Coverage & General Notes

** This is not a sureball note coverage as to what can appear in the NCAE. It is simply meant to
make things easier.

Verbal Ability - this is your ability to guess word meanings on context clues, get the main point
of a paragraph despite there being several terms and branches, etc.
Logical Reasoning - your understanding of “logical” questions, your common sense and brain
reasoning.

Full Coverage List

1.)​ Reading Comprehension - English
2.)​ Mathematics
3.)​ Verbal Ability
4.)​ Science
5.)​ Logical Reasoning
6.)​ Tech Voc & Livelihood - TLE
7.)​ Senior High Strands
a.)​ Technology
b.)​ Business & Management
c.)​ Arts & Design
d.)​ Humanities & Social Studies

Please forgive any informal writings that I failed to remove! This was originally only meant for my
friend group :)
Reading Comprehension
1.)​ Basics
Plural - Several of a noun
​ Mass Noun - Needs to be measured.
​ Count Noun - This can be counted with normal numbers.
Singular - One count of a noun.
Past Tense - The action has already taken place.
Present Tense - The action is taking place.
Future Tense - The action will/is about to take place.
Synonyms - Words that have the same or similar meaning as another.
➔​ barren - empty ➔​ docile - gentle
➔​ inevitable - unavoidable ➔​ valiant - determined
➔​ inexplicable - unexplainable ➔​ adversity - hardships
➔​ vigilant - observant ➔​ melancholic - sad
2.)​ Parts of a Sentence
Noun - This can be a place, thing, or person/animal.
Pronoun - Used to avoid repetition of the noun as it stands in for a noun.
​ Personal - Specific persons or things.
​ ​ I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them
​ Possessive - Shows possession.
​ ​ His, her, mine, ours, theirs, its
​ Reflexive - Reflect action back.
​ ​ Myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, itself
​ Intensive - Emphasis.
​ ​ Myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, itself
​ Demonstrative - To point to a noun.
​ ​ This, that, these, those
​ Relative - Used to introduce a relative clause
​ ​ Who, whom, whose, what, which
​ Indefinite - Inspecific about a noun.
​ ​ Anyone, anything, someone, something, everything
Adjective - Descriptive words.
​ Quantitative - Indicates quantity.
​ ​ Three dogs, some water
​ Demonstrative - Points out a specific noun.
​ ​ This book, that house.
​ Indefinite - Refers to a unspecified noun
​ ​ Any person, several options
​ Distributive - Refers to members of a group individually
​ ​ Each student, every day
​ Comparative - Shows comparison.
​ ​ More tired, less rich
​ Superlative - Emphasizes a quality’s power over another.
​ ​ Biggest house, strangest person
​ Proper - Derived from proper nouns.
​ ​ Chinese person, Taiwanese cuisine
Adverb - Modifies a verb.
​ Time - When the action was done.
​ ​ Today, soon, eventually, forever
​ Manner - How the action was done.
​ ​ Carefully, recklessly, messily
​ Degree - To what extent an action was done
​ ​ Extremely, deeply, quite
​ Frequency - How often an action is repeated.
​ ​ Often, usually, constantly
Conjunction - Connects clauses, sentences or phrases.
​ Coordinating - links two independent clauses together.
​ ​ For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
​ Correlative - Pairs of conjunctions.
​ ​ Both / and, either / or, such / that, no sooner / than, neither /nor
​ Subordinating - Links an independent clause with a dependent clause.
Preposition - This indicates a position, time, purpose, source or means of doing
something.
​ Time - Indicates when something will or has happened
​ ​ At, in, on
​ Place / Location - Indicates location.
​ ​ Beside, over, across, inside, under etc.
​ Purpose - For what reason the action was done.
​ ​ To exercise, to be happy
​ Source - Where something is sourced from.
​ ​ From the garden, from his house
​ Instrument / Manner - Instrument used to do something.
​ ​ With his hands, with her brush
Verb - Indicate action within the sentence.
​ Action - True verb; indicates action.
​ Linking - Links a subject with a subject complement.
​ Helping - Links a subject with the predicate.
​ Transitive - Accompanied by a direct object.
Intransitive - Does not have a direct object, usually followed by preposition or
nothing at all.

Tables for Reference

Perspective Singular Plural

1st Person I / me We / us

2nd Person you you

3rd Person He, she, they, it / him, her They / them

them, it

Preposition When to use Example

In Parts of days, months, years, Morning / April / 2002

centuries

On Holidays with ‘day’, days & Christmas Day / Monday /

dates December 25

At Holidays without ‘day’ & times New Year’s / 12:00 am

Mathematics
1.)​ Basics & Terminology
The Nature of Numbers

​
Place Value - The higher the place value a digit has, the bigger the overall value.

For example, between the two four digits in the figure above, the 4 in the tens place
value is larger.

Base - The total count of digits used to express numbers in a number system. (ex: in xⁿ,
x is the base.)
Multiple - The numbers you get when you multiply a certain number by an integer. (ex:
multiples of 5 are 10, 15, 20, 30 …)
2.)​ Algebra & Solving
Functions - These are represented by f(x), wherein x is a constant depending on the
question.

Sentences to Mathematical Expressions

​ Sum - The result of addition. (ex: The sum of 3 and 5 is 8.)
Difference - The result of subtraction which can also be called the remainder.
(ex: The difference between 5 and 3 is 2, and the difference between 3 and 5 is
-2). To say variable a is less than b means b-a, as a is the one being deducted
from b.
Quotient - The result of division.(ex: The quotient of 4 and 2 is 2, and the
quotient of 2 and 4 is 0.5.)
 ​ Product - The result of multiplication. (ex: The product of 5 and 2 is 10.)

Polynomials - A literal coefficient raised to a non-negative integer. (ex: a⁴, b⁶⁵)

Term of a Polynomial - Parts of the mathematical sentence separated by operation
signs. (Operation signs are +, -, *, ÷)

Variables - A symbol used in place of any possible number; A placeholder. (ex: a, c, i, π)

Constant - A number; a symbol with a fixed value. (ex: 1, 2, 3, 10)
Numerical Coefficient - This is a constant used as a base.
Literal Coefficient - This is a variable used as a base.

3.)​ Conversion Rates

Metric System
Initial Value Calculation Final Value

millimeters mm /10 centimeters

centimeters cm * 10 millimeters

meters m * 100 centimeters

Imperial System
Initial Value Calculation Final Value

mile mi / 1760 yard

feet ft * 12 inches

yard yd * 3 feet

4.)​ Geometry
Areas - Area can be solved using the equation height * width. Following this, if the
question follows the format akin to “If the area of a side of a square is 225 meter
squared, what is the length?” The solution is to find the square root of 225 meter
squared, resulting in 15 meters as the length.
Pythagoras theorem - The square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides. This is written as hyp² = adj² + opp²

5.)​ Percentages and Ratios

Ratios - Comes in the form of a:b, and shows how a total is separated into portions. (ex:
In a class, 2:3 are boys and girls respectively; for every 5 students there are 2 boys and
3 girls.)
- a:b can be converted to fractions with the equation a/(a+b) and b/(a+b).

Percentage - Percentages are a portion of a whole. They come in the form of decimals
or fractions when without the symbol, and anything above would result in a three digit
percentage.
​ 0.35 = 35%​ ​ ​ ½ = 50%
​ 1.00 = 100%​ ​
To solve for the percentage of a total of a whole is to multiply the percent with the total.
(ex: 50% of 30 is 0.5 * 30 = 15.) To find the total is to divide the portion with its
percentage. (ex: if 15 is 50% of a whole, then to solve is 15 / 0.5 = 30.)
Average - This can be solved by dividing the sum of values and dividing it by how many
values are present. (ex: The average of the numbers 5, 6, 5 and 10 is solved with (5 + 6
+ 5 + 10) / 4 = 6.5)
 6.)​ Statistics
Median - The value in the middle of a data set. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Mean - Average of the data given in a set.
​ Mode - This is the value in the data set that appears the most.
Standard Deviation - The average amount of variability in your dataset. In formula, this
is written as √(∑x−x̄)² /n).
7.)​ Series and Sequences
Arithmetic Sequence Geometric Series

