SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

1. Steam at 5.2 MPa, 400°C expands in a Rankine turbine at 0.036 MPa. For 136 kg/s
of steam, determine the work, the thermal efficiency, and the steam rate (a) for the
cycle, (b) for the turbine. (c) For an actual turbine with the same specifications, the
brake steam rate is 4.80 kg/kWh and the driven electric generator has an efficiency of
93%, find the brake thermal efficiency, brake engine efficiency, indicated work, and
quality of actual exhaust steam.

Answer: (a) 126,385 kW, 32.27%, 3.874 kg/kWh, (b) 127,106 kW, 32.4%, 385 kg/kWh, (c) 750
kJ/kg, 26%, 80.25%, 94, 860 kW, 91.81%
2. A turbine receives steam at 10 MPa, 600°C and exhaust it at 0.2 MPa. (a) For
the ideal rankine engine, determine the work, steam rate, thermal efficiency, and
mean effective pressure. (b) For the actual engine, the turbine efficiency is 84%;
the driven generator efficiency is 93% and the rated output of the generator is 30
MW. Estimate the enthalpy and quality (or temperature) of the exhaust. Compute
the combined work, combined heat rate, and the total throttle flow for the rated
power.

Answer: (a) 1007 kJ/kg, 3.575 kg/kWh, 1184.4 kPa, (b) 2779.4 kJ/kg, 155.2°C, 786.7 kJ/kg,
14,280 kg/kWh, 137,280 kg/h
3. In a reheat cycle, steam at 8.0 MPa, and 485°C enters the turbine and expands
to 1.4 MPa. At this point, the steam is withdrawn and passed through a reheater.
It re-enters the turbine at 1.3 MPa and 720°C. Expansion now occurs to the
condenser pressure of 0.006 MPa. For the cycle and 1 kg of steam, determine (a)
Q_A, (b) W_net, and (c) E_c. For the engine, determine (d) Work (e) thermal
efficiency, and (f) the steam flow for an engine output of 40,000 kW.

Answer: (a) 4278.4 kJ/kg (b) 1904 kJ/kg (c) 44.5% (d) 1912 kJ/kg (e) 44.6% (f)
20.89 kg/sec
4. A reheat cycle has the following data:
Throttle, 8.5 MPa, 400°C
Turbine Exhaust, 0.06 MPa
For an ideal cycle, determine the (a) work, (b) thermal efficiency, and (c) heat
rate. (d) What is the thermal efficiency of the corresponding Rankine cycle, (e)
What is the percent improvement in engine heat rate of the reheat cycle from the
Rankine cycle.

Answer: 1065.5 kJ/kg, 33.24%, 927.3 g.k/kwh, 32.59%, 15.49%

5. An ideal double-reheat steam turbine receives 300,000 kg/h of steam at 10 MPa
and 400°C. After expansion from high pressure turbine shell, it is reheated twice from
saturated vapour back to its initial temperature. The steam entering the condenser is
97% dry. Determine the (a) engine work, (b) engine thermal efficiency, and (c) steam
rate. (d) Considering a generator output of 100 MW with 97% generator efficiency,
what are the combined heat rate, brake work, brake thermal efficiency, and the pump
power requirement?

Answer: (a) 1558.5 kJ/kg, (b) 40.12%, (c) 2.31 kg/kwh, (d) 3.0 kg/kwh, 1237.1 kJ/kg, 31.85%,
841.7 kW
 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

Draw Schematic and T-s Diagrams for all problems.

1. Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal regenerative Rankine

cycle with one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 15 MPa and
600°C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. Some steam
leaves the turbine at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and enters the open feedwater heater.
Determine the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
Answers: 0.2272, 46.3%
2. A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with two
open feedwater heaters. Steam enters the turbine at 8 MPa and 550°C and
exhausts to the condenser at 10 kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.6
and 0.2 MPa. Water leaves both feedwater heaters as a saturated liquid. The mass
flow rate of steam through the boiler is 16 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram,
and determine (a) the net power output of the power plant and (b) the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
Answers: 198.8 MW, 43.54%
3. Consider a regenerative vapor power cycle with one open feedwater heater.
Steam enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa, 480°C and expands to 0.7 MPa, where some
of the steam is extracted and diverted to the open feedwater heater operating at
0.7 MPa. The remaining steam expands through the second-stage turbine to the
condenser pressure of 0.008 MPa. Saturated liquid exits the open feedwater
heater at 0.7 MPa. The isentropic efficiency of each turbine stage is 85% and each
pump operates isentropically. If the net power output of the cycle is 100 MW,
determine (a) the thermal efficiency and (b) the mass flow rate of steam entering
the first turbine stage, in kg/h.
Answers: 36.9%, 369, 139 kg/hr
4. Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle. Superheated
vapor enters the turbine at 10 MPa, 480°C, and the condenser pressure is 6 kPa.
Steam expands through the first-stage turbine to 0.7 MPa where some of the
steam is extracted and diverted to an open feedwater heater operating at 0.7
MPa. The remaining steam expands through the second-stage turbine to the
condenser pressure of 6 kPa. Saturated liquid exits the open feedwater heater at
0.7 MPa. Determine for the cycle (a) the heat addition, in kJ per kg of steam
entering the first-stage turbine, (b) the thermal efficiency. (c) the heat transfer
from the working fluid passing through the condenser to the cooling water, in kJ
per kg of steam entering the first-stage turbine.
Answers: 2613.9 kJ/kg, 44.2%, 1458.4 kJ/kg
5. For the cycle of the previous problem, reconsider the analysis assuming the
pump and each turbine stage have an isentropic efficiency of 80%. Answer the
same questions as in the previous problem for the modified cycle.
6. A power plant operates on a regenerative vapor power cycle with one open
feedwater heater. Steam enters the first turbine stage at 12 MPa, 560°C and
expands to 1 MPa, where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the open
feedwater heater operating at 1 MPa. The remaining steam expands through the
second turbine stage to the condenser pressure of 6 kPa. Saturated liquid exits
the open feedwater heater at 1 MPa. The net power output for the cycle is 330
MW. For isentropic processes in the turbines and pumps, determine the cycle
thermal efficiency. (b) the mass flow rate into the first turbine stage, in kg/sec.
Answers: 46.1%, 261.9 kg/sec
7. Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open
feedwater heater. Superheated vapor enters the first-stage turbine at 16 MPa,
560°C, and the condenser pressure is 8 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering
the first-stage turbine is 120 kg/s. Steam expands through the first-stage turbine
to 1 MPa where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to an open feedwater
heater operating at 1 MPa. The remainder expands through the second-stage
turbine to the condenser pressure of 8 kPa. Saturated liquid exits the feedwater
heater at 1 MPa. Determine (a) the net power developed, in kW. (b) the rate of
heat transfer to the steam passing through the boiler, in kW. (c) the thermal
efficiency. (d) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the cooling
water undergoes a temperature increase of 18°C with negligible pressure change
in passing through the condenser.
Answers: 1.498 × 10⁵ kW, 3.223 × 10⁵ kW, 46.5%, 2292 kg/s
8. Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one closed
feedwater heater. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at 10 MPa, 480°C, and the
condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Steam expands through the first-stage turbine where some
is extracted and diverted to a closed feedwater heater at 0.7 MPa. Condensate drains
from the feedwater heater as saturated liquid at 0.7 MPa and is trapped into the
condenser. The feedwater leaves the heater at 10 MPa and a temperature equal to the
saturation temperature at 0.7 MPa. Determine for the cycle (a) the heat transfer to the
working fluid passing through the steam generator, in kJ per kg of steam entering the
firststage turbine, (b) the thermal efficiency, (c) the heat transfer from the working fluid
passing through the condenser to the cooling water, in kJ per kg of steam entering the
first-stage turbine.
Answers: 2624 kJ/kg, 42.7%, 1504.1 kJ/kg
9. For the cycle of the previous problem, reconsider the analysis assuming the
pump and each turbine stage have an isentropic efficiency of 80%. Answer the
same questions as in previous problem for the modified cycle.
Answers: 2624 kJ/kg, 35.2%, 1700.7 kJ/kg
10. A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle. Steam
enters the turbine at 6 MPa and 450°C and is condensed in the condenser at 20
kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.4 MPa to heat the feedwater in an
open feedwater heater. Water leaves the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid.
Show the cycle on a T-s diagram, and determine (a) the net work output per
kilogram of steam flowing through the boiler and (b) the thermal efficiency of the
cycle.

