⇒ FCA + FCB = 0 or FCA = - FCB

KqC qA −KqC qB
⇒ =
2 2
r CA r CB

2qq −2q(−3q)
⇒ =
2 2
x (x+d)

2 2
2q 6q 1 3
⇒ = ⇒ =
2 2 2 2
x (x+d) x (x+d)

⇒ 3x2 = x2 + d2 + 2xd
⇒ 2x2 - 2xd - d2 = 0
2 2
+2d± √(−2d) −4.2⋅(− d )

⇒ x =
2.2

2 2
+2d± √4d +8d 2d±2d√3
⇒ x = =
4 4
d(1± √3)
⇒ x =
2
d –
So, x = 2
(1 + √3) m to the left of q, it will not experience any force
12. Suppose the three charges are placed as shown in Fig. Let the charge q be positive.

For the equilibrium of charge + q, we must have Force of repulsion F1 between + 4e and + q = Force of repulsion F2 between + e
and + q
4e×q e×q
or 1
=
1

4πε0 x2 4πε0
(a−x)
2

or 4 (a - x)2 = x2
or 2 (a - x) = ± x
2a
∴ x = or 2a
3
2a
As the charge q is placed between + 4e and + e, so only x = 3
is possible. Hence for equilibrium, the charge q must be placed at a
2a
distance 3
from the charge + 4e.
We have considered the charge q to be positive. If we displace it slightly towards charge e, from the equilibrium position, then
F1 will decrease and F2 will increase and a net force (F2 - F1) will act on q towards left i.e., towards the equilibrium position.
Hence the equilibrium of positive q is stable.
Now if we take charge q to be negative, the forces F1 and F2 will be attractive, as shown in Fig.

The charge - q will still be in equilibrium at x = 2a

3
. However, if we displace charge - q slightly towards the right, then F1 will
decrease and F2 will increase. A net force (F2 - F1) will act on - q towards the right i.e., away from the equilibrium position. So
the equilibrium of the negative q will be unstable.
13. i. Electric field lines are paths taken by unit positive charge to travel. Electric field lines due to a conducting sphere are shown in
figure in which electric field lines are terminating perpendicular to the surface and inside the sphere they are zero. Negative

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 charge on sphere attracts electric field.

ii. Electric field lines due to an electric dipole are shown in figure in which electric field lines originating from +q is terminating
on -q. There is only one electric filed line which is passing straight from +q to -q , remaining electric field lines they follow
path which is trajectory originating from +q is terminating on -q .

14. a. When polythene is rubbed against wool, a number of electrons get transferred from wool to polythene. Hence, wool becomes
positively charged and polythene becomes negatively charged.
Amount of charge on the polythene piece, q = −3 × 10−7 C
Amount of charge on an electron, e = −1.6 × 10−19 C
Number of electrons transferred from wool to polythene = n
n can be calculated using the relation, q = ne
q
n= e
−7
−3×10
= −19
−1.6×10

= 1.87 × 1012
Therefore, the number of electrons transferred from wool to polythene is 1.87 × 1012.
b. Yes. There is a transfer of mass occur. This is because an electron has mass, as we know
me = 9.1 × 10−3 kg Total mass transferred from wool to polythene,
m = me × n
= 9.1 × 10−31 × 1.87× 1012 = 1.706 × 10−18 kg
Hence, a negligible amount of mass is transferred from wool to polythene.

15. (c) -32 Nm2 C-1

Explanation:
Electric flux, ϕ = E⃗ ⋅ A⃗ = EA cos θ
where A⃗ = An
^

For electric flux passing through S6, n

^ S6
^
= −i (Back)

∴ ϕS
6
= -(4 × 103 NC-1)(0.1 m)2 cos 37o
= -32 N m2 C-1

16. (b) -24 Nm2 C-1

Explanation:
For electric flux passing through S1, n
^ S1
^
= −j (Left)

∴ ϕS
1
= -(4 × 103 NC-1)(0.1 m)2 cos 90o = 0
= -24 Nm2 C-1
17. (a) S2 and S4
Explanation:

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 Here, n
^ S2
^
= +k (Top)
∴ ϕS
2
= -(4 × 103 NC-1)(0.1 m)2 cos 90o = 0
^
n S
3
^
= +j (Right)
^S
n
4
^
= −k (Bottom)
∴ ϕS
4
= -(4 × 103 NC-1)(0.1 m)2 cos 90o = 0
And, n
^ S5
^
= +i (Front)
∴ ϕS
5
= +(4 × 103 NC-1)(0.1 m)2 cos 37o
= 32 N m2 C-1
S2 and S4 surface have zero flux.