Solving for nth term a = a + (n-1) d Solving for nth term a = ar⁽ⁿ⁻¹⁾
Solving for total S = n [a₁ + a ] Solving for total S = a(1-rⁿ)
​ 2 (1-r)
Verbal Ability
Guide on How to Answer
-​ There are around 3 kinds of questions for testing verbal ability. The following are:
Find the most related pair of words
This comes in the form of ‘word:word’. Examples of this are love:arrow,
lawyer:courtroom. The way to answer these questions is by following the
formatting. For example, lawyer:courtroom follows the format of profession:place
of profession. So, a reasonable answer would be gladiator:arena, office
worker:office etc. For love:arrow, it follows abstract:tool, so a related pair of
words would be death:scythe.
Sentence Completion
These questions come in the form of sentences with missing words/phrases. If a
sentence and its possible parts confuse you, it's best to write down each
possibility of a sentence and then figure out which works best by identifying the
parts of the sentence.
Find the word
The question will provide the meaning of a word, and then you will supply the
word. You can study thesaurus’ for these but the most effective is understanding
context clues and using elimination (If there is a word that you know the meaning
of within the choices and it doesn’t match the meaning, then cross it out.)
Some possible topics/words to show up could be related to countries, zodiac signs & what they
represent, etc.
Science
1.)​ Basic Terminology
Significant Numbers - establish the number which is presented in the form of digits.
There are four rules in identifying significant numbers:

​
Scientific Notations - Come in the form of a x 10ⁿ, wherein a is a number between 1-9
is multiplied by 10 raised to n. N will be the amount of zeros present in the true number.
Conduction - The ability of an item to hold or transmit electricity/heat.
Insulation - The ability of an item to resist electricity/heat.
Ductility - The ability of a material to be stretched into a thin wire.
2.)​ Chemistry
Mixtures - Mixtures are a combination of two or more substances in any proportion.
​ Homogeneous - These are mixtures that are uniform.
​ Heterogeneous - These are mixtures that are not uniform in mixture.
Stirring - This applies pressure into a mixture so that it will mix more uniformly,
and may cause small particles to dissolve. It is not possible for stirring to add
weight into the mixture.
Suspension - Particles suspended in another medium, but heterogenous. The solvent
and solute will eventually separate.
Colloid - A mixture of microscopic particles suspended in another medium. (ex: Smoke
is solid soot dispersed in air, gelatin is water dispersed in a protein medium.
Solution - A homogeneous mixture including a solvent & a solute.
​ Solvent - The one dissolving a substance.
​ Solute - The substance dissolved.
​ When a substance is added to a solution, it has a sharp boiling point.
Types of Solutions
​ Diluted - Small amount of solute.
​ Concentrated - Large amount of solute.
​ Unsaturated - Could dissolve more solute.
Saturated - Contains the maximum solute that can dissolve. The rates of
dissolving and crystallizing are equal.
​ Supersaturated - Holds more solute than typically possible at a temperature.
Properties - Attributes within a chemical substance.
Intrinsic / Intensive - These properties are not dependent on the amount of
matter in a sample.
➢​ Luster / Shine ➢​ Boiling point
➢​ Temperature ➢​ Color
➢​ Concentration ➢​ Density
Extrinsic / Extensive - These properties are dependent on the amount of matter
in a sample.
➢​ Weight ➢​ Volume
➢​ Length ➢​ Entropy
Acidity - Concentration of hydrogen ions; this results in an acidic substance. Acids
have a low pH scale and turn litmus paper red. (ex: lemons, vinegar, alcohol.)
Basicity - Lack of hydrogen ions in a solution; this results in an alkaline substance.
They have a property to neutralize acids. Bases/Alkalis have a high pH scale and turn
litmus paper blue. (ex: soaps, baking soda, sea water, cleaners.)
 3.)​ Elements
Covalent Bonds - Chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form
electron pairs between atoms.
Ionic Bonds - Caused from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
in a chemical compound.
Isotopes - Isotopes are different versions of actual elements that have differing neutron
count and are named after neutron count. All isotopes of a certain element have the
same proton count (except hydrogen) and equal electron and neutron count.
Compounds - These are substances created from combining elements.
Elements - These are substances at their purest form; cannot be broken down further.
Atom - Smallest unit of matter, makes up all mass. It is composed of three subatomic
particles all located within a nucleus:
Proton - Positively charged; is accompanied by neutrons in all elements except
hydrogen.
​ Neutron - Neutrally charged; has slightly more mass than protons.
Electron - Negatively charged; has zero mass due to its elementary particle
nature.

