ET 190
Engineering Mechanics
Basic Mechanics I
Seventh Edition
SI Version
J. L. Meriam and L. G. Kraige
Chapter 4
Structures
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 4 Objectives
• In this chapter, we will apply the principles of equilibrium to
Simple trusses
• No new theory is needed, since we merely drew the necessary
free-body diagrams and applied our familiar equations of
equilibrium.
• The structures that we will deal with in this chapter, however,
will given us the opportunity to further develop our appreciation
for a systematic approach to mechanics problems.
Specify the object?
Specify the object?
Specify the object?
Specify the object?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfZOkCK24qs
Structures
(Chapter Outline)
• Introduction
• Plane Trusses
• Methods of Joints
• Methods of Sections
Introduction
• Previously, we have been
concerned with the external
forces acting on a body
• In this section, however, we
study the forces internal to a
structure.
• Determining the load on each
internal member of a truss or
frame allows one to then design
that particular member.
• As an example, consider the
typical bridge structure shown
in the figure.
• Each vertical side of the
structure is a plane truss
Introduction
• A truss being a framework composed of members joined at their
ends
• A simplified model of the structure is indicated at the left end of
the illustration
• The force L represent the portions of the weights of the roadway,
vehicles, stringers, and cross beam which are transferred to the
truss joints.
• Note that the joints are modeled as simple pins, even though the
joints of the actual structure may be gusset plates or welded
connections.
Definition of Stress
• Stress, , is defined as the intensity of force at a point:
= dF/dA as dA approaches 0
• If the state of stress is the same everywhere in a body,
=F/A
• Stress can be classified as “normal”
Stress is one in which the force is normal to the area on
which it acts, and “shear” stress is one in which the force is
parallel to the area on which it acts.
Units
• The International System of Units (SI units) is usually
adopted.
• The SI units of force is the newton (N). Stresses and
pressures in SI units are in newtons per square meter,
N/m2, which is given the special name of pascal (Pa).
Millions of pascal (megapascals, MPa) are generally
appropriate for our use, i.e.,
1 MPa = 1 MN/m2 = 1 N/mm2
Strain
• An engineering normal strain is defined as the change of
length divided by the original length, i.e.
e = L / Lo
• Unit of strain: None (or unit-less)
• Definition of shear strain ():
We can define shear strain exactly the way we do longitudinal strain:
the ratio of deformation to original dimensions. In the case of shear
strain, though, it's the amount of deformation perpendicular to a
given line rather than parallel to it. The ratio turns out to be tan ,
where is the angle the sheared line makes with its original
orientation.
[1] Method of Joints
Steps used to get the requirements:
Step [1]:
Determine the x and y axis.
Step [2]
Determine the supporting points.
Step [3]
Draw the free body diagram (FBD) with actions and reactions
Step [4]
Apply the three equilibrium equations to get these reactions.
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0 Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 Σ𝑀 = 0
[1] Method of Joints
Step [5]
Redraw the FBD again with the new and right reaction directions.
Step [6]
After getting the reactions start to solve joints, one by one. In this
case you have to start at joint that has two unknown or less.
In this step, 𝚺𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 and 𝚺𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 are only used also, you have to
assume the direction of internal load from the beam.
Then,
if you get it positive “your assumption is right”
if you get it negative “change the direction of your assumption”
Method of Joints
• General Concept of the Method of Joints
Method of Joints
• General Concept of the Method of Joints
Method of Joints
• General Concept of the Method of Joints
Example: Method of Joints
• Example
Example: Method of Joints
• Example
Example: Method of Joints
• Example
∑ Fx = 0, ∑ Fy = 0, ∑ MA = 0
Example: Method of Joints
∑ Fx = 0
3000 – Ax = 0
∑ Fy = 0
Ay + Dy - 4000 = 0
∑ MA = 0
-3000(8) – 4000(12) + Dy(24) = 0
Example: Method of Joints
• Joint A
∑ Fx = 0
-3000 – AB cos 53.1o + AE = 0
∑ Fy = 0
1000 – AB sin 53.1o = 0
Example: Method of Joints
• Joint B
∑ Fx = 0
-3000 + 1250 cos 53.1o + BE cos 53.1o - BC = 0
∑ Fy = 0
1250 sin 53.1o – BE sin 53.1o = 0
Example: Method of Joints
• Joint E
∑ Fx = 0
-3750 - 1250 cos 53.1o + CE cos 53.1o + DE = 0
∑ Fy = 0
1250 sin 53.1o + CE sin 53.1o - 4000 = 0
Example: Method of Joints
• Joint C
∑ Fy = 0
-3750 sin 53.1o + CD sin 53.1o = 0
Example: Method of Joints
• Joint D
∑ Fx = 0
-2250 + 3750 cos 53.1o = 0
∑ Fy = 0
-3750 sin 53.1o + 3000 = 0
Example 2
Determine the force in members DC,HC, and HI of the truss,
Symmetry
Example 3
Determine the force in members GF,GD, and CD of the truss
Is it symmetry?
Special cases
Cross members [i.e. zero members]
F3 F1 F3 F1
F2 F4 F2
F3
F3
F1
F1
F2
F2
F4
F1=F2 F1=F2
F3=F4 F3= 0
Solved by section Method
Solved by section Method
Method of Sections
• Procedure:
1. In general, find the external reactions first (may not be necessary)
2. If possible, pass a section (cut) through the desired member and up to 2
other unknown members, isolating a portion of truss.
3. Apply 2-D rigid-body equilibrium equations to the isolated truss
portion; for example ∑ Fx = 0, ∑ Fy = 0, and ∑ Mo = 0
4. Solve for the unknowns.
5. Note that the methods of sections and joints may be used in
combination
Method of Sections
• General Concept of the Method of Sections
Method of Sections
• General Concept of the Method of Sections
Method of Sections
• General Concept of the Method of Sections
Method of Sections
• General Concept of the Method of Sections
Method of Sections
• General Concept of the Method of Sections
Method of Sections
• General Concept of the Method of Sections
Method of Sections
• General Concept of the Method of Sections
Method of Sections
• General Concept of the Method of Sections
Example: Method of Sections
• Example: Calculate the forces in BC, BF and GF
Example: Method of Sections
Example: Method of Sections
Example: Method of Sections
∑ MF = 0
∑ MB = 0
∑ MQ = 0
Example: Method of Sections
