INTRODUCTION
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OF POLYMERComposites
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POLYMER
many same components/parts
A substances built up of
a number of repeating
chemical units held
A simple compound or together by chemical
starting material bonds.
used in preparation of
polymer
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POLYMER VS MACROMOLECULES
• What is macromolecules? • Does the macromolecules is polymer?
“A molecule of high relative molecular
mass, the structure of which essentially
comprises the multiple repetitions of
units derived, actually or conceptually,
from molecules of low relative molecular
mass.”-IUPAC
polymerisation
CH2= CH2 CH2CH2
n
ethene Polyethylene (PE)
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CH2 = CH polymerisation
CH2 – CH
CN CN n
acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile
(PAN)
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polymerisation
Styrene (PS) Polystyrene (PS)
Styrofoam
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polymerisation
methyl methacrylate poly(methyl methacrylate)
(PMMA)
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non woven fabric polypropylene
polymerisation
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repeating unit of polymer
CH3CH2 CH2CH2 n
CH=CH2
END GROUP
The structural unit that terminate polymer chains
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1. TYPE OF POLYMER
a) Homopolymer b) Copolymer
• a polymer derived from one • a polymer derived from more
species of monomer than one species of monomer.
–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–
a polymer made of ‘A’ monomers
• examples: polyethylene,
polystyrene, polypropylene
• Examples: styrene-butadiene
rubber (SBR)
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Copolymer arrangement
Random copolymers:
different repeating units Graft copolymers: side
are randomly arranged chains of one type of
within the polymer chains monomer are grafted to
a chain of other type of
monomer (backbone)
Alternating copolymers:
Block copolymers: the
ordered (alternating)
chain consists of relatively
arrangement of the 2
long sequences (blocks) of
repeating units
each repeating unit
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2. Chain Architecture
a) Linear polymer: homopolymer
❖ Vinyl monomer
CH2 CH
❖ Vinyledene monomer
CH2 C Y
# Linear polymer is a chain in which all of the carbon-carbon bonds exist in a single straight line.
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Example Vinyl Polymers: CH2 CH
n
X
X Polymer Abbreviation
H Polyethylene PE
CH3 Polypropylene PP
Cl Poly(vinyl chloride) PVC
Phenyl Polystyrene PS
CN Polyacrylonitrile PAN
COOCH3 Poly(methyl acrylate) PMA
OH Poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA
O-COCH3 Poly(vinyl acetate) PVAc
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Y
Example Vinylidene Polymers:
CH2 C
X n
X Y Polymer Abbreviation
CH3 CH3 Polyisobutylