01 02.

REFRACTION OF LIGHT (ii) Refracted ray:- The path of the ray of light in the second medium is
Some Important Revolutions:- called a refracted ray. It is denoted by ‘r’.
(iii) Angle of incident:-The angle between the incident ray and the
normal at the plane is called the angle of the incident. It is denoted by
‘∠i’.
(iv) Angle of refraction:- The angle between the refracted ray and
normal at the plane is called the angle of refraction. It is denoted by
01. What do you mean by ‘Refraction of light’? Give some examples of ‘∠r’.
refraction of light. 03. How does a ray bend as it passes from one transparent medium to
Ans:- another?
The phenomenon Ans:- Way of passes light rays from one transparent medium to another
of change in medium:-
direction of light (i) Passes from rarer medium to denser medium Bend
ray when it towards normal, ∠r < ∠i
passes from one (ii) Passes from denser medium to rarer medium Bend away
medium to from normal, ∠r > ∠i
another medium (iii) Passes along the norma ∠i = ∠r = 0o
obliquely is 04. Why does a pencil immersed in water appear bent and short?
called refraction Explain with a diagram.
of light. It Ans:-
happens due to a) When a pencil is
the change of immersed in water,
speed of light. it appears bending
due to the
Or
refraction of light.
The phenomenon b) As the ray of light
of Bending of light is called refraction of light. also enters from the
Example:- (i) The bottom of a tank or pond of water appears to be raised or a rarer medium (air)
less deep. to denser medium
(ii) A pencil partially immersed in water appears to be bent. (water), it will bend
(iii) A lemon kept in water in a glass, appears to be bigger. towards the normal.
(iv) The stars appear to twinkle in a clear light. c) As a result, refraction happens and pencil appears bending and short.
02. Define the following terms:- 05. Why does a coin look raised when placed in the beaker?
Ans:- (i) Incident The path of the ray of light in the first medium is called Ans:-
incident ray. It is denoted by ‘i'. a) When a coin placed in the beaker looks raised due to refraction of
light.
03.
 b) As the ray of light comes out from the beaker, it travels from denser 04.
medium (glass) to rarer medium (water), it will bend away from the Speed of light ∈ vacuum/air C
(Absolute) Refractive index of glass, ng=
Speed of light ∈glass
= V
normal.
8
c) As a result, refraction happens and the apparent position of the coin 3 X 10 m/ s 3
¿ = = 1.5
2 X 10 m/ s 2
8
will shift upwards and the coin looks raised.
06. State the laws of refraction of light. 09. Define following terms
Ans:- There are two laws of refraction which are as follows:- (a) Absolute refractive index.
(1) First Law:- The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal at the (b) Relative refractive index.
point of incident, all lie on the same plane. Ans:- (a) Absolute refractive index:- The ratio of speed in vacuum to the
(2) Second Law:- The ratio of sine of incident angel to sine of refraction speed of light in a specific medium is called Absolute refractive index.
Sine i Absolute) Refractive index of glass, ng
angle is constant in both medium. =¿ Constant
Sine r Speed of light ∈ vacuum/air C
 This constant is also called refractive index. =
Speed of light ∈glass
= V
 “Second Law of refraction is also called Snell’s Law of refraction.” 8
3 X 10 m/ s 3
¿ = = 1.5 = Optical density
2 X 10 m/ s 2
8
07. Explain the cause of refraction of light?
Ans:- (a) It means the speed of light in glass is 1.5 times slower in a glass.
(i) Since the density of the medium effects the speed of light. (b) Refractive index (n) is more, medium is more denser and speed of
(ii) The speed of light in air is 3X108 m/s and in glass 2X108 m/s. light is less.
(iii) The refraction of light is due to the change in the speed of light (c) Refractive index measures the optical density of a medium.
going from one medium to another medium. Refractive index = Optical density of a medium
(iv) This change in the speed of light causes the refraction of light. (b) Relative refractive index:- The ratio of speed of light in one medium to
the speed of light in an other medium is called relative refractive index with
08. What is the refractive index? respect to the first medium.
Sine i a) It has two subscripts with symbol ‘n’.
Ans: a) The value of =¿ Constant is called refractive index of the first
Sine r Speed of light ∈medium 1
medium with respect to another medium. b) Relative refractive index 1n2 = Speed of light ∈medium 2
b) It tells how much light is bent in the second medium. c) Relative refractive index may be > 1 or < 1
c) The ratio of the speed of light in one medium to the speed of light in
an other medium is called refractive index. Refractive Index table
d) It is denoted by n or µ S.N Medium RI S.N Medium RI
Speed of light ∈medium 1 V1 01 Air 1.0003 08 Benzene 1.50
e) Refractive index, n =
Speed of light ∈medium 2
= V2
02 Ice 1.31 09 Crown glass 1.52
f) Refractive index is unitless.
03 Water 1.33 10 Carbon disulphide 1.63
g) The ratio of speed in vacuum to the speed of light in a specific
medium is called Absolute refractive index. 04 Alcohol 1.36 11 Flint glass 1.65
05 Kerosine Oil 1.44 12 Ruby 1.71
Speed of light in vacuum=2.9979 X 108 m/s 06 Mustard oil 1.46 13 Glass 1.50 to 1.90
Speed of light in air=2.9970 X 108 m/s
07 Turpentine/ 1.47 14 Diamond 2.42
Glycerine
 8
05. 3 X 10 m/ s
V=
10. On what factors does the refractive index of medium depend? 1.5
Ans:- The refractive index of medium depends on:- 8
30 X 10 m/ s
(i) Nature of medium. (ii) Nature of sorrounding medium. = = 2 X 108 m/s (Ans)
15
(iii) Wavelength of light. (iv) Temperature. 06.
15. If the refractive index of glass for going from air to glass is 3/2. Then
11. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this What will be the refractive index when light going from glass to air?
statement? Speed of light ∈air 3
Ans:- It indicates that the ratio of speed of light in air to that in diamond is Ans:- Refractive index, ng = =
Speed of light ∈the glass 2
2.42. Speed of light ∈ glass 2
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS na = = (Ans)
Speed of light ∈the air 3
12. If the speed of light in air is 3 x 10 8 m/s and the speed of light in 16. If R.I. of ‘X’ w.r.t ‘Y’ is 4/3 and that of ‘Z’ w.r.t ‘Y’ is 3/2. Calculate R.I of
diamond is 1.25 x 108 m/s. What is the refractive index or absolute ‘X’ w.r.t ‘Z’ and ‘Z’ w.r.t ‘X’.
refractive index? nX 4 nZ 3
Ans:- = ……………(i) = ……………(ii)
Ans:- Given, Speed of light in air = 3 x 108 m/s nY 3 nY 2
Speed of light in glass = 2 x 108 m/s Divide (i) by (ii)
8 nX nY 4 2 8
Speed of light ∈air 3 X 10 m/ s 300 X = X =
Refractive index ng = Speed of light ∈ glass
= = nY nZ 3 3 9
1.25 X 10 m/ s 125
8
nX 8 nZ 9
12 Or, = , = (Ans)
= 5
= 2.4 nZ 9 nX 8

