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ALL POSSIBLE REACTIONS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY POSSSIBLE REACTIONS
MORE SUMMARISED!
ALKANES:
-> Alkanes react with halogens to form halogenoalkanes (free radical substitution)
-> Cracking of Alkanes to form Alkenes
-> Reaction of Alkanes with n moles of Oxygen to form x moles of carbon dioxide and y moles of
water. (combustion of alkanes)
HALOGENOALKANES:
-> Neutrophilic Substitution reactions:
With aqueous sodium hydroxide to form Alchohol
with HCN or KCN dissolved in ethanol to form nitriles
With NH3 dissolved in ethanol to form Amines
With OH- (aqueous) to form Alcohol
-> Elimination Reaction (Neutrophilic)
-> with ethanolic (OH) C2H5OH to form alkenes.
ALKENES (CnH2n)
1) Electrophilic Addition with Br2 to form di bromoalkane.
2) Electrophilic addition with HBr to form bromoalkane.
3) Electrophilic addition with steam to form alchohol.
4) Electrophilic addition with hydrogen gas to form alkane.
5) Oxidation of Alkenes to form Alchohol (di ol) with cold oxidising agent (KMnO4)
6) Oxidation of Alkenes to form carbnoyle compounds with Hot Oxidising Agent (KMnO4)
7) Ketones get oxidize to aldehydes
8) Aldehydes get oxidize to carboxylate ion ( depends upoon alkyle group)
9) Addition polymerisation to form Polyalkene
ALCOHOLS:
Oxidation of Alcohols:
1) Primary alcohol reacts with acidified KMnO4 to form Aldehyde , which further oxidises to
carboxylic acid.
2) Secondatry alcohols reacts with acidified KMnO4 to form ketones.
Halogenation of Alchohols
1) Alcohols reacts with PCl5 to form chloroalkanes , HCl and POCl3.
2) Alchohols reacts with PCl3 to form chloroalkanes and H3PO3.
3) Alcohols react with Potassium bromide [ KBr ] and some 50% of H 2SO4 to form Bromoalkane and
water.
Elimination Reaction of Alcohols / dehydration
1) Alcohols are treated with concentrated H2SO4 to form alkenes and water.
Alchohols with Sodium (basically it will not always be sodium)
-
1) Alcohol and sodium react together to form Alkoxide and sodium ion (C2H5O )
Carbonyl Compounds
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
1) Reduction of Aldehydes
with NaBH4 to form secondary alcohol
2) Reduction of Ketones
With NaBH4 to form secondary alcohol
3) Formation of hydroxynitrile [Nucleophilic addition]
-> Aldehydes or Ketones react with KCN or HCN to form hydroxynitrile
Carboxylic Acid
Let a random carboxylic acid as
Acid-Base reactions
1) react with Metal to form Metal carboxylate (salt) and Hydrogen gas
2) React with Alkali to form salt(metal carboxylate) and water.
3) 2 moles of reacts with metalhydroxide to form metal carboxylate and water
Example
2 moles of reacts with sodiumhydroxide to form sodium carboxylate and water
3) 2 Moles of reacts with metal oxide to form metal carboxylate and water
4) 2 Moles of reacts with metal carbonate to form metal carboxylate , CO 2 , and water
(H2O)
Carboxylic Acid + Base/Alkali --------> Carboxylate ion + H2O / H2 /CO2
Reduction of carboxylic acid
It reacts with LiAlH4 with dry ether to form primary alcohol.
Esters:
Esterification/Condensation reaction
-> Carboxylic acid and alchohols react together to form esters when they are
heated together under reflux with H2SO4.
Hydrolysis of Esters
-> Esters are warmed with acid or alkali in aqueous to form Alcohols and carboxylic
acid
NITRILES
Hydrolysis of Nitriles
Nitriles and HCl are heat under reflux to form carboxylic acids and ammonium
chloride.
Identification of Aldehydes and Ketones
Remember!
Aldehydes oxidises to form carboxylic acid therefore we use mild oxidising agents like
Tollen’s reagent:
It is a mixture of Aqueous Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) and excess amount of Ammonia (NH3) and
NaOH.
Basically when aldehyde is added on the tollens , it gets oxidise into carboxylate
ion , while the silver get reduce to silver metal (Ag) that’s we see a silvor mirror on
the walls of test tube on the presence of aldehyde
Fehling’s reagent:
It is an alkaline solution containing Cu2+ ions, when it is warmed with aldehyde the
Cu2+ ions act as an oxidising agent , Cu2+ get reduced and solution of clear blue is
changed to the opaque red / orange color.
2,4 DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE
It is the test used to check whether the solution has Ketones or aldehyde.
When a sample of 2,4 DNPH is added to a solution containing either aldehyde or ketone we see
that an orange ppt is seen.
2,4 DNPH Tollen’s Reagent Fehling’s Reagent
Aldehydes
Ketones
