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R Programming Unlocked: Easy Learning
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Md. Sifat Hossain Provash Kumar Karmokar
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R Programming Unlocked: Easy Learning
Md. Sifat Hossain
Dr. Provash Kumar Karmokar
Preface
W
elcome to "R Programming Unlocked: Easy
Learning," your comprehensive guide to
mastering the R programming language. This
book is designed to take you from a beginner
to an advanced user, equipping you with the skills needed to
tackle a wide range of statistical and data analysis tasks.
R has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of data
science due to its flexibility, extensive package ecosystem,
and strong community support. Whether you're a student, a
researcher, or a professional data analyst, understanding R
will open doors to new possibilities in data manipulation,
visualization, and advanced statistical modeling.
In this book, you will find a structured approach to
learning R, starting with the basics and progressively
moving towards more complex topics. We begin with an
introduction to R and its origins, followed by detailed
instructions on installing R and RStudio, the preferred
integrated development environment (IDE) for R. You'll
learn about the various components of RStudio and how
they can enhance your coding experience.
The book covers essential R programming concepts,
including operators, variable naming conventions, and data
objects such as vectors, matrices, data frames, and lists. We
also delve into statistical operations, conditional structures,
and looping mechanisms to help you perform robust data
analyses. Additionally, you'll explore advanced topics like
ii
matrix operations, string handling, and creating user-
defined functions.
To facilitate practical learning, we have included
sections on reading and writing data files, working with
strings, and implementing measures of central tendency
and dispersion. Each section of this book is designed to
build on the previous ones, ensuring a smooth learning
curve.
Furthermore, this book emphasizes the importance
of a questioning mindset in mastering advanced R
programming. By encouraging curiosity and providing
guidelines for continuous improvement, we aim to help you
develop a deep and intuitive understanding of R.
For those looking to push their R skills even further,
we recommend leveraging AI tools such as ChatGPT,
Gemini, PoeClaude, and SocraAI. These tools can provide
personalized assistance, generate code snippets, debug
issues, and offer advanced insights, making your learning
journey more efficient and enjoyable.
We would like to express our gratitude to the R
community for their continuous contributions and support,
which have made R a versatile and powerful tool for data
analysis. Special thanks to our reviewers and beta readers
for their invaluable feedback, and to our families and friends
for their unwavering support.
iii
We hope that this book will serve as a valuable
resource in your journey to mastering R programming.
Happy coding!
iv
Dedicated to
Late Professor Dr. Md. Janahur Rahman
The Authors
Dr. Provash Kumar
Md. Sifat Hossain
Karmokar
MPhil Research Fellow
Professor
Department of Statistics
Department of Statistics,
University of Rajshahi
University of Rajshahi
Rajshahi-6205
Rajshahi-6205
Contacts
+8801863504629 (WhatsApp, Telegram, Viber)
[email protected] https://www.facebook.com/msh.stat
https://www.linkedin.com/in/sifatstat
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7265-5143
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Hossain-1441
v
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ...........................................................................11
1.1 Why R .............................................................................11
1.2 What You'll Find in This Book ..................................... 12
1.3 The Birth of R in New Zealand .................................... 15
2 Installing R ............................................................................ 16
2.1 Installing RStudio ........................................................ 18
2.2 Why RStudio is Better .................................................. 19
3 Getting Started with RStudio .............................................. 25
3.1 Introduction to RStudio ............................................... 25
3.1.1 Script File Editor .................................................. 25
3.1.2 Console ..................................................................26
3.1.3 Environment Pane ...............................................26
3.1.4 Files/Plots/Packages/Help Pane ........................26
3.1.5 Viewer Pane.......................................................... 27
3.1.6 Version Control Integration ................................ 27
3.1.7 Toolbar.................................................................. 27
3.1.8 Menus ....................................................................28
3.1.9 Source & Terminal Tabs ......................................28
3.2 Packages & Libraries in R ...........................................28
3.2.1 Common Libraries ...............................................29
4 Getting Help & Accessing Manuals ..................................... 31
4.1 Accessing Help in R ...................................................... 32
4.1.1 Using the help() Function .................................... 32
4.1.2 Shortcut: ? Prefix ................................................. 32
4.2 Package Manuals ......................................................... 32
4.3 Online Resources .......................................................... 33
4.3.1 CRAN Package Manuals ..................................... 33
4.3.2 Online Platforms for Discussion ......................... 33
5 Project Organization in R .................................................... 34
5.1 Working Directory & Environment ............................ 34
vi
5.1.1 Manual Working Directory Setup ...................... 35
5.1.2 Automating Working Directory Setup ............... 35
5.1.3 Clearing Environment ......................................... 36
5.2 Package Installation .................................................... 37
5.2.1 Installing Packages from CRAN ......................... 37
5.2.2 Offline Package Installation ................................ 37
6 Operators in R.......................................................................38
6.1 Arithmetic Operator .....................................................38
6.2 Assignment Operator ................................................... 39
6.3 Comparison Operator ................................................. 40
6.4 Logical Operator .......................................................... 41
6.5 The Pipe Operator (%>%) ............................................ 41
7 Basic Operations in R ...........................................................42
7.1 Arithmetic Operation ...................................................42
7.2 Assignment Operation .................................................44
7.3 Comparison Operation ................................................ 45
7.4 Logical Operation......................................................... 47
8 Variable Naming in R ..........................................................49
8.1 Why Variable Naming Matters ...................................49
8.2 Rules for Naming Variables ........................................49
8.3 Norms of Naming Variables .......................................50
8.4 Creating Informative Variable Names ....................... 51
8.5 Avoiding Ambiguity ..................................................... 51
8.6 Variable Naming for Data Analysis ........................... 52