13. If the speed of light in glass is 2 x 10 8 m/s and in water 2.25 x 10 8 17. SOME MORE IMPORTANT MCQs.
m/s, then what is refractive index of water or what is the relative (a) The ratio of sine of angle of incident to the sine of angle of refraction
refractive index of water w.r.t glass? known as refractive index.
Ans:- Given, speed of light in glass = 2 x 108 m/s (b) What is the refractive index unit? No unit.
Speed of light in water = 2.25 x 108 m/s (c) Which has higher refractive index: water or glass? -Glass.
8
Speed of light ∈ glass 2 X 10 m/ s (d) How is refractive index of a material related to the speed of light in
Relative refractive index gnw = Speed of light ∈water
= 8
air?
2.25 X 10 m/ s
200 8 Speed of light ∈ vacuum/air
= 225 = 9 = 0.88 (i) Refractive index, n =
Speed of light ∈the material
14. If refractive index of glass is 1.50. What is the speed of light in (ii) Refractive index is more then speed of light is less.
glass? (e)
Ans:- Given, speed of light in vacuum = 3 x 108 m/s,
Refractive index = 1.50
Speed of light in glass, V We know that, more RI = Less speed of light
ng speed of light ∈ air/ vacuum
=? =
C na Speed of light ∈that glass
We know that, ng = V 1.5 8
3 X 10 m/s
=
8
3 X 10 m/ s 1 Speed of light ∈ glass
1.5 = , Speed of light glass= 2 X 108 m/s
V
 (ii) Concave lens:- A lens which is thinner at the centre and thicker at
the ends is called a concave lens. It is also called diverging lens.
a. It diverges the parallel rays of light after refraction.
b. It has a virtual focus.
c. It has also of three types:-
08.
01. Double concave/Biconcave
07. lens: Both sides are
Lens concave.
18. What is a lens? 02. Plano-concave lens: One
Ans:- Lens:- A piece of transparent refracting material bound by two surface is concave, and the
surfaces of which one or both surfaces are spherical or curved, it is called other is plane.
lens. 03. Concavo-concave lens:
It is of two types:- One surface is concave, and
(i) Convex lens:- A lens which is thicker at the the other is convex.
centre and thinner at the ends is called a convex
lens. It is also called a converging lens.
a. It can form both real and virtual images.
b. Used for farsightedness, magnifying glasses,
Cameras.

(ii) Concave lens:- A lens which is thinner at the centre and thicker at
the ends is called a concave lens. It is also called diverging lens.
a. It can form always virtual, upright and smaller images.
b. Used for nearsightedness, telescopes and spy holes in doors.
19. What are convex and concave lenses?
(i) Convex lens:- A lens which is thicker at the centre and thinner at
the ends is called a convex lens. It is also called a converging
lens.
a. It converges parallel rays of light after refraction.
b. It has a real focus.
c. It has mainly of three types:-
01. Double convex/Biconvex lens:- Both sides
are convex.
02. Plano-convex lens: One surface is convex,
and the other is plane.
03. Concavo-convex lens: One surface is
convex, and the other is concave.
 Kinds of sources of light:-
(A)Self-luminous:- It has its own lights. The Sun, stars, electric lamps,
candles etc.
(B)Non-luminous:- It hasn’t its own light only receives light from other
sources. The moon, a book, a table etc.
03. What is the medium of light?

Ans:- A medium is a substance through which light propagates or tries to

propagate. It has three types;
(A) Transparent:- It is a medium through which light propagates easily.
Example:- Air, water, glass.
(B) Translucent:- It is a medium through which light propagates
partially.
Example:- paper, ground glass.
(C) Opaque:- It is a medium through which light can’t propagate.
Examples:- Wood, metal, etc.
04. Define a ray of light and Beam of light.
Ans:- Ray of light:- The linear direction or path along which light travels is
called a ray of light.