18. (d) zero

Explanation:
As the field is uniform, the total flux through the cube must be zero, i.e., any flux entering the cube must leave it.

19. (c) [M L3 T-3 A-1]

Explanation:
Surface integral ∮ ⃗
E ⋅ dS
⃗
is the net electric flux over a closed surface S.
∴ [ϕE ] = [M L3 T-3 A-1]
20.
(d) the dipole will experience a force towards left.
Explanation:
the dipole will experience a force towards left.

21.
(d) 4
Explanation:
The electric field is always normal to the surface of a conductor. On the surface of a metallic solid sphere, the electrical field is
oriented normally (i.e. directed towards the centre of the sphere) and inside the conductor electric field is zero. So, 4th line is
correct.

22. a. Inside

The point P is inside the spherical shell. The Gaussian surface is a sphere through P centered at ‘O’
Flux through this surface = E × 4πr 2

However there is no charge enclosed by this Gaussian surface. Hence using Gauss’s Law
2
E × 4πr = 0

⇒ E=0
Outside

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 To calculate Electric Field E⃗ at the outside point P, we take the Gaussian surface to be a sphere of radius ‘r’ and with center
O, passing through P.
Electric Flux through the Gaussian surface
2
φ = E × 4πr

Charge enclosed by this the Gaussian surface = σ × 4πR 2

By Gauss’s Law
2
2 σ×4πR
E × 4πr = = q/ϵ0
ϵ0

Where q= total charge on the spherical shell.

q
∴ E =
4πϵ0 r2

q
⃗ 1
E = ^
r
′ 2
4πϵ r
0

b.

c. Electric flux passing through the square sheet

→
⃗
ϕ = ∫ E ⋅ ds

= EA cos θ

=200 × 0.01 × cos 60o

= 1.0 Nm2/C
23. i. Force between two point charges varies inversely with the square of distance between the charges and is directly proportional
to the product of magnitude of the two charges and acts along the line joining the two charges.
→
1 q1 q2
F12 = ˆ
r12
4πϵ0 2
r12

→
Where r 12 is a vector from charge q2 to charge q1.
1
ii. In derivation of Gauss’s law, flux is calculated using Coulomb’s law and surface area. Here coulomb’s law involves 2
factor
r

and surface area involves r2 factor. When product is taken, the two factors cancel out and flux becomes independent of r.

iii.

→
^ ^
r ⃗ = AB = a i + a j
→ −− −−−− –
2 2
r = |AB | = √a + a = √2a

1 q1 q2
⃗ ^
F = r
4π∈o 2
r

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 ^ ˆ
q×2q (a i +a j )
⃗ 1
F = × ×
4π∈o 2 √2a
( √2a)

2 ^ ^
1 2q ( i + j)
⃗
F = × ×
4πϵo 2
2a √2
2
1 q
⃗ ^ ˆ
F = × × (i + j)
4π∈o 2
√2a
2
q
⃗ ^ ^
F = (i + j)
2
4√2π ∈o a
2
q
⃗ 1
|F | =
4π∈o a2

24. a. It is defined as the total number of electric field lines crossing a given area normal to its surface. It can be practically obtained
by taking the dot product of the electric field vector and area vector. Its SI unit is Nm2C-1.
b. For point P1, using Gauss law, we have
→ →
Q
∮ E ⋅ dA =
ε0

Since E and dA are in the same direction, therefore, we have,

Q
E= ε0 A

Point P2 lies inside the metal, therefore Gaussian surface drawn at P2 does not include a charge because charge always resides
on the outer surface of the sphere, hence the electric field at P2 is zero.
c. The electric field lines are shown in the following figure:

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