4.)​ Matter
Plasma - Highly charged particles, resulting in intense heat. IT is closely related to gas.
Bose-Einstein Condensate - A dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very close
to absolute zero (0 K.).
Liquid - A nearly incompressible mass with definite volume and no fixed shape.
​ Gas - A mass with indefinite volume and no fixed shape.
​ Solid - A mass with definite volume and fixed shape.

​
5.)​ Electron Configuration
Aufbau Principle - Based on the word ‘Aufbau’ meaning build up; dictates that
electrons will occupy lower energy orbitals before higher energy orbitals:
​ 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…
Pauli Exclusion Principle - Dictates that if two electrons are present in one subshell,
they must have opposite orbits. (ex: the first electron is clockwise, second is counter
clockwise.)
Hund’s Rule - Dictates that all subshells must first be filled with one electron before it
can have the maximum count of two.

When writing electron configuration notation, it’s important to only include the highest
subshell. For example, within the subshell ‘s’ in the figure above, instead of including
both 1s² and 2s², only include 2s² in the final notation as it is the highest subshell within
that group. (ex: Instead of 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵, it’ll be written as [Ne]3s²3p⁵.)

​ Electron Configuration follows the subshell order of s, p, d, and f.

6.)​ Fundamental Laws

Conservation of Mass - Mass is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions
or physical changes.
Conservation of Energy - Energy can change forms, but can neither be created or
destroyed.
Dalton’s Law of Multiple Proportion - When two elements combine with each other to
form more than one compound, the weights of one element that combine with a fixed
weight of the other are in a ratio of small whole numbers.
Definite Proportion - A given chemical compound always contains its component
elements in fixed ratio and does not depend on its source and method of preparation.
Ideal Gas Law - Combines all of the gas laws above into “PV = nRT”, wherein:
P = pressure, V = volume, n = number of moles, R = Ideal Gas Constant
T = temperature
Combined Gas Law - Combines all the gas laws for easy derivation. The given formula
for this is “P₁ = (P₂T₁V₂) / (T₂ V₁)”
Law Constants Proportions Formula

Boyle’s Law V↓ P↑ / P↓ V↑ PV = constant

P1V1 = P2V2

Gay-Lussac’s P↑ T↑ P / T = constant
Law (P1 / T1) = (P2 / T2)

Charles’ Law P, Amount of gas V↑ T↑ PV = constant

(V1 / T1) = (V2 / T2)

Avagadros’ Law P, T Amount of Gas↑ (V1 / N2)

V↑ = (V2 / N2)