Beam of light:- A group of rays

of light is called a beam of light.
What is light? Mention its important uses. There are three kinds of beam of
Ans: Light is a form of energy that produces the sensation of vision. light.
 It is a form of electromagnetic radiation. a) Parallel Beam:- Moves
 When light falls on an object, it bounces back and enters our eyes and parallel to one another
we can see the object around us. b) Convergent Beam:- In
 Light travels in straight lines. which rays of light go to meat
 It is a transverse wave (Moves perpendicular to the direction, crest at a particular point O.
and trough) c) Divergent Beam:- In which
 The speed of light in a vacuum is 3 x 108 m/s. rays of light come out of a
Important uses of light:- single point source and
a) Light enables us to see the object. moves in different direction.
b) Light enables to transmission of telephonic conversation through 05. Define the following terms;
optical fibers. (1) Incident ray:- The ray of light which falls on the surface or comes from
the sources is called the incident ray.
02. What is the source of light?
(2) Point of incident:- The point at the surface on which the incident ray
Ans:- A source of light is an object, from which light is given out. Sun,
falls is called point of incident.
electric lamps, oil lamps and candles are sources of light.
(3) Normal:- The imaginary line at the surface that makes the right angle on  Silver lining in the sky
the point of incident is called normal or normal at the plane.  The rings of light (corona) around the sun.
(4) Angle of incident:- The angle between the incident ray and the normal at  The sky’s apparent blue color.
the plane is called the angle of incident. It is denoted by ‘i’. (D) Absorption of light:- When light falls on the surface, some part of
(6) Angle of reflection:- The angle between the normal and the reflected ray incident light is absorbed at the surface, it is called absorption of light.
is called the angle of reflection. It is denoted by ‘r’. 04.
07. Which of the phenomena occurs when light falls on
(i) A highly polished surface like a mirror - Reflection of light.
03. (ii) A transparent medium like glass or water -Refraction of light.
06. What do you mean by; Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction &
08. State and explain the laws of reflection of light at a plan mirror with the
Absorption?
help of a diagram.
(A) Reflection:- The phenomenon of bouncing back of light in the same Ans:- There are two laws of reflection:-
medium on striking the surface of any object is called reflection of light. (A) First Law:- The incident ray, the
It is of two types; reflected ray and the normal at the
(i) Regular or specular incident point, all lie on the same
reflection:- Reflection plane.
done by a smooth well- (B) Second Law:- The angle of
polished surface is called incident (i) is always equal to the
regular reflection. angle of reflection (r).
 Silver metal is the ∠i = ∠r
best reflectors of light. 09. What happens when a ray of light
(ii) Irregular or diffuse falls normally (perpendicularly) on the surface of a plan mirror?
Ans:- When light falls normally or perpendicularly on the surface of the mirror, the
reflection:- Reflection
angle of incident ∠i=00.
done by rough surface is
From the laws of reflection:- The angle of incident ∠i=∠r =00∵∴
called irregular or diffuse
10. When a ray of light is incident on a plane mirror at an angle of 30 0,
reflection.
then what is the angle of reflection?
(B) Refraction:- The
Ans:- ∵ Angle of incident = Angle of reflection
phenomenon of change in ∠i =∠r
direction of light ray when it ∴ ∠i = 300 =∠r ,
passes from one medium to Hence angle of reflection 300
another medium is called (Ans)
refraction of light. 11. A ray of light strikes a plane mirror at an
angle of 400 to the mirror surface. What will be the
angle of reflection?
Ans:- The angle to the mirror surface = 400
(C) Diffraction of light:- The
Normal at the plane = 900
phenomenon of the bending of light ∠i = 900 - 400 = 500 = ∠r (Ans)
around the corner of an object or spread 12. An incident ray makes angle of 350 with the surface of plane mirror.
out as it passes through a narrow opening What is the angle of reflection?
is called diffraction of light.
Ans:- The angle to the mirror surface = 350 (i) It is a virtual image and erect (same side up).
0
Normal at the plane = 90 (ii) It is of the same size.
∠i = 900 - 350 = 550 = ∠r (Ans) (iii) It can’t be taken on screen.
05. (iv) Appears at the same distance behind the mirror.
MIRROR 06.
13. What is optical image of an object? (v) It is laterally inverted (side ways reversed).
Ans:- If the light rays coming from a point, meet or appear to meet at another 17. What is lateral inversion of an image. What is the cause of lateral
point after reflection or refraction, then the second point is called the image inversion?
or optical image of the first point. Ans:- When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror, then the right side
 It is of two types:- of an object appears to become the left side of image and the left side appears
1) Real image. (Ray actually met at another point) to become the right side of image.
2) Virtual image. (Only appear to meet at another point)  This change of sides of an object and image is called lateral
14. What are difference between real and virtual images? inversion.
S.N REAL IMAGE VIRTUAL IMAGE  It happens due to the reflection of light.
01. If the light rays coming from a pointIf the light rays coming from a 18. What is the number of images of an object held between two plane
actually meet at another point after point appear to meet at another mirrors kept parallel?
reflection, then the image formed is point after reflection, then the Ans:- Infinity.
called a real image. image formed is called a virtual 19. David is observing his image in a plane mirror. The distance between
image. the mirror and his image is 4m. If he moves 1m towards the mirror, then
02. It is always inverted. It is always erected. the distance between David and his image will be what?
03. It can be obtained on a screen. It can’t be obtained on a screen. Ans:- Initial distance between 8m
04. Images of actors on the screen are Images on a plane mirror are David and image = 4 + 4 = 8m 4m 4m
real images. virtual images. After moving 1m towards the mirror
15. . What is a mirror? How many kinds of mirrors are commonly used? = 3 + 3 = 6m
Ans:- A mirror is a highly polished surface which reflects almost all the light 1m 3m 3m 1m
incident on it. Mirror is of two kinds:- 6m
(i) Plane mirror:- If the reflecting surface of a mirror is plane, it 20. A person is running towards a plane mirror with a speed of 5 m/s.
is called a plane mirror. With what speed does his image appear moving in the plane mirror?
 It is commonly used as a looking glass, periscope and Ans:- Relative speed of a man and image = 2 X actual speed.
kaleidoscope. = 2 X 5 m/s = 10 m/s
(ii) Spherical mirror:- If the reflecting surface of a mirror is 21. A wall reflects light and a mirror also reflects light. What is the
curved inwards (concave mirror) or outwards (convex difference in the way the reflect light?
mirror), it is called a spherical mirror. Ans:- A wall has a rough surface, therefore when the rays of light fall on it,
 It is commonly used in torches, side mirrors in vehicles. the reflection would be diffused (irregular) reflection and image could not
appear.
PLANE MIRROR  Whereas, the mirror has a smooth surface, therefore, when the rays of
16. What are the properties/characteristics of images formed by plane
light fall on it, the reflection would be regular reflection and images
mirrors?
are found.
Ans:- Characteristics of images formed by plane mirrors:-
SPHERICAL MIRROR
22. What is a spherical mirror? (C) Aperture:- The diameter of the reflecting surface of a spherical
 A Spherical mirror is a part of a hollow sphere of glass. mirror is called its aperture.
 We can say that, if the reflecting surface of a mirror is curved inwards
(E) Principal axis:- The line passing through the pole and the centre of
(concave mirror) or outwards (convex mirror), it is called a
curvature is called Principal axis.
spherical mirror.
08.
07.
(F) Principal focus (F):- The point on the principle axis of the mirror at
 It is of two types;
which the light rays coming parallel to the principle axis and meet after
1) Concave mirror: If the reflecting
the reflection.
surface of the spherical mirror is
 It is denoted by F.
curved inward, like a cave, it is
 In a concave mirror, it is formed in front of the mirror.
called a concave mirror.
 In a convex mirror, it is formed behind the mirror.
 It is also called a convergent
(G) Focal length (f):- The distance between pole and principle focus of a
mirror.
spherical mirror is called its focal length.
2) Concave mirror: If the  It is denoted by f.
reflecting surface of the  F = R/2
spherical mirror is curved
outward, like a cone, it is called 24. Draw a ray diagram
concave mirror. to show where the image
 It is also called a divergent will be formed when the
mirror. rays are coming parallel
23. Define the following terms; to the principal axis?
(A) Pole(P):- The middle point of reflecing surface is called Pole.
 It is denoted by P. Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
Convergent Mirror Divergent Mirror
(B) Centre of curvature(C):- 25. Why does the piece of paper start burning when a concave mirror
The centre of the imaginary put on it?
sphere of which the mirror is a Ans:- Since the concave mirror converges (concentrates) a lot of the
part is called centre of sun’s rays to a small point on a paper.
curvature.
 Due to this, the heat energy concentrated at a small point on a
 It is denoted by ‘C’.
paper, therefore, the piece of paper starts burning.
 In a concave mirror, it lies
in front of the mirror. 26. If the radius of curvature is 20 cm, what is its focal length?
 In a convex mirror, it lies Soln:- Given, radius (R) = 20 cm, Focal length (f) = ?
behind the mirror. We know that, f = R/2, f = 20/2 = 10 cm. (Ans)
(C) Radius of curvature (R):- 27.(i) Parallel rays of light are reflected by a concave mirror to a point
The radius of an imaginary sphere of which the mirror is a part, is called called Principal focus.
the radius of curvature. (ii) The focal length of a concave mirror is the distance from the Principal
 It is denoted by R. focus to the mirror.
 It is equal to twice of focal length. R=2f (f = R/2)
(iii) A concave mirror, converges rays of the light whereas a convex
mirror diverges rays of the light.
iv) For a concave mirror parallel rays of light appears to diverge from a
point called the principal focus.
(v) In a convex spherical mirror, reflection of light takes place at a
bulging-out surface.
09. 10.
(vi) A diverging mirror is a convex mirror. 2) The rays coming through the focus of a concave mirror or
coming towards the focus of a convex mirror------Become parallel
(vii) The image of an object formed by a plane mirror is “virtual”.
to the principal axis after reflection.
(viii) The image formed by a plane mirror is natural, behind the mirror and
of the same size as the object.
(ix) Can a plane mirror be called a spherical mirror?
Ans:- Yes, if the focal length(f) is infinite.
(x) What is the radius of curvature of plane mirror? Ans:- Infinity. 3) The ray coming through the centre of curvature of a spherical
mirror --Reflects back along the same path.
28. Draw the image with ray diagram by a plane mirror?
Ans:-
 MM’ is a plane mirror.
 Rays of object O, are OA
 and OB and makes ∠i1
4) The ray coming obliquely to the principal axis towards a pole P of
and ∠r1.
the spherical mirror is --Reflected obliquely
 Get reflected as AX
and BY and makes ∠i2
and ∠r2.
 And AX and AY seems
to meet at ‘I’ and
formed virtual and erected image of the object.

SPHERICAL MIRROR CONCAVE MIRROR

29. State the rule with diagram, drawing images formed by spherical 30. By drawing a ray diagram, explain the formation of image when the
mirror? object is placed at different position of a concave mirror.
Ans:- We consider only two rays to form images;
1) The rays coming parallel to the principal axis- Pass through the focus Ans:- Formation of images by concave
after reflection in concave mirror and appear to come from the focus in mirror are as follows:-
a convex mirror. A. Object at infinity:-
 AB= Object at infinity, A’B’=image formed at infinity.
(After reflection) Size of image:- Highly enlarged size,
A’B’=image formed at focus F Nature of the image:- Real and inverted.
Size of image:- Highly diminished,
Nature of the image:- Real and inverted F. Object between F and P.
11. AB= Object between F & P,
(After reflection)
B. Object beyond C:- A’B’=image formed behind the mirror.
AB= Object at infinity, Size of image: Enlarged size,
(After reflection) Nature of the image: Virtual and erect.
A’B’=image formed between C and F
Size of image:- Diminished,
Nature of the image:- Real and 12.
inverted.

C. Object at C:-
AB= Object at C,
(After reflection)
A’B’=image formed at C
Size of image:- same size,
Nature of the image:- Real and
inverted.

D. Object between C and F

AB= Object between C & F,
(After reflection)
A’B’=image formed beyond C
Size of image:- Enlarged size,
Nature of the image:- Real and
inverted.

31. List the four properties of the

image formed by a concave
E. Object at F. mirror if object is palced between
AB= Object at F, focus and pole of the mirror?
(After reflection) Ans:- Image properties are:-
(i) Virtual, (ii) Erect, (iii) Enlarged size, (iv) Lies behind the
mirror.
32. What is the nature of the image formed by a concave mirror if the
magnification is +3?
Ans:- ∵ Magnification(m) is positive (+)
The image is virtual and erect and 3 times larger than the object.
33. Between which two points of a concave mirror should an object be
placed to obtain a magnification -3 ?
Ans:- ∵ Magnification(m) is negative (-)
The image is real and inverted and 3 times smaller than the object.
Hence, the object should be placed beyond the centre of curvature.
34. What are the uses of concave mirrors:-
Ans:- There are the following uses of concave mirrors:-
(i) Used in torches, search lights and head lights.
(ii) Used in shaving mirrors.
(iii) Used in Head mirrors for ENT specialist.
(iv) Used by dentist.
(v) Used in ophthalmoscope.
(vi) Used in astronomical telescope.
(vii) Used in solar furnace. a) Change in temperature: The addition of water (H2O) in quicklime or
(viii) Concave metal dishes are used in dish antennas to calcium oxide (CaO), it forms slake lime and rises in temperature and
35. releases a large amount of heat.
CaO + H2O Ca (OH)2
Quick Lime water Slake Lime

b) Evolution of gas:- Zinc and hydrochloric acid give H2 gas.

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
c) Formation of a precipitate:- A precipitate is a solid product which
separates out from the solution during a chemical reaction.
Example:- When potassium iodide is added to lead nitrate, a yellow
precipitate (PbI2) forms.
2KI + Pb(NO3)2 PbI2 + 2KNO3
Colourless Colourless Yellow ppt Colourless

04. How would you justify that a chemical reaction has taken place in
the following cases?
(A) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air.
Ans:- Heat is produced- Hence, change in temperature
(B) Addition of lead nitrate solution to potassium iodide solution. A burning candle.
Ans:- Gives a yellow colour precipitate- Hence, change in colour and
(B) Endothermic reaction:- The chemical reaction that absorbs heat
formation of precipitate.
from its environment to give new substances and temperature falls,
(C) Addition of dilute hydrochloride acid and zinc granules.
such reaction is called an endothermic reaction.
Ans:- Releases H2 gas and heat is evolved- Hence, change in
Example:- Barium hydroxide (Ba(OH2) is to ammonium chloride (NH4Cl).
temperature, gas evolution.
Melting of ice cubes.
05. Write the chemical equation of magnesium when burnt in the air. Photosynthesis,
Also, state the colours. Splitting a gas molecule,
Ans:- 2Mg + O2 2MgO Baking of food,
Solid Magnesium – Silver-grey Any thermal decomposition reaction.
Magnesium oxide - Dazzling white
03.
04.
06. Why is a magnesium ribbon coated with a white layer of magnesium
09. What are the differences between exothermic and endothermic
oxide (MgO)?
reactions?
 Ans:- A magnesium readily reacts with oxygen in the air and starts
Ans:-
combustion.
S.N Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
 The white layer of magnesium oxide acts as a barrier to react with
01 Rise in temperature. Fall in temperature.
oxygen in the air,
02 Heat-releasing process. Heat absorbing process.
 Slowing down further oxidation of magnesium metal underneath
 And preventing combustion. 03 Surrounding hot. Surrounding cooler.

07. While doing an activity of burning magnesium ribbon in the air, list 10. Why is photosynthesis considered an endothermic reaction?
two precautions that should be followed. Ans:- Since plants absorb direct energy from the sun. Therefore
Ans:- There are two precautions while doing an activity of magnesium photosynthesis is considered as an endothermic reaction.
ribbon in the air:- 11. What happens chemically when quicklime is added to water filled in
(i) Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned with sandpaper so that a bucket?
impurities can be removed. Ans:- When quicklime or calcium oxide (CaO) is added to water (H 2O) in a
(ii) Magnesium ribbon should be kept away from eyes so that bucket, it forms slake lime or calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 and rises in
dazzling white lights emitted do not affect our eyes. temperature and releases a large amount of heat. Hence it is an exothermic
reaction.
Exothermic and Endothermic Reaction CaO + H2O Ca (OH)2
08. What are exothermic and endothermic reactions? Quick Lime water Slake Lime
Ans:- (A) Exothermic reaction:- The chemical reaction that releases energy 12. Why is respiration considered as an exothermic reaction?
in the form of heat, light or sound into the environment, such reaction Ans:- In the process of respiration energy is released by our body. Therefore
is called exothermic reaction. respiration is considered as an exothermic reaction.
Example:- Water added to quick lime, C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy(38 ATP)
Water with any strong acid, Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Any neutralization reaction,
Respiration,
12(a). Classify the following chemical reaction as exothermic or products are equal. products are not equal.
endothermic reaction:-
16. (a) What is the balancing of a chemical equation?
(A) Electrolysis of water - Endothermic reaction
(b) Why is it necessary to obtain a balanced chemical equation?
(B) Decomposition of calcium carbonate - Endothermic reaction
Ans:- Making the number of atoms of each element equal on both sides of
(C) Photosynthesis - Endothermic reaction
the equation is called the balancing of a chemical equation.
(D) Breathing/Respiration - Exothermic reaction
(E) Burning of natural gas - Exothermic reaction  Necessity:- To validate the law of conservation of mass which states
that the mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reaction.
Chemical Equation  It means the mass of reactants should be equal to the mass of the
13. What is a chemical equation? products.
Ans:- The method of representing a chemical reaction with the help of  This law holds true only if number of atoms of reactants is equal to the
symbols and formulas of the substances is called a chemical equation. number of atoms of the product.
Zinc + Sulphuric Acid Zinc Sulphate + Hydrogen  Therefore, we have to balance the chemical equation.
05. 06.
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 17. Describe the method of balancing of chemical equation with an
a) The substances that participate in a chemical reaction are called example.
reactants. Ans:- There are the following steps of balancing the chemical equation:-
b) It is written in the left-hand side with plus (+) sign. Step (I):- Write the word equation.
c) The new substances that are produced after a chemical reaction are Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide.
called products.
d) The arrow sign ( ) is put between reactants and products. Step (II):-Write the skeletal or skeleton equation and enclose in the boxes.
14. Define balance and unbalanced equations. Mg + O2 MgO
Ans:- (A) Balanced equation:- When the total number of atoms in each Step (III):- Count the number of atoms both sides.
element in reactants and product are equal is called a balanced equation.
3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2 Elements LHS RHS
Mg 1 1
(B) Unbalanced equation:- When the total number of atoms of each O 2 1
element in reactants and products are not equal, this equation is called an Step (IV):- Select the biggest formula(O2) and start balancing by
unbalanced equation. multiplying with the highest number of atoms.
Fe + H2O Fe3O4 + H2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
15. What is the difference between balanced and unbalanced chemical Step (V):- Again, count the number of atoms on both sides and
equation? multiplying with required number.
Ans:- 2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
S.N Balanced Chemical Equation Balanced Chemical Equation
01 Energy remains equal. Energy does not remain equal. Step (VI):- Finally, count the no of atoms on both sides.
02 Mass remains equal. Mass does not remain equal. Elements LHS RHS
03 The total no. of atoms in each The total no. of atoms in each Mg 2 2
element in reactants and element in reactants and O 2 2
18. Describe the method of balancing of Fe + H2O Fe3O4 + H2 (C) Hydrogen + Chlorine Hydrogen Chloride
Ans:- Oxides of Iron: Ans:- H2 + Cl2 HCl
Step (I):-Write the skeletal or skeleton equation FeO = Ferus oxide Balanced Chemical equation H2 + Cl2 2HCl
and enclose in the boxes. Fe2O3 = Ferric oxide
Fe + H2O Fe3O4 + H2 Fe3O4 = Magnetic oxide (D) Barium Chloride + Ammonium sulphate Barium sulphate +
Ammonium Chloride
Step (II):- Count the number of atoms both sides. Ans:- BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4)3 BaSO4 + AlCl3
Elements LHS RHS Balanced Chemical equation (i) BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4)3 3BaSO4 + AlCl3
Fe 1 3 (ii) 3BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4)3 3BaSO4 +
H 2 2 2AlCl3
O 1 4
(E) Sodium + Water Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrogen gas
Step (III):- Select the biggest formula(Fe3O4) and start balancing by Ans:- 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
multiplying with the highest number of atoms i.e 4.
07.
08.
Fe + 4X H2O Fe3O4 + H2 Balanced Chemical equation (i) Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
Step (IV):- Again, count the number of atoms on both sides and (ii) 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
multiplying with required number. 19. Write the balanced equation for the following:-
3 Fe + 4X H2O Fe3O4 + 4X H2 (i) Methane burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
Ans:- CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
Step (V):- Finally, count the no. of atoms on both sides. Balanced Chemical Equation:- (i) CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Elements LHS RHS (ii) CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Fe 3 3 (iii) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