8.7 Self-documenting Code ................................................ 52
9 R Data Objects & Statistical Operations ............................. 52
9.1 R Data Objects .............................................................. 53
9.1.1 Vectors .................................................................. 53
9.1.2 Matrices & Arrays ................................................ 54
9.1.3 Data Frames ......................................................... 55
9.1.4 Lists ....................................................................... 55
9.1.5 Factors .................................................................. 59
vii
9.2 Matrix Operations ........................................................ 59
9.2.1 Matrix Multiplication .......................................... 59
9.2.2 Matrix Inverse ..................................................... 60
9.2.3 Matrix Transpose ................................................ 60
9.2.4 Naming Rows & Columns ................................... 61
9.2.5 Slicing and Partitioning ...................................... 61
9.2.6 Vectorization ........................................................62
9.2.7 Kronecker Product ...............................................62
9.2.8 Scalar Multiplication & Orthogonal Matrices ... 63
9.2.9 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors ................................64
9.3 Data Frame Operations in R .......................................66
9.3.1 Slicing a Data Frame ...........................................66
9.3.2 Advanced Slicing ................................................. 68
9.4 Statistical Operations .................................................. 72
9.4.1 Descriptive Statistics ........................................... 72
10 Conditional Structures ..................................................... 73
11 Looping in R for Statistical Analysis .............................. 78
11.1 Types of Loops .............................................................. 79
11.1.1 For Loop................................................................ 79
11.1.2 While Loop ............................................................ 79
11.1.3 Repeat Loop ......................................................... 80
11.1.4 Apply Functions ................................................... 81
11.2 Practical Applications ..................................................82
11.2.1 Data Cleaning & Transformation.......................82
11.2.2 Central Limit Theorem (CLT) .............................83
12 Functions in R .................................................................. 84
12.1 Built-in Functions ........................................................ 84
12.1.1 Numerical Integration ........................................85
12.2 User-defined Functions ................................................ 87
12.2.1 Derivative Function with the Concept of Limit . 87
12.2.2 User-defined Integration Function.................... 88
12.2.3 Newton-Raphson Method in R .......................... 90
viii
12.3 Recursive Function .......................................................92
12.4 Calling Functions ......................................................... 93
13 Working with Strings in R ...............................................94
13.1 Basic String Operations ...............................................94
13.1.1 Concatenation ......................................................94
13.1.2 Substring Extraction ........................................... 95
13.1.3 String Length........................................................ 95
13.2 Splitting Strings ...........................................................96
13.2.1 Splitting by Delimiter ..........................................96
13.2.2 Splitting by Space ................................................96
13.3 Removing Spaces .........................................................96
13.4 Pattern Matching ......................................................... 97
13.4.1 Extract Email Addresses ..................................... 97
13.5 String Modification ..................................................... 98
13.6 String Handling Packages .......................................... 98
14 Reading & Writing Files in R .......................................... 98
14.1 Reading Data Files .......................................................99
14.1.1 Reading CSV Files ................................................99
14.1.2 Reading Excel Files ..............................................99
14.1.3 Reading SPSS Data Files ...................................100
14.1.4 Reading STATA Data Files ................................100
14.2 Writing Data Files ......................................................100
14.2.1 Writing CSV Files ...............................................100
14.2.2 Writing Excel Files ............................................. 101
14.2.3 Writing Data to SPSS ........................................ 101
14.2.4 Writing Data to STATA ..................................... 102
15 Measures of Central Tendency Using R ....................... 102
15.1 AM ............................................................................... 103
15.2 HM ............................................................................... 103
15.3 GM ............................................................................... 104
15.4 Mode ............................................................................ 104
15.5 Median ........................................................................ 105
ix
16 Measures of Dispersion in Statistics Using R .............. 106
16.1 Absolute Measures of Dispersion .............................. 107
16.1.1 Range .................................................................. 107
16.1.2 Variance.............................................................. 107
16.1.3 Standard Deviation ........................................... 108
16.1.4 Mean Absolute Deviation .................................. 108
16.1.5 Median Absolute Deviation ............................... 109
16.2 Relative Measures of Dispersion ............................... 109
16.2.1 Coefficient of Range ........................................... 109
16.2.2 Coefficient of Variation (CV) ............................. 110
17 Skewness & Kurtosis ....................................................... 111
18 What Next ........................................................................ 111
References .....................................................................................115
x
1 Introduction
I
n data-driven decision-making, R has emerged as a
powerful tool for statisticians, data scientists,
researchers, and analysts. With its open-source nature
and an ever-expanding ecosystem of packages, R has
become the go-to programming language for those seeking
to unlock the hidden insights within data.
Whether you're a novice embarking on your data
analysis journey or an experienced statistician looking to
expand your skill set, this book is designed to be your
comprehensive companion. We will take you on a journey
through the world of R, demystifying its complexities, and
showing you how to harness its potential for practical, real-
world data analysis.
1.1 Why R
R is more than just a programming language; it's a
community-driven platform that thrives on collaboration
and innovation. Its versatility makes it suitable for a wide
range of tasks, from basic statistical analysis to advanced
machine learning and data visualization. But why should
you choose R for your data analysis needs?
1. Open Source: R is open-source, which means it's
freely available to anyone. You can download, use,
and modify it without incurring any licensing costs
[1]–[3].
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