Answers: 1017 kJ/kg, 37.8 percent

11. Repeat previous problem by replacing the open feedwater heater with a
closed feedwater heater. Assume that the feedwater leaves the heater at the
condensation temperature of the extracted steam and that the extracted steam
leaves the heater as a saturated liquid and is pumped to the line carrying the
feedwater.
Answers: 1016.8 kJ/kg, 37.8%
12. A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with two
open feedwater heaters. Steam enters the turbine at 8 MPa and 550°C and
exhausts to the condenser at 15 kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.6
and 0.2 MPa. Water leaves both feedwater heaters as a saturated liquid. The mass
flow rate of steam through the boiler is 24 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram,
and determine (a) the net power output of the power plant and (b) the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
Answers: 28.8 MW, 42.2%
13. A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle
and has a net power output of 80 MW. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at
10 MPa and 550°C and leaves at 0.8 MPa. Some steam is extracted at this
pressure to heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater. The rest of the
steam is reheated to 500°C and is expanded in the low-pressure turbine to the
condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to
saturation lines, and determine (a) the mass flow rate of steam through the boiler
and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Answers: (a) 54.5 kg/s, (b) 44.4 percent
14. Repeat previous problem, but replace the open feedwater heater with a
closed feedwater heater. Assume that the feedwater leaves the heater at the
condensation temperature of the extracted steam and that the extracted steam
leaves the heater as a saturated liquid and is pumped to the line carrying the
feedwater.
Answer: (a) 54.5 kg/s, (b) 44.4 percent
15. An ideal Rankine Cycle with two reheat cycles and two open feedwater
heaters with steam leaves the boiler at 15 MPa and 600°C. Steam at 4 MPa leaves
the high-pressure turbine; some of the steam preheats water in feedwater heater
while the remainder is reheated to 500°C. Steam at 600 kPa is extracted from the
low-pressure turbine; some of that steam preheats water in feedwater heater
while the remainder is reheated to 400°C. Steam at 10 kPa leaves the low-
pressure turbine. For a mass flux ṁ = 30 kg/sec through the boiler, calculate: a.
The steam flow rate diverted to each feedwater heater b. The power output of the
turbine c. The total heat addition by the steam generator d. The quality of the
steam exiting the turbine e. The heat loss from the condenser f. The total pump
horsepower g. The thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle
Answer: 2.93 kg/sec, 29.1 MW, 59.9 MJ/sec, 94.1%, 30.8 MJ/s, 383 hp, 48.6%
16. Repeat previous problem, retaining all quantities except that each reheater
reheats the steam back to 600°C.
9. A Brayton cycle uses argon as the working substance. At the beginning of
compression, the temperature is 335 K and the pressure is 480 KPa. The compression
process is adiabatic with discharge conditions of 645 K and 1930 KPa. The argon is
heated and enters the turbine at 1390 K and 1930 KPa and expands adiabatically to
890 K and 480 KPa. Determine (a) the compressor efficiency; (b) the turbine
efficiency; (c) the thermal efficiency. Answers: 80.6%, 84.2%, 25.5%
10. For an air-standard Brayton cycle the air flow rate entering the compressor is
10m3/sec at 300 K and 100 KPa. The pressure ratio is 12, and the cycle maximum
temperature is 1100 K. Determine (a) the net power developed; (b) the cycle thermal
efficiency.
11. An air-standard Brayton cycle has temperature limits of 100 °F and 1200 °F and
p1=15psia. Determine (a) the pressure ratio for maximum work; (b) the thermal
efficiency. Answers: 6.7, 42%
12. A manufacturing facility needs hot gas at a pressure of 30 psia for its operation.
The gas is to be the exhaust from a gas turbine whose only function is to drive the
compressor. The compressor receives air at 15 psia and 60 °F, and the turbine inlet
temperature is 1540 °F. Determine the pressure ratio of the compressor if the
compressor and turbine efficiencies are (a) 100%; (b) 85%.
13. For an air-standard Brayton cycle the air flow rate entering the compressor is 350
ft/sec at 77 °F and 1 atm. The pressure ratio is 12, and the cycle maximum
temperature is 2100 °R. Determine (a) the net power developed; (b) the cycle thermal