H 8 8 (ii) Hydrogen Sulphide burns in air to give water and Sulphur dioxide.
O 4 4 Ans:- H2S + O2 H 2O + SO2
18. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following reaction:- Balanced Chemical Equation:-
(A) Carbon disulphide burning in the air to give carbon dioxide and (i) H2S + 3O2 H2O + SO2
sulphur dioxide. (ii) H2S + 3O2 2H2O + 2SO2
Ans:- CS2 + O2 CO2 + SO2 (iii) Phosphorus burns in oxygen to give phosphorus pentoxide.
Ans:- Phosphorus + Oxygen Phosphorus pentoxide
Balanced chemical equation (i) CS2 + 2O2 CO2 + SO2
P4 + O2 P2O5
(ii) CS2 + 2O2 CO2 + 2SO2
Balanced Chemical Equation:-
(iii) CS2 + 3O2 CO2 + 2SO2
(i) P4 + O2 2P2O5
(B) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and
(ii) P4 + 5O2 2P2O5
hydrogen gas.
(iv) Hydrogen burns in oxygen to form water.
Ans:- K + H2O KOH + H2
Ans:- Hydrogen + Oxygen water
Balanced Chemical equation (i) K + 2 H2O KOH + H2
H2 + O2 H 2O
(ii) K + 2 H2O 2KOH + H2
Balanced Chemical Equation:-
(iii) 2K + 2 H2O 2KOH + H2
 (i) H2 + O2 2H2O 6CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g)
(ii) 2H2 + O2 2H2O (Stored 117Kcal)
(v) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia (NH3). (H) Process of respiration:-
Ans:- Hydrogen + Nitrogen Ammonia C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) 6CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l)
H2 + N2 NH3 (Releases 686Kcal)
Balanced Chemical Equation:-
3H2 + N2 2NH3 21. Write the balanced chemical equation of the following:-
(A) Solution of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water to give
(vi) Calcium(solid) with water gives calcium hydroxide and hydrogen insoluble barium sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
gas. Barium chloride + Sodium sulphate Barium sulphate + Sodium
Ans:- Calcium + Water Calcium hydroxide. chloride.
Ca + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 + NaCl
Balanced Chemical Equation:- BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 (B) KClO3 KCl + O2 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
(vii) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide gives Calcium carbonate +
water. (C) W/Phosphorus+ Dichlorine Phosphorus=phosphorus pentachloride
09. P4 + Cl2 PCl5 (P4 + 10Cl2 4PCl5)
10.
Ans:- Calcium hydroxide+Carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate+ water
(D) FeCl2 + H2S HCl + FeS (FeCl2 + H2S 2HCl + FeS)
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2
20. Write the chemical equations for the following: (E) H2 + Cl2 HCl (H2 + Cl2 2HCl)
(A) Sodium + Sulphuric acid gives Sodium sulphate + Hydrogen (F) Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + Fe (2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2
Na + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2 Fe)
2Na + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2
(G) NH3 +CuO Cu + N2 + H2O
(B) Calcium carbonate on reaction with hydrochloric acid gives Calcium
(2NH3 + CuO Cu + N2 + 3H2O)
chloride, water and carbon di oxide.
CaCO3 + HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 22. What is the thermochemical equation? Give two examples.
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 Ans:- Most chemical reactions are having with either evolution or absorption
(C) When lead nitrate is heated, if forms lead oxide, oxygen and nitrogen of heat, these reactions are known as thermochemical reactions.
oxide. a) The chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat,
Pb(NO3)2 PbO + O2 + NO2 light or sound into the environment, such reaction is called
2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + O2 + 4NO2 exothermic reaction.
(D) When copper is heated:- Ex- C (S) + 2H2 (g) CH4 (g) + 74.25 kJ (exothermic reaction)
Cu + O2 CuO 2Cu + O2 2CuO b) The chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment to
(E) When Aluminum is heated:- give new substances and temperature falls, such reaction is
Al + O2 Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 called an endothermic reaction.
(F) When Aluminum oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide:- Ex- C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) - 393.5 kJ (Endothermic reaction)
Al2O3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + H2O c) In these equation physical state of various elements also
2Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O d) involved.
(G) Process of photosynthesis:- 23. How do we make chemical equations more informative?
Ans:- We can make chemical equations more information by three ways:- (iii) Carbon monoxide reacts with oxygen for form carbon dioxide:
(i) By indicating the physical states of the reactants and products 2CO (g) + O2 (g) 2CO2 (g)
with symbol; (iv) Ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases are mixed to form NH4Cl
‘aq’ (aqueous)- Solution made in water. ‘g’- for gaseous, NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
‘s’-for solid, ‘l’- for liquid.
Ca (OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l) (B) DECOMPOSITION REACTION:- The reaction in which a single
(ii) By indicating the heat changes:- compound breaks down or splits up to form two or more simpler substances
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) 6CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + energy is called the decomposition reaction.
 All decomposition reactions are endothermic reactions.
(iii) By indicating the condition under which the reaction takes
 It is of three types;
place:-
(a) Thermal decomposition – Absorb heat.
a) For heating- (Delta sign on the arrow)
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
2KClO3 (s) 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)
(b) Electrolytic decomposition (Electrolysis)- Electrical energy
b) For sunlight:- Write sunlight on the arrow.
requires 2H2O (l) Electric current 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
6CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) Sunlight C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g)
(c) Photo decomposition reaction:-
c) For pressure and temp :- Write on the arrow 2AgCl sunlight 2Ag + Cl2
CO (g) + 2H2O (g) 300 atm, 3000 C CH3OH (g) (Mehonol)
d) For precipitation:- Write down of the arrow 12.
11. 27. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination
24. What are the ionic equation? Explain with example. reactions?
Ans:- An equation which shows only the atoms and ions that actually take Ans:- The reaction in which a single compound breaks down or splits up to
part in the reacton is called an ionic equation. Such ions which remain as it is form two or more simpler substances is called the decomposition reaction.
