Blackened Blackened tube Dead space

copper disc “D”

N
M Mercury
Hot body M
Shield

D Bulb Manometer
containing
Eye piece trapped gas
G M

Gold plate mirror with

a hole at the middle On Celsius scale
 The bulb is immersed in pure ice and after some
 Radiations from the hot body fall on mirror “M” and get
time the manometer is adjusted to bring
reflected to the copper disc “D”.
mercury to mark “M” (to ensure constant
 The disk is heated by the radiations until it reaches an
volume of the trapped gas).
equilibrium temperature i.e. temperature at which its rate
 The difference in the manometer readings “h 0”
of heat loss = its rate of heat gain.
is measured using a metre rule and recoded.
 The deflection “θ” of the galvanometer is read and
 The above procedure is repeated when the bulb
recorded and is proportional to the energy “E” radiated
is immersed in pure steam and a liquid of
by the black body given by Stefan’s law of black bodies
unknown temperature θ such that the
i.e. EαTT4 or θαTT4…….(i)
differences in the manometer readings “h 100”
 The pyrometer is now focused on molten gold at its
and “hθ” in each case are measured using a
melting point (TAU≈1063 ̊C).
metre rule and recoded.
 The deflection θAU is read and recorded and is
 Pressure the gas exerts on mercury in the closed
proportional to T 4AU i.e. θAUαTT 4AU ……(ii). limb of the manometer in each case is given by
 Temperature “T” is calculated using the expression T =  P =H-h for “N” below “M” or P =H + h for “N”
above “M”.
4 θ

√ θ AU
4
T AU .  For uniform variation of mercury column with
temperature, the un known temperature
P θ−P0
Advantage of using pyrometer;
 It measures very high temperature (15000C)
θ=
( P100 −P0)x 100 ̊ C .

Disadvantages
 Its complex On thermal dynamic scale
 It gives no direct reading  The bulb is immersed in a mixture of pure ice,
pure water and pure steam existing in
equilibrium.
Gas thermometers  The difference in the manometer readings
Constant –volume- gas thermometer “htr” is measured using a metre rule and
recoded. P =H+ htr
 The above procedure is repeated when the bulb
is immersed in a liquid of unknown temperature
T.

pg. 11 Thermometry
  The difference in the manometer readings “hT” is  The tube is immersed in pure ice and by the help of
measured using a metre rule and recoded. PT = H + the tap, mercury in both limbs is leveled by letting
hT some out (to ensure constant pressure/same pressure
 Assuming the length of mercury column to vary at both ends) and the length of air column l0 is
PT measured using a meter rule and recorded. The
linearly with temperature, T =
( )
Ptr
x 273.16 K . volume is then calculated as V0 = A l0
 The tube is now immersed in (a) pure steam and (b)
NB: With this thermometer some corrections are made to liquid whose temperature θ is required such that the
cater for; lengths of air column in each case lθ and l100 are
 Expansivity of the bulb measured and using a meter rule and recorded and
 Temperature of air in the dead space the corresponding Vθ and V100 are calculated.
 Changes in temperature of mercury in the  Assuming the variation of air column to vary
manometer and barometer linearly with temperature, un known temperature
V θ−V 0

Such corrections are carried out as follows;

θ=
( )
V 100 −V 0
x 100 ̊ C .

 A predetermined estimated correction of temperature

due to expansion of the bulb is added to the observed On thermal dynamic scale
temperature measured by the thermometer.  The tube is immersed in a mixture of pure ice, pure
 The dead space is made too small so as to contain a water and pure steam existing in equilibrium.
small fraction of the total mass of the gas to minimize  The length of the air column “ltr” is measured using
temperature changes due to much air in the dead space. a metre rule and recoded.
 Temperature at different points in the dead space is  The above procedure is repeated when the tube is
measured using mercury thermometer such that effects immersed in a liquid of unknown temperature T.
of air in such space are catered for in the calculations.  The length of the air column “lT” is measured using
 Temperature in the manometer and barometer is a metre rule and recoded.
measured using mercury thermometer such that it is  Assuming the length of air column to vary linearly
catered for in the calculations VT
with temperature, T =
( )
V tr
x 273.16 K .

Constant –pressure gas thermometer

Sources of errors in gas thermometers
 Air is not ideal yet the thermometer assumes
ideal gases.
l  Air in the tube may not be at the same
Dry air Trough
temperature throughout it and this makes it
trapped difficult to level up mercury.
Mercury
Advantages of gas thermometers
 Gas thermometers are very accurate since their
thermometric properties vary linearly with
Collecting dish temperature.
 Gas thermometers measure temperature over a
wide range.
 On Celsius scale
Disadvantages of gas thermometers
 Dry air is trapped in the closed limb of the tube of
 Gas thermometers are very bulky
uniform cross-section area.