efficiency.
14. An air-standard Brayton cycle is characterized by minimum and maximum
temperatures of 540 R and 2700 °R. The compressor inlet pressure is 1 atm.
Determine (a) the pressure ratio that yields the optimum thermal efficiency; (b) the
value of the thermal efficiency.
15. An air-standard Brayton cycle has compressor inlet conditions of 77 °F and 60
psia. The pressure ratio is 12, and the cycle maximum temperature is 2300 °R.
Determine the cycle efficiency if the substance is (a) air; (b) helium.
1. An ideal Ericsson engine using helium as the working fluid operates between
temperature limits of 550 and 3000 R and pressure limits of 25 and 200 psia.
Assuming a mass flow rate of 14 lbm/s, determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the
cycle, (b) the heat transfer rate in the regenerator, and (c) the power delivered.
Answers: 81.67%, 42,875 Btu/sec, 35,384 Btu/sec
2. An air-standard Stirling cycle operates with a maximum pressure of 600 psia and a
minimum pressure of 10 psia. The maximum volume of the air is 10 times the
minimum volume. The temperature during the heat rejection process is 100°F.
Calculate the specific heat added to and rejected by this cycle, as well as the net
specific work produced by the cycle. How much heat is stored (and recovered) in the
regenerator? Use constant specific heats at room temperature. Answers: 530.3
Btu/lbm, 88.4 Btu/lbm, 441.9 Btu/lbm
3. Consider an ideal Ericsson cycle with air as the working fluid executed in a steady-
flow system. Air is at 27°C and 120 kPa at the beginning of the isothermal
compression process, during which 150 kJ/kg of heat is rejected. Heat transfer to air
occurs at 950 K. Determine (a) the maximum pressure in the cycle, (b) the net work
output per unit mass of air, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Answers: (a)
685 kPa, (b) 325 kJ/kg, (c) 68.4 percent
4. An ideal Stirling cycle uses energy reservoirs at 40°F and 640°F and uses hydrogen
as the working gas. It is designed such that its minimum volume is 0.1ft$^3$,
maximum volume is 1ft$^3$, and maximum pressure is 400 psia. Calculate the
amount of external heat addition, external heat rejection, and heat transfer between the
working fluid and regenerator for each complete cycle. Use constant specific heats at
room temperature. Answers: 17.0 Btu, 7.75 Btu, 10.0 Btu
5. Hydrogen enters the turbine of an Ericsson cycle at 920 K, 15 bar with a mass flow
rate of 1 kg/s. At the inlet to the compressor the condition is 300 K and 1.5 bar.
Assuming the ideal gas model and ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects,
determine (a) the net power developed, in kW, (b) the thermal efficiency, (c) the back
work ratio. Answers: 5882 kW, 67.39%, 0.326
6. Air enters the compressor of an Ericsson cycle at 300 K, 1 bar with a mass flow
rate of 5 kg/s. At the inlet to the turbine the condition is 1400 K and 10 bar. Assuming
the ideal gas model and ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects, determine (a)
the net power developed, in kW, (b) the thermal efficiency, (c) the back work ratio.
Answers: 3635 kW, 78.6%, 0.214
7. Air is the working fluid in an Ericsson cycle. Expansion through the turbine takes
place at a temperature of 2000 R. Heat transfer from the compressor occurs at 520 R.
The compressor ratio is 10. Assuming the ideal gas model and ignoring kinetic and
potential energy effects, determine (a) the net work, in Btu per lb of air flowing, (b)
the thermal efficiency. Answers: 233.6 Btu/lb, 0.74
8. Thirty-six grams of air in a piston-cylinder assembly undergo a Stirling cycle with
a compression ratio of six. At the beginning of the isothermal compression, the
pressure and volume are 1 bar and 0.03 m3, respectively. The temperature during the
isothermal expansion is 1000 K. Assuming the ideal gas model and ignoring kinetic
and potential energy effects, determine (a) the net work, in kJ. (b) the thermal
efficiency. (c) the mean effective pressure, in bar Answers: 13.134 kJ, 0.71, 5.254 bar
9. Helium in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a Stirling cycle. In the isothermal
compression, the helium is compressed from 15 lbf/in$^2$, 100°F, to 150 lbf/in$^2$.
The isothermal expansion occurs at 1500°F. Assuming the ideal gas model and
ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects, determine (a) the work and heat transfer,
in Btu per lb of helium, for each process in the cycle. (b) the thermal efficiency.
Answers: -639.7 Btu/lb, 2238.9 Btu/lb, 71.4%
 Supplementary Problems

