The End of Empires in Asia

Glossary
TERM DEFINITION
Raj
autonomy the right of a country or government to control its own affairs
ahimsa

satyagraha

nonviolent resistance

caste
a member of the lowest caste in Indian society, formerly considered "untouchable"
Dalit
coups
fundamentalist

junta

Objective
In this lesson, you will

The Indian Independence Movement

In 1600, Great Britain created the British East India Company to trade with India and other ______ countries.
Over time, the British implemented policies in India that were designed to control the country’s ____________
and ___________ affairs. British officials also encouraged Indian citizens to adopt Western ___________ and
____________. Many Indians resented the East India Company and British influence in their country and some
openly _______________ British rule.

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 • A sepoy was a _______Indian_______British soldier who served _______the East India
Company_______the local governments of India.
• The Sepoy Rebellion prompted the British to tighten ___________ over India. In 1858, Britain
controlled India directly during a time period known as the _______________ _____.
• Indian nationalists then formed the ________ ___________ _______ in 1885. The INC became the
leading voice for gaining ______________ from Britain.
• Many Indian soldiers fought in World War I. When the war ended, Britain didn’t recognize their
__________. The British government showed no sign of granting India ____________ after the war, but
instead they passed more controlling laws.

On April 13, 1919 a

The ________ Act was crowd gathered in
The incident outraged
enacted in 1919 after ________ to hold a
and inspired Indian
World War I. It stated peaceful
______________ to
that anyone suspected ____________ against
push harder for
of acting against the the law. The British
independence from
government could be troops opened fire and
Britain.
_____________. killed about 400 Indian
people.

Gandhi Leads the Fight for Freedom

• Mohandas Gandhi employed the __________ philosophies of ahimsa and satyagraha in protests. These
philosophies support __________ ___________ to protest against unjust and unfair treatment.
• In 1915, Gandhi returned in India and joined the INC in a movement to end the British Raj and also
supported equal ___________ for all Indian men and women.
• Gandhi called for Indians to ___________ goods that had been manufactured in __________ to sell their
own goods. The __________ _________ became a symbol of ___________ to British rule in India.
• Gandhi led some famous acts of civil disobedience such as the _______ ________, where he traveled to
the sea to collect natural resources instead of paying the tax for the British goods. He was jailed shortly
after, but it successfully united ___________ across the nation against the ________.

Britain Quits India

• One of Gandhi’s closest supporters was __________ ________, a member of the INC.

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• Gandhi and the INC declared that India would not support Britain in __________ ________ ____, which led
to the _______ ________ movement in 1942. Gandhi called on the British, to leave India during his speech
on August 8, 1942.
• On August 15, 1947, the British Raj ended and India became an independent nation.

Postcolonial India and Pakistan

• _______Hindus_______Muslims formed a majority of the Indian population, whereas
_______Hindus_______Muslims and Sikhs formed the minority.
o Most of the political leaders in the INC, including _________, followed Hinduism.
o The Muslim minority existed mainly in the _______________ regions of India.

A History of Religious Tensions

To promote the rights of Muslim Indians, the _________ _______ was created in 1906 with __________ ____
__________ as their leader. The Muslim League wanted to create a separate nation in the ________, where
Muslims would be the ____________ and could freely run their own affairs. The British implemented a
_________ of India as part of its independence. It created two free nations: India for _______ and Pakistan for
___________.
Label the areas created by the Partition Plan of 1947 on the map below.

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The partition led to mass ______________, in which a large number of Muslims in India moved to
_________ and Hindus from Pakistan moved to _________. This shift in the population sparked increased
____________ and caused religious _______ to break out.

Modern India after the Partition

The INC held elections in 1951 and 1952 and elected _____________ _______ as prime minister. Some key
features of his tenure were:
➢ he focused on strengthening India economically and politically
➢
➢ he worked to keep India neutral in the growing Cold War between the United States, the Soviet Union,
and their allies
➢
➢ he wanted to provide more opportunities for members of lower castes, including the Dalits or
untouchables
Indo-Pakistan Wars
Indian and Pakistan disagreed about who should control the region of_________. The majority of their
population was _________ and wanted to become part of __________. This caused the two countries to go to
war from 1947 to 1948. It became a part of _________ in 1957, then another war erupted in 1965, and again
in _______.

Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Nehru, became the first female ___________
________ of India in 1966. She served from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 to
1984.
➢ began testing _________ _________
➢ fought a war with ____________ to support independence of East Pakistan
➢ she sent troops in 1984 to attack Sikh separatists at the ____________ _________ holy site
➢ Gandhi’s bodyguard assassinated her in October of _________, causing riots in India

The Rise of the Bhartiya Janta Party

The Bharatiya Janta Party was founded in April 1980 as a Hindu __________ party and not _________ like the
INC. It aimed to promote a stronger focus on _______ culture and values in the Indian ___________ and the
nation. It supported destroying a large and ancient __________ ______ in the city of Ayadhya, which led to
riots that lasted several _______ and costs thousands of ____________.

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Rising Population
By 2000, India saw an all-time peak in its population when it reached one _____________ people.

Contemporary India
By 2010, India had become the largest _____________ in the world. Hindi
and __________ remain the official languages. The main industries that
sustain India’s economy are agriculture, ___________, textiles, and
______________. There is still widespread __________, especially in cities
such as Calcutta and Delhi.

Independent Pakistan and Bangladesh

Independent Pakistan was split between West Pakistan and East Pakistan.
➢ The central government sat in the _______West_______East.
➢ _______West_______East Pakistan had a much larger population that lived in extreme poverty.
➢ The ___________ were the largest ethnic group in East Pakistan and wanted to separate from the
government. They rebelled by declaring their ________________. In December 1971, the rebels
won, and East Pakistan was declared the independent nation of ________________.
➢ Islamic _____________ also caused divisions in Pakistan beginning in the 1980s, which took hold
after the _______Soviet Union_______United States invaded the neighboring nation of
Afghanistan in 1978. Afghan soldiers called _________ fought in this war, which lasted until
________. Many Afghan mujahedeen became refuges in ____________ during the war, which
spread Islamic fundamentalism.
➢ In the 1990s, fundamentalists in ________ supported the _________ government in Afghanistan.
They were associated with the terrorist group ___-________.
➢ In 2001, after the September 11 attacks, the United States went to war against _____________ and
the ________. Pakistan supported the United States in this war, but by the late 2000s, relations
became __________. New _________ groups did not want US involvement in ____________
affairs. They also supported strict interpretation of ___________ religious laws.

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The End of Western Imperialism in Southeast Asia
At the end of World War II in 1945, Western ___________ began crumbling around the world. In Southeast
Asia, new nations emerged free from ____________ rule.

Ceylon Becomes Sri Lanka

• ruled by the _______ until 1948 when it gained independence
• faced many tensions after independence, which led to decades of
__________
• From 1983 to 2009, the two largest ethnic groups called the
____________ and the __________ were involved in a civil war.

Myanmar
• _______ was another British colony until 1948. In 1989, it was officially renamed
Myanmar.
• A military ________ ruled Myanmar from 1962 to 2011. In 1990, the country
held its first independent ______________.
• Activist Aung San Suu Kyi was elected _________ but was put under house arrest
until 2010. She was yet again barred from the _____________ after winning the
election of November 2015.

Malaysia
• Malaysia attained freedom from the _________ in 1957.
• In 1965, _________ was declared a separate independent nation.
• Malaysia has prospered since independence because of its strong
____________, _____________, and ___________ industries.

The Philippines
• The Philippines was a colony of _________, but it became independent in
__________.
• In 1965, Filipino president __________ _________ imposed martial law.
• He became known as a corrupt ___________.

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• A Muslim separatist group demanded independence for parts of _____________, an island in the southern
Philippines. The Autonomous Region in _________ ____________ was established in 1975.
• In 1986, President Marcos was driven into ______, and Corazon Aquino became president. Her victory
revived ___________ in the Philippines.

Summary
How did the end of empires in Asia impact various societies throughout the continent?

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