pg. 12 Thermometry
  Gas thermometers have a slow response to
temperature changes because gases are poor
conductors of heat.
 Gas thermometers can not give direct readings 3. In constant volume gas thermometer, the following
NB: observations were recorded on a day when the
 The fact that thermometric properties of gas barometric reading was 760mmHg.
thermometers vary linearly with temperature, gas
thermometers are very accurate thus used as standard
thermometers for calibrating other thermometers.
 Constant –volume gas thermometers are preferred to Bulb in pure 126 112
constant –pressure gas thermometers because it is easier ice
to measure accurately changes in pressure than changes Bulb in steam 126 390
in volume Bulb at room 126 157
temperature
i) State the thermometric property of the
thermometer
ii) Calculate temperature as measured by
1.1.1 Examples.
the thermometer
1. One junction of a thermocouple is placed in melting ice
while the other is inserted into a bath whose temperature
as measured by a high temperature mercury-in-glass
thermometer at 760mmHg is as shown in the table
below.
T/ ̊C 0. 10 20 30 40 50 Test 1
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1. Temperature θ of a liquid is determined using a resistance
thermometer and a constant-pressure gas thermometer and
e.m.f/mV 0. 0.6 1.4 2.3 3.2 4.3 the following measurements were obtained.
0 4 4 2 5 2 Ro= 2.00Ω, R100=2.50 Ω, Rθ=2.09 Ω
V0 = 4.00m3, V100=5.50 m3, Vθ=4.25 m3
Determine the value of θ for each thermometer and account
By Graphical method determine;
for their discrepancy
i) Temperature as read from the thermocouple
o
thermometer corresponding to 308 C on
2. A particular resistance thermometer has a
mercury-in-glass thermometer
resistance of 30Ω at ice point, 41.58Ω at steam
ii) Temperature as read from mercury-in-glass
point and 34.59Ω when immersed in a boiling
thermometer corresponding to 250oC on the
liquid and constant-volume-gas thermometer reads
thermocouple thermometer.
1.33×105pa, 1.62×105pa, 1.528×105pa at the three
points stated above respectively. Calculate
temperature of the boiling liquid as measured by
each thermometer.
2. The resistance R of platinum wire at temperature θ oC as
3. (a)(i) Define the terms heat and temperature.
measured by mercury-in-glass thermometer is given by;
Rθ=R0(1+aθ+bθ2) where a =3.8x10-3K-1 and b=-5.6x10-
7 -2
(ii) State four quantities of a good thermometric
K . Calculate the temperature of platinum thermometer
property.
corresponding to 200oC on glass scale.
(b) Describe how you would estimate absolute zero
temperature.
pg. 13 Thermometry
 (c) Describe how unknown temperature of a liquid can be Describe how total radiation pyrometer can be used
measured by liquid-in-glass thermometer. to determine temperature of a very hot body.
(d) Use kinetic theory of gases to explain the existence of (b)(i) State the principle of operation of the
absolute zero temperature. thermocouple.
(e) A copper-constant thermocouple with its cold junction at 0 ̊C Temperature of a liquid is determined using a
had an e.m.f of 4.28mV when the other end is immersed in pure resistance thermometer and constant –pressure gas
steam and 9.29mV when the second end is immersed in a liquid thermometer with the following measurements.
at 200 ̊C. Given that its e.m.f is related to temperature difference Ro = 4.53Ω, R100 = 8.54Ω Rθ = 7.59Ω
2
θ by the expression Eθ =Aθ+BθBθ determine the values of A and Vo = 4.02m3 V100 = 5.85cm3 Vθ = 4.52m3
B. Calculate t he temperature value as measured by each thermometer and
explain the discrepancy
4. (a)(i) Define the terms Fixed point and Lower fixed
point. 6. (a) ( i) State the requirements for establishing
(ii) In tabular form state any four kinds of thermometers thermal dynamic scale of temperature.
with their corresponding thermometric property. (ii) Explain why scales of temperature based on
different thermometric properties may not agree.
(b)(i) Describe the structure of platinum resistance b) (i) With the aid of a labeled diagram, describe how a
thermometer. constant volume gas thermometer is used to measure
(ii) Explain why constant –pressure thermometer gives a temperature on thermal dynamic scale.
slow response. (ii) Give disadvantages and advantages of gas
thermometers.
5. (a)(i) Define a thermometer. c) If a wire has a resistance of 4Ω at the triple point of
water, find its resistance at 80 oC.
(ii) Describe how unknown temperature of a liquid can be d) (i) What are Pyrometers?
determined by platinum resistance on (ii) With the aid of a diagram, describe how the
thermodynamic scale. optical pyrometer is used to measure temperature of
(b)(i) State two advantages and two disadvantages of a hot body.
thermocouples.
7. (a) What is meant by the following terms;
i) Absolute zero temperature
State the thermometric property of the thermometer and
calculate the temperature value as measured by the thermometer. ii) Triple point of water

(c) Explain the following in relation to liquid – in –glass b) i) Describe the steps taken to establish scales of
thermometer. temperature.
(i) Mercury is the best liquid for measuring high ii) State three advantages of thermocouple over an
temperatures. electrical resistance thermometer
(ii) Alcohol is the best liquid for measuring small
temperatures. c) With a well labeled diagram describe how room
(d) Sketch graphs of e.m.fs against temperature for; temperature can be measured using platinum wire
(i) Copper – iron thermocouple. thermometer.
d) i) State and explain the source of inaccuracies
(ii) Iron-constantan thermocouple. while using mercury-in glass thermometer

8. (a) Explain the following observation as applied to

5. (a)(i) Define neutral point of a thermocouple. gas thermometer

pg. 14 Thermometry
 i) Constant-volume gas thermometer is preferred to
constant –pressure gas thermometer.
ii) Gas thermometers are used to calibrate other
thermometers.
b) (i) Explain why it is possible for two different bodies at
different temperatures may have the amount of heat.
(ii) Resistance of platinum wire is 6.750RoΩ at room
temperature. Calculate the value of room temperature if
temperature coefficient of platinum is 2.07x10 -4K-1.
c) Resistance of a metal wire at temperature θ measured on
standard scale is given by Rθ=R0 (1+BθAθ+BθBθ2) where A and B
are constants. Given that B = 10-3A, calculate the temperature
value on the resistance thermometer corresponding to 60 ̊C on
standard scale.
d) (i) State corrections made on constant-volume gas
thermometer before being used to measure temperature.
(ii) Explain how the corrections mentioned in d(i) above are
carried out.

pg. 15 Thermometry