1. Air enters the compressor of the Brayton cycle at 300 K and 100 kPa, where it is
compressed to 600 kPa. It exits the combustor at 1200 K. The exhaust gases exit the
heat exchanger at 350 K. The pressure in the Rankine cycle is raised by the pump
from 20 kPa to 4 MPa. The heat exchanger provides the steam turbine with steam at
400°C. Determine the efficiency of the combined cycle if the steam turbine power
output is 20 MW. Neglect Pump Work. Answer: 57.52%
2. The basic layout of a combined Brayton-Rankine cycle is shown. Air enters the
isentropic compressor at 10°C and 100 kPa with a mass flux of 30 kg/s. The pressure
ratio for this compressor is 6. The exhaust gases leave the combustion chamber and
enter the isentropic gas turbine at 1200°C. The ideal Rankine cycle operates between
40 kPa and 4 MPa. Steam at 4 kg/s enters the isentropic steam turbine at 400°C.
Assuming constant specific heats for the air, calculate:

a. The net work output of the ideal-gas turbine engine.

b. The efficiency of the ideal-gas turbine cycle.
c. The heat exchanged in the heat exchanger
d. The work output of the ideal Rankine cycle
e. The efficiency of the ideal Rankine cycle
f. The combined cycle efficiency.

A gas compressor efficiency of 82%, a gas turbine efficiency of 88%, a steam turbine
efficiency of 92%. Ignore the water pump power, as usual. Answer: 8659.20 kW,
30%, 11527.2 kW, 3273 kW, 41.46%
3. The gas-turbine portion of a combined gas-steam power plant has a pressure ratio
of 16. Air enters the compressor at 300 K at a rate of 14 kg/s and is heated to 1500 K
in the combustion chamber. The combustion gases leaving the gas turbine are used to
heat the steam to 400°C at 10 MPa in a heat exchanger. The combustion gases leave
the heat exchanger at 420 K. The steam leaving the turbine is condensed at 15 kPa.
Assuming all the compression and expansion processes to be isentropic, determine (a)
the mass flow rate of the steam, (b) the net power output, and (c) the thermal
efficiency of the combined cycle. For air, assume constant specific heats at room
temperature. Answers: (a) 1.275 kg/s, (b) 7819 kW, (c) 66.4 percent
4. Consider a combined gas-steam power plant that has a net power output of 450
MW. The pressure ratio of the gas-turbine cycle is 14. Air enters the compressor at
300 K and the turbine at 1400 K. The combustion gases leaving the gas turbine are
used to heat the steam at 8 MPa to 400°C in a heat exchanger. The combustion gases
leave the heat exchanger at 460 K. An open feedwater heater incorporated with the
steam cycle operates at a pressure of 0.6 MPa. The condenser pressure is 20 kPa.
Assuming all the compression and expansion processes to be isentropic, determine (a)
the mass flow rate ration of air to steam, (b) the required rate of heat input in the
combustion chamber, and (c) thermal efficiency of the combined cycle. Answers: 8.99
kg air / kg steam, 720,215 kW, 62.5%
5. Consider a combined gas-steam power plant that has a net power
output of 280 MW. The pressure ratio of the gasturbine cycle is 11. Air
enters the compressor at 300 K and the turbine at 1100 K. The combustion
gases leaving the gas turbine are used to heat the steam at 5 MPa to
350°C in a heat exchanger. The combustion gases leave the heat
exchanger at 420 K. An open feedwater heater incorporated with the
steam cycle operates at a pressure of 0.8 MPa. The condenser pressure is
10 kPa. Assuming isentropic efficiencies of 100 percent for the pump, 82
percent for the compressor, and 86 percent for the gas and steam
turbines, determine (a) the mass flow rate ratio of air to steam, (b) the
required rate of heat input in the combustion chamber, and (c) the
thermal efficiency of the combined cycle. Answers: 9.259 kg air / kg
steam, 671,300 kW, 41.7%
1. Consider a gas mixture that consists of 3 kg of O2, 5 kg of N2, and 12 kg of CH4 as
shown in the figure. Determine (a) the mass fraction of each component, (b) the mole
fraction of each component, and (c) the average molar mass and gas constant of the
mixture. Answers: 0.15, 0.25, 0.60, 0.0917, 0.1747, 0.7336, 19.564 kg/kmol, 0.423
kJ/kg K
2. The products of combustion from a diesel engine have the following molal
analysis: CO2=10.2%, CO=0.4%, H2O=14.3%, O2=1.9%, and N2=73.2%. Determine