and do not take part in the reaction are not indicated. 2Hg 2Hg + O2
Zn + 2H+ + 2SO43- Zn2+ + SO43- + H2+ Whereas, the reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a
+
We write:- Zn + 2H Zn2+ + H2+ single substance is called a combination reaction.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
25. Name all types of chemical reactions? 28. State the important use of decomposition reactions.
Ans:- There are mainly five types of chemical reactions; Ans:- (a) Decomposition of silver chloride into silver and chloride by light is
(i) Combination reactions (ii) Decomposition reactions used in photography.
(iii) Displacement reactions (iv) Double displacement reactions (b) Helps in digestion.
(v) Redox reactions or (Oxidation and reduction reactions). (c) Manufacturing of cement.
26. Define Combination reactions & Decomposition reactions. (d) During wielding.
Ans:- (A) COMBINATION REACTION:- The reaction in which two or 29. What is (A) displacement reaction and (B) double displacement
more substances combine to form a single substance, is called combination reaction?
reaction. Ans:- (A) DISPLACEMENT REACTION:- The reaction in which a more
(i) Magnesium and oxygen combine and magnesium oxide: active element displaces a less active element from its compound is called
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) combination 2MgO (s) (white) displacement reaction.
(ii) Hydrogen burns in oxygen to form water: (i) CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) (s)
 (Copper sulphate- Blue) Grey (Zinc sulphate-Colourless) Brown 33. Write the reactivity of metals?
(ii) 2H2S (g) + O2 2S (s) + 2H2O (l) Ans:- Least reactive= Pt Au Ag Hg Cu H Pb
Hydrogen sulphide oxygen Sulphur Water Sn Ni Fe Zn Al Mg Ca Ba Na K
(More reactive)
(B) DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION:- The reaction in which
two different atoms or groups of atoms are exchanged is called double 34. What type of reaction is represented by the digestion of food in our
displacement reaction. body?
When silver nitrate solution is added to sodium chloride solution then Ans:- Since the food we are eating breaks down into digestive nutrients such
white precipitate of silver is formed. as proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Hence, the digestion of food represents a
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) +NaNO3 (aq) decomposition reaction.
(white ppt) 35. What happens when a piece of silver metal is added to copper
30. What is precipitation reaction? sulphate solution?
Ans:- When any reaction in which an insoluble solid is formed that separates Ans:- Silver metal is less reactive than copper. Therefore, it can not displace
from the solution is called a precipitation reaction. copper from copper sulphate solution.
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq) Ag (s) + CuSO4 (aq) No reaction
(Lead oxide, yellow ppt) 36. What happens when aluminum metal is added to dilute hydrochloric
30(a). Double displacement reactions are also know as precipitation acid?
reactions. Why?
13 14.
Ans:- Double displacement reactions are also known as precipitation Ans:- When aluminium reacts with dilute hycrochloric acid, it forms
reactions because they are accompanied by the formation of a precipitate. alumminium chloride and hydrogen gas.
BaCl2 (aq) + PbSO4 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + PbCl2 (aq) 2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq) 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
(White ppt)
31. The blue colour of copper sulphate starts fading when a zinc rod is REDOX REACTION
dipped in it. State the reason. 36. What is redox reaction? Or What is the Oxidation & Reduction
 Ans:- When a zinc rod is dipped in copper sulphate solution, zinc reaction?
being more reactive than copper, it displaces copper, and reddish Ans:- A chemical reaction in which both oxidation reaction and reduction
brown copper falls at the bottom and reaction occur simultaneously is called redox reaction;
 The blue colour sulphate solution fades due to the formation of the (A) Oxidation reaction:- The reaction in which oxygen is added or
colourless zinc sulphate in the solution. hydrogen is removed or electron is lost from a substance is called an
32. Why the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail oxidation reaction.
is kept immersed in it? The substance which accepts oxygen or gives up hydrogen is called a
 Ans:- When iron nail is kept immersed in the copper sulphate reducing agent.
solution, iron being more reactive than copper, it displaces copper and (Oxidation djkus okyk]
reddish brown copper falls at the bottom and Hydrogen reduce djkus okyk]
 The blue colour sulphate solution turns greenish due to the formation Oxygen add djkus okyk)
of ferrous sulphate in the solution. Ex- (a) When sulphur burns in air; Oxidized substance - ‘SO2’
CuSO4 (aq) + Fe (s) FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) S + O2 SO2 Reducing agent - ‘SO2’
Blue Grey Greenish Red-brown Reduced substance - ‘O2’
Oxidizing agent - ‘O2’
 (b) Hydrogen sulphide reacts with iodine; Ans:- MnO2 + 4 HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
H2S + I2 2HI + S Oxidized substance - ‘H2S’
Reducing agent - ‘H2S’ Hydrogen reduce djkus okyk] Loss of hydrogen (Oxidation)
Reduced substance - ‘I2’ (i) Oxidized substance - HCl Reducing agent- HCl
Oxidizing agent - ‘I2’ (ii) Reduced substance - MnO2 Oxidising agent- MnO2
(B) Reductin reaction:- The reaction in which hydrogen or electron is 39. Zince oxide reacts with carbon to produce zinc metal and carbon
added or oxygen is removed from a substance is called a reduction monoxide. Identify (i) Substance getting oxidized
reaction. (ii) Substance getting reduced. (iii) Name the type of reaction.
The substance which accepts hydrogen or gives up oxygen is called an Ans:- ZnO + C Zn + CO
oxidizing agent. (Reduction djkus okyk] (i) Carbon gains oxygen- oxidezed substance Carbon (C)
Hydrogen add djkus okyk] (ii) Oxygen add djkus okyk& C , Reducing agent.
Oxygen reduce djkus okyk) (iii) ZnO loses oxygen- Reduced substance ZnO
Ex- CuO + H2 Cu + H2O (iv) Oxygen reduce djkus okyk)- Oxidizing agent- ZnO
Oxidized substance - ‘H2’ 40. Sodium reacts with oxygen to form sodium oxide. Identify all the
Reducing agent - ‘H2’ four events.
Reduced substance - ‘CuO’ Ans:- 4Na + O2 2Na2O
Oxidizing agent - ‘CuO’ (i) Oxidized substance - Sodium (Na) (Because it gains oxygen)
15. 16.
37. What is a redox reaction? Justify your answer by writing one such (ii) Reducing agent - Sodium (Na) (Na taken oxygen)
