Tutorial-1
Introduction and Basic Concepts
1. A 10-cm diameter copper ball is to be heated from 100°C to an average temperature of
150°C in 30 minutes. Taking the average density and specific heat of copper in this
temperature range to be 8950 kg/m3 and 0.395 kJ/kg·°C, respectively, determine (a) the total
amount of heat transfer to the copper ball, (b) the average rate of heat transfer to the ball,
and (c) the average heat flux.
2. The roof of an electrically heated home is 6m long, 8m wide, and 0.25m thick, and is made
of a flat layer of concrete whose thermal conductivity is 0.8 W/m·°C. The temperatures of
the inner and the outer surfaces of the roof one night are measured to be 15°C and 4°C,
respectively, for period of 10 hours. Determine (a) the rate of heat loss through the roof that
night and (b) the cost of that heat loss to the home owner if the cost of electricity is
$0.08/kWh.
3. In a certain experiment, cylindrical samples of diameter 4 cm and length 7 cm are used (see
Fig.). The two thermocouples in each sample are placed 3 cm apart. After initial transients,
the electric heater is observed to draw 0.6 A at 110 V, and both differential thermometers
read a temperature difference of 10°C. Determine the thermal conductivity of the sample.
4. A 2-m-long, 0.3-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room at 15°C, as shown in
Fig. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating, and the surface
temperature of the wire is measured to be 152°C in steady operation. Also, the voltage drop
and electric current through the wire are measured to be 60 V and 1.5 A, respectively.
Disregarding any heat transfer by radiation, determine the convection heat transfer
coefficient for heat transfer between the outer surface of the wire and the air in the room.
5. Consider a person standing in a room maintained at 22°C at all times. The inner surfaces of
the walls, floors, and the ceiling of the house are observed to be at an average temperature of
10°C in winter and 25°C in summer. Determine the rate of radiation heat transfer between
this person and the surrounding surfaces if the exposed surface area and the average outer
surface temperature of the person are 1.4 m 2 and 30°C, respectively. The emissivity of a
person is 0.95.
6. Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20°C. Determine the total rate of heat
transfer from this person if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface
temperature of the person are 1.6 m2 and 29°C, respectively, and the convection heat transfer
coefficient is 6 W/m2·°C. The emissivity of a person is 0.95.
7. Consider steady heat transfer between two large parallel plates at constant temperatures of
T1 = 300 K and T2 = 200 K that are L = 1 cm apart, as shown in Fig. Assuming the surfaces
to be black (emissivity = 1), determine the rate of heat transfer between the plates per unit
surface area assuming the gap between the plates is (a) filled with atmospheric air, (b)
evacuated, (c) filled with urethane insulation, and (d) filled with super-insulation. The
thermal conductivity at the average temperature of 250 K is 0.0219 W/m ·°C for air, 0.026
W/m·°C for urethane insulation, and 0.00002 W/m·°C for the super-insulation.