The constants (k when written as a variable) are for filling out tables, as they provide an
easier way of collecting data. (Derivation)
Technical Vocational & Livelihood (TVL & GAS)
1.)​ General Terminology
Blue-collar - Manual labor or skilled trade jobs; Working class.
White-collar - Professional environment like offices, non-manual labor.
2.)​ Goal Setting
Short-term - Can be completed within the next week or month.
Long-term - Goals that take years to be completed.
Medium-term - One to five years time completion.
Lifetime - Personal milestones, main goals.
3.)​ Occupational
Military - Offers over 200 different occupations due to its coverage over specialized
training in engineering, healthcare, technology, logistics and more.
Apprenticeship - Offers hands-on experience in a skill.
4.)​ Learning
Vocational - This is learning specialized for practical skills and blue-collared jobs.
Traditional - This is generally referred to as physical or face to face learning.
Online - This is done through a device, and costs less than traditional learning.
Theory of Connectionism - Learning takes place when a strong bond between
stimulus and response is formed.
Advance Organizer - According to Ausubel, this is an instructional tool that can be
used to strengthen students’ cognitive structure.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect - States that a connection between stimulus and response
is strengthened when the consequence is positive.
Behaviorist Theory - Foundation was laid by Pavlov’s work surrounding dogs and a
bell as a neutral response, which led to the development of classical conditioning.
Behaviorism - Theory of learning that all behaviors are gotten through
conditioning.
​ Conditioning - Occurs through interaction with the environment
Authentic Assessment - Allows for a more accurate representation of any learning
material. Authentic Assessment provides a closer representation of the skills and
knowledge that students will need to apply in real-life situations.
Reading of Journal Entries is an appropriate tool for assessing the
development of learning in the affective domain because it provides feelings,
thoughts and attitudes of a learner.
Concept Mapping is an Ausubel-recommended use of visuals to bridge the gap
between what the learner knows and needs to know.
Demonstration is the best method in presenting a lesson which would need
expensive equipment and a technical know-how.
Roleplaying is a suggested way to teach historical events as it allows students
to actively engage in the events by taking on roles of historical figures.
Assessment - serves three important purposes: diagnosis, program effectiveness, and
placement.
Norm-reference - To find out if the objective has been attained by comparing an
individual’s work to the entire learning group.
​ Criterion-reference -
Scoring Rubrics - Systematic and objective way to assess skills-based
evaluations. Clear criteria and standards for evaluation.
Standardized tests - Work as national-norm referencing.
Standard deviation -
Difficulty Index - Indicates how many test-takers answered the question
correctly. 0 meaning no one answered correctly, and 1 meaning everyone
answered correctly.
5.)​ Significant Persons
​ Ivan Pavlov - Neurologist and psychologist.
​ ​ Pavlovian Response - A conditioned response.
Thorndike - A foremost believer in “intelligence is a function of the number of
successful stimulus-response connections learned.”
​
6.)​ Agriculture & Industrial
Orchids - Short stiff leaves, purple & red flowers. They have a long lifespan.
Industrial Sense
The more strings a pulley has, the easier it can lift a certain weight.
A shorter pendulum will move faster than a longer pendulum.
A cylinder is very difficult to push over.

7.)​ Department Works

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) - serves as the
Philippines' Technical Vocational Education and Training authority.
​ Objectives
➢​ Mobilize industry & labor.
➢​ Provides direction towards quality technical education and skill
development.
Philippine Teacher’s Professionalization Act of 1994 - RA no. 7836; strengthens the
regulation and supervision of the practice of teaching.
Humanities & Social Studies (HUMSS)
1.)​ Art - Highest form of language
Traditional Arts - This is part of any culture, skills and knowledge of a group of
generations.
Traditional - Specific, historical, confined only to one medium, style and
technique. Follow a ruleset.
Contemporary Arts - About life, thoughts, ideas, beliefs and many other things that
define human life.
Contemporary - Broad, historical, experiments on social media, broken rules.
Abstract Arts - Painting style in which the artist applies paint in a manner that
expresses emotions and feelings in a spontaneous way.
Kinetic Arts - Sculpture that moves with wind or machinery/electricity.
Optical Art - Works are abstract and usually created in black & white colors.
​ Optical Illusion - Uses lines or images repeatedly to create optical lines.
Feminist Art - Covers gender, identity, equal treatment, sexuality.
Environment Art - Involves the artistic creation of space such as landscape or
architectural design that may enclose an audience.
Graffiti - A drawing or sketch done mostly on a wall or other surface to be seen in
public.
Minimalism - Free of detail, often understood as flat but expresses specific content or a
specific statement.
Video Art - Images that are recorded through a video and viewed through television.
Performance Art - Combines a variety of media and the human body to show theatrical
expression before a live audience.
Body Art - Uses the human body as the medium or main material.
2.)​ Timeline of Art
1950’s Feminist Art
Abstract Expressionism Installation Art
Color Field 1980’s
Fantastic Realism Electronic Art
1960’s Environment Art
Abstract Expressionism Graffiti Art
Color Field Live Art
Computer Art 1990’s
Conceptual Art The Art Intervention
1970’s Body Art
Abstract Expressionism Bio Art
Color Field Cyber Arts
Computer Art Digital Arts
3.)​ Significant Artists
​ Franciso Gorospe
​ Cesar Buenaventura
​ Impy Pilapil - Sculptor; College of Fine Arts UP Diliman.
​ Alfredo Juan & Isabel Aquizilan - Artworks on migration, adopting & adapting.
​ Pacita Abad