the molecular weight of the products and the mass fraction of each component.
Answer: 28.302 kg/kmol, 0.1586, 0.0048, 0.09095, 0.02148, 0.7242
3. A mixture of 0.4 lbm of helium and 0.2lbm of oxygen is compressed polytropically
from 14.7 psia and 60°F to 60 psia according to n=1.4. Determine the final
temperature, the heat, and the work for the process. Answer: 777.2 R, -50.9 Btu, -
135.6 Btu
4. A mixture of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and helium (He) gases with mass
fractions of 0.0625, 0.625, and 0.3125, respectively, enter an adiabatic turbine at 1000
K and 600 K steadily and expand to 100 kPa pressure. The isentropic efficiency of the
turbine is 90 percent. For gas components assuming constant specific heats at room
temperature, determine the work output per unit mass of mixture. Answer: 665.81
kJ/kg
5. A gas mixture at 600 R and 20 psia consists of 1 lbm of CO2 and 3 lbm of CH4.
Determine the partial pressure of each gas and the apparent molar mass of the gas
mixture. Answer: 2.16 psia, 17.84 psia, 19.03 lbm/lbmol
6. A gas mixture at 350 K and 300 kPa has the following volumetric analysis: 65
percent N2, 20 percent O2, and 15 percent CO2. Determine the mass fraction and
partial pressure of each gas. Answer: 58.3%, 20.5%, 21.2%, 195 kPa, 60 kPa, 45 kPa
7. A mixture of gases consists of 30 percent hydrogen, 40 percent helium, and 30
percent nitrogen by volume. Calculate the mass fractions and apparent molecular
weight of this mixture. Answer: 0.05660, 0.1509, 0.7925, 10.60 kg/kmol
8. A gas mixture at 350 K and 300 kPa has the following volumetric analysis: 65
percent N2, 20 percent O2, and 15 percent CO2. Determine the mass fraction and
partial pressure of each gas. Answers: 58.3%, 20.5%, 21.2%, 195 kPa, 60 kPa, 45 kPa
9. Inan ideal gas mixture the partial pressures of the component gases are as follows:
CO2, 20 kPa; O2, 30 kPa; and N2, 50 kPa. Determine the mole fractions and mass
fractions of each component. Calculate the apparent molar mass, the apparent gas
constant, the constant-volume specific heat, and the specific heat ratio at 300 K for the
mixture. Answers: 0.20, 0.30, 0.50, 0.2716, 0.2963, 0.4321, 32.40 kJ/kmol, 0.6945
kJ/kg-K, 0.2566 kJ/kg-K, 0.9511 kJ/kg-K, 1.370
10. An engineer has proposed adding extra oxygen with normal air in internal
combustion engines to control some of the exhaust products. If an additional 5 percent
(by volume) of oxygen is mixed with standard atmospheric air, how will this change
the mixture's molecular weight? Answers: 28.99 kg/kmol
11. A rigid tank that contains 2 kg of N2 at 25°C and 550 kPa is connected to another
rigid tank that contains 4 kg of O2 at 25°C and 150 kPa. The valve connecting the two
tanks is opened, and the two gases are allowed to mix. If the final mixture temperature
is 25°C. Determine the volume of each tank and the final mixture pressure. Answers:
0.322m3, 2.07m3, 204 kPa
12. A mixture of gases consists of 0.4 kg of oxygen, 0.7 kg of carbon dioxide, and 0.2
kg of helium. This mixture is maintained at 100 kPa and 27°C. Determine the
apparent molecular weight of this mixture, the volume it occupies, the partial volume
of the oxygen, and the partial pressure of the helium. Answers: 16.6 kg/kmol,
1.96 m3, 0.312 m3, 63.8 kPa
13. A mixture of hydrocarbon gases is composed of 60 percent methane, 25 percent
propane, and 15 percent butane by weight. Determine the volume occupied by 100 kg
of this mixture when its pressure is 3 MPa and its temperature is 37°C. Answer:
3.93 m3
14. A rigid tank contains 8 kmol of O2 and 10 kmol of CO2 gases at 290 K and 150
kPa. Estimate the volume of the tank. Answer: 289 m3
15. Repeat previous problem for a temperature of 400 K. Answer: 399.1 m3
16. A 30 percent (by mass) ethane and 70 percent methane mixture is to be blended in
a 100 m3 tank at 130 kPa and 25°C. If the tank is initially evacuated, to what pressure
should ethane be added before methane is added? Answer: 24.19 kPa
17. A mixture is 35 percent by volume liquid water, whose density is 62.4 lbm/ft3 that
is mixed with another fluid, whose density is 50.0 lbm/ft3. What is the specific
weight, in lbf/ft3, of this mixture at a location where g=31.9 ft/sec2? Answer:
53.9 lbf/ft3
18. A mixture of air and methane is formed in the inlet manifold of a natural gas-