chemical equation. (iii) Reduced substance – Oxygen (Because it loses oxygen)
Ans:- A chemical reaction in which both oxidation reaction and reduction (iv) Oxidizing agent- Oxygen O, (Oxygen given oxygen)
reaction occur simultaneously is called redox reaction.
Oxidation 01. CuO is losing oxygen and 41. Consider the following reaction, is it a redox reaction or not and
hydrogen is gaining oxygen, why?
(i) CuO + H2 Cu + H2O this reaction together is called Ans:- 2FeSO4 (s) Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
redox reaction.  It is a redox reaction because ferrous (Fe) is getting oxidized to ferric
Reduction 02. Oxidized substance– ‘H2’ (Fe2O3) whereas SO4 is getting reduced to SO2.
(H2 accept oxygen)  It is also a decomposition reaction.
Reducing Substance Oxidized Substance
Oxidizing Agent Reducing agent 03. Reducing agent - ‘H2’
EFFECTS OF OXIDATION REACTION
Oxidation (H2 accept oxygen)
41. What is corrosion, rusting and rancidity?
(ii) 04. Reduced substance- ‘CuO’ (a) Corrosion:- The process in which metals are eaten up gradually by air,
H2S + Cl2 S + 2HCl 05. Oxidizing agent - ‘CuO’ moisture or acid and form a layer of oxides due to oxidation is called
corrosion.
Reduction  Rusting of iron metal is the most common form of corrosion.
38. Manganese dioxide when reacts with hydrochloric acid forms 4Fe + 3O2 + xH2O = 2Fe2O3 + xH2O
manganese chloride, water and chlorine. Identify (i) Reducing agent. Iron Oxygen Water Rust
Oxygen reduce djkus okyk Loss of oxygen (Reduction) (ii) Oxidizing (b) Rusting:- The corrosion of iron due to moisture is called rusting.
agent.
  When iron articles are exposed to moisture, get coated with a (v) Why do silver articles become black after some time when
brownish powder which peels off easily and get damaged to the iron exposed in air?
articles. Ans:- Silver gets oxidized in open air due to the presence of H 2S in the air
(c) Rancidity:- Oxidation also has a damaging effect on foods containing and changes into Ag2S. Therefore silver becomes black.
fats and oils and becomes very unpleasant or obnoxious, this is called (vi) Why do the gold ornaments do not lose their luster?
rancidity. Ans:- Gold is a very less reactive metal and doesn't react with other elements
and hence doesn’t oxidize in the air.
42. How is rusting prevented? Or, Method of prevention of rusting.  Therefore gold ornaments do not lose their luster.
Ans:- (i) By painting. (ii) Machine parts should be oiled and greased.
45. Name two anti-oxidants which are usually added to foods.
(iii) Galvanized iron pipes are used for water supply.
Ans:- (i) Butylated Hydroxy toluene (BHT)
(iv) Iron can be coated with chromium.
(ii) Butylated Hydroxy anisole (BHA)
43. How is rancidity prevented? Or, Method of prevention of rancidity. 46. Give two differences between rusting and burning.
Ans:- (i) To flush out oxygen with nitrogen. Ans:- (i) Rusting is a slow process whereas burning is a fast process.
(ii) Keep food in airtight containers. (ii) Rusting happens in the presence of oxygen and moisture whereas
(iii) Refrigerating the foodstuff. burning requires only oxygen.
(iv) To keep food away from sunlight. 47. Complete the missing component/variable given as X and Y in the
(iv) By adding anti-oxidants. following reaction.
Ans:- Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (X) + H2 (Y)
44. (i) Why the foodstuff is fresh in refrigerators? X = (aq) Y=(g)
Ans:- The refrigerator has a low temperature inside it. When food is kept in a 48. Write a balanced chemical equation for the following reaction;
refrigerator, the oxidation of fats and oils is slowed down due to low Ethanol is warmed with ethanoic acid to form ethyl acetate in the
temperature and foodstuff is fresh and can be used for a long duration. presence of concentrated H2SO4
17. Ans:- C2H5OH + CH3COOH Con. H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
(v) Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
Ans:- Paint acts as an antioxidant and makes a protection layer between iron 18.
and moist air and saves iron articles from oxidation that causes damage due 49. (i) Identify the reducing agent in the following reacting.
to corrosion. Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
 Hence, to keep iron articles free from damage, paint is applied. Iron (III) Ferric oxide Carbon monoxide Iron Carbon dioxide
(vi) What is galvanization and why zinc is used for galvanization? Ans:- CO removes oxygen from Fe2O3 and causes its reduction. Hence CO
Ans:- Galvanization:- A process that coats iron or steel with zinc to prevent is the reducing agent.
rusting is called galvanization. It protects iron from corrosion. (ii) Identify the substances that are oxidized and substances that are
 Zinc is more reactive than iron, so it oxidizes before than iron. reduced in the following reactions:-
(iv) Oil and fat-containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. a. Fe2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + 2Fe
Why? Ans:- Oxidized substance- Al oxidizing agent-Fe2O3
Ans:- Nitrogen acts as a protection layer between oxygen and food and saves Reduced substance-Fe2O3 Reducing agent-Al
food items from oxidation that causes damage to food due to rancidity. (iii) 2PbO + C 2Pb + CO2
 Hence, to keep food items fresh, all are flushed with nitrogen. Ans:- Oxidized substance – C oxidizing agent- PbO
Reduced substance – PbO Reducing agent- C
50. Write the balance chemical equations for:-
(i) Magnesium ribbon is burnt in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas to
form solid magnesium nitride.
Ans. 3 Mg (s) + N2 (g) Mg3N2 (s)
It is combination reaction.
(iv) Why do fire flies glow at night?
Ans:- Fire flies undergo a process known as bioluminescence. They have a
special kind of substance, i.e. luciferin that undergoes oxidation in the
presence of air and an enzyme.
 This reaction is accompanied by emission of light, therefore fire flies
glow at night.
(v) Identify the oxidizing agents (oxidants) in following reactions:-
Pb3O4 + 8HCl 3PbCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O
Oxidizing agent- Pb3O4 (tks nqljs dks O nsrk gS ;k [kqn ls O
fudky nsrk gS) CuSO4 + Zn Cu +
ZnSO4
Oxidizing agent- CuSO4 (;s Zn dks O nsrk gS ;k [kqn ls O
fudky nsrk gS)
(vi) Why do we store silver chloride in dark coloured bottles?
Ans:- Silver chloride (AgCl) decomposes to silver and chlorine in the
presence of light. Dark coloured bottles interrupt the path of light and
prevent from decomposition of silver chloride. Therefore, it is kept in dark
Sunlight
coloured bottles. 2AgCl (s) 2Ag (s) +
Cl2 (g)
Silver chloride (White) Silver (grey)