​
Technology (STEM)
1.)​ Basic Coding Languages
Python
C Language
C#
C++
JavaScript
2.)​ Hardware Technology
​ Servers
​ Classification of Computers
​ ​ Personal
​ ​ Microcomputer
​ ​ ​ Desktop
​ ​ ​ Notebook
​ ​ Mainframe
​ ​ Supercomputer
3.)​ Software Technology
​ Cyberspace - Online world; the internet. Includes web, chat rooms, and blogs.
​ World Wide Web - It is the interconnected system of the internet using gadgets.
​ Memory/Storage
​ ​ RAM - Random access memory; temporary storage meant for processing.
​ ​ ROM - Read-only memory; saves data permanently for a program to read.
​ ​ Types of Bytes
​ ​ ​ Byte - Smallest measurement of memory.
​ ​ ​ Kilobyte - 1000 bytes.
​ ​ ​ Megabyte - 1000 kb.
​ ​ ​ Gigabyte - 1000 mb.
​ ​ ​ Terabyte - 1000 gb.
​ ​ ​ Petabyte - 1000 tb.
​ Internet - Mother of all networks; heart of the information age.
​ Virtualization Technology -
​ CPU -
​ Basic Operations of a computer
​ ​ Input
​ ​ Processing
​ ​ Storage
​ OS
​ ​ Windows
​ ​ Mac OS
​ ​ Linux
​ ​ iOS
​
4.)​ Science
Evaluation - See the relevance, reliability and importance of information.
Related Samples - Obtained by matching two similar units to some important
characteristic or by self pairing in which two measurements are taken by the same unit.
Independent Sample - Samples were randomly taken and there is no prominent
characteristic to pair two units.
Information - Knowledge obtained by investigation, study or instruction.
Information Literacy - Crucial set of skills used in pursuit of knowledge
5.)​ Mathematics
Probabilities - If we assume that someone has 3 ways to travel and 5 days to do so, it
can be done in 243 ways. (3⁵ = 243)
Business & Management (ABM)
gg boy i dont think ill finish this in time
Arts & Design
1.)​ Qualities/Parts in an Art
Depth of Field
Lighting
Environment
Subject Matter - What is depicted in the artwork.
Line - Mark with length and direction; basis of all arts.
Color - Consists of hue, intensity & value. It is the powerful instrument to express
emotions and feelings of the artists
​ Hue - Specific color.
​ Intensity - Brightness; Contrast.
​ Value - Light/Darkness
​ Shape - Defined and determined by other art elements
​ Form - 3d object or something in a 2d artwork.
​ Space - distance or area between, around, above, below or within things.
​ Texture - How an object feels.
Balance / Unity - How elements are arranged to get the feel of stability of an artwork,
when all elements combine to create an artwork.
​ Emphasis - Focal point of an artwork.
​ Rhythm - Regular repetition of elements to produce the look and feel of movement.
Proportion - Comparative relation of one part to another in respect to size, quantity &
degree.
Pattern - Repetition in design.
2.)​ Line Types
3.)​ Orientations
Horizontal
Vertical
Landscape
Portrait
Symmetry
Asymmetry
4.)​ Art Theories
Color Theory
5.)​ Techniques & Styles
Frottage - Technique of taking a rubbing from an uneven surface to form the basis of a
work of art.
Collage - Art made from stacking different materials together until it makes a coherent
piece.
Decalcomania - Transferring designs from prepared paper to glass.
Decoupage - Decorating arts with paper cut-outs.
Montage - Video form of art where you select, edit and piece together different sections
of film.
Trapunto - Method of guilting called the “stuffed technique”
Guilting
Painting
Detached Observer - technique used by artists here the artwork seems to have been
made by a reporter who is observing a subject.
Selective Eye - Illusion of reality; created by eliminating the details the eye
might see.