fueled internal combustion engine. The mole fraction of the methane is 15 percent.
This engine is operated at 3000 rpm and has a 5-L displacement. Determine the mass
flow rate of this mixture in the manifold where the pressure and temperature are 80
kPa and 20°C. Answer: 6.63 kg/min
19. Natural gas (95 percent methane and 5 percent ethane by volume) flows through a
36-in-diameter pipeline with a velocity of 10 ft/s. The pressure in the pipeline is 100
psia, and the temperature is 60°F. Calculate the mass and volumetric flow rates in this
pipe. Answer: 70.69 lbm/sec, 21.16 lbm/sec
20. A gaseous mixture consists of 75 percent methane and 25 percent ethane by mass.
One million cubic feet of this mixture is trapped in a geological formation as natural
gas at 300°F and 2000 psia. Determine the mass of this gas. Answer: 4.441×106 lbm
1. A force of 500 N is acting on a block of mass 50 kg resting on a
horizontal surface as shown. Determine its velocity after the block has
travelled a distance of 10 m. Coefficient of kinetic friction, μk=0.5.
Answer: 11.185 m/sec
2. Block A has a mass of 2 kg and has a velocity of 5 m/s up the plane
shown. Use the principle of work energy; locate the rest position of the
block. Answer: 1.68 m
3. Two blocks are joined by an inextensible cable as shown. If the system
is released from rest, determine the velocity of block A after it has moved
2 m. Assume that the coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and
the plane is μk=0.25 and that the pulley is weightless and frictionless.
Answer: 4.43 m/sec
4. The system shown is at rest when a constant 250-N force is applied to
block A. Neglecting the masses of the pulleys and the effect of friction in
the pulleys and between block A and the horizontal surface, determine (a)
the velocity of block B after block A has moved 2 m, (b) the tension in the
cable. Answer: 1.51 m/sec, 96.0 N
5. An automobile weighing 4000 lb is driven down a 5° incline at a speed
of 60 mi/h when the brakes are applied, causing a constant total braking
force (applied by the road on the tires) of 1500 lb. Determine the distance
traveled by the automobile as it comes to a stop. Answer: 418 ft
6. A 1200-kg trailer is hitched to a 1400-kg car. The car and trailer are
traveling at 72 km/h when the driver applies the brakes on both the car
and the trailer. Knowing that the braking forces exerted on the car and the
trailer are 5000 N and 4000 N, respectively, determine (a) the distance
traveled by the car and trailer before they come to a stop, (b) the
horizontal component of the force exerted by the trailer hitch on the car.
Answer: 57.78 m, 154 N
7. Blocks A and B weigh 25 lb and 10 lb, respectively, and they are both
at a height 6 ft above the ground when the system is released from rest.
Just before hitting the ground, block A is moving at a speed of 9 ft/s.
Determine (a) the amount of energy dissipated in friction by the pulley, (b)
the tension in each portion of the cord during the motion. Answer: 19.759
lb, 12.1 lb, 45.954 lb – ft.
1. A 2500-lb automobile is moving at a speed of 60 mi/h when the brakes
are fully applied, causing all four wheels to skid. Determine the time
required to stop the automobile (a) on dry pavement (μk=0.75) (b) on an
icy road (μk=0.10). Answer: 3.64 sec, 27.33 sec
2. A sailboat weighing 980 lb with its
occupants is running downwind at 8 mi/h when
its spinnaker is raised to increase its speed.
Determine the net force provided by the
spinnaker over the 10-s interval that it takes
for the boat to reach a speed of 12 mi/h. Answer: 17.856 lb
3. Steep safety ramps are built beside mountain highways to enable
vehicles with defective brakes to stop. A 10-ton (20,000 lb) truck enters a
15° ramp at a high speed v0=108 ft/sec and travels for 6 s before its
speed is reduced to 36 ft/s. Assuming constant deceleration, determine (a)
the magnitude of the braking force, (b) the additional time required for the
truck to stop. Neglect air resistance and rolling resistance. Answer: 2277
lb, 3.0 sec
4. The system shown is at rest when
a constant 150-N force is applied to
collar B. Neglecting the effect of
friction in the pulleys and between
block A and the horizontal surface,
determine (a) the velocity of collar B
will be 2.5 m/s to the left, (b) the corresponding tension in the cable.

Answer: 56.772 lb, 0.549 sec.

5. Two particles of masses 10 kg and 20 kg are moving along a straight
line towards each other at velocities of 4 m/s and 1 m/s, respectively, as
shown. If e=0.6, determine the velocities of the particles immediately
after their collision. Also find the loss of kinetic energy.
Answer: 1.333 m/sec ←, 1.667 m/sec →, 59.252%
6. A 50 gm ball is dropped from a height of 600
mm on a small plate as shown. It rebounds to a
height of 400 mm when the plate directly rests on
the ground. Determine the coefficient of
restitution (e) between the plate and the ground.
Answer: 0.816
7. Two smooth spheres having a mass of 2
kg and 4 kg, respectively collide with initial
velocities, as shown. If the coefficient of
restitution for the spheres is e=0.8,
determine the velocities of each sphere
after collision.
Answer: 2.923 m/sec, 3.472 m/sec
8. Two balls of same mass 0.5 kg moving with
velocities as shown, collide. If after collision ball
2 travels along a line 30$^\circ$ counter clockwise from y-axis, determine
the coefficient of restitution.
Answer: 0.012
9.A billiard ball, shown is moving with a velocity of
5 m/sec strikes a smooth horizontal plane at an
angle 45° with the horizontal. If e = 0.6, between
ball and plane what is the velocity with which the
ball rebounds?
Answer: 4.126 kph
10. A 600-g ball A is moving with a velocity of
magnitude 6 m/s when it is hit as shown by a 1-
kg ball B that has a velocity of magnitude 4
m/s. Knowing that the coefficient of restitution
is 0.8 and assuming no friction, determine the
velocity of each ball after impact.
Answer: 6.374 m/sec, 1.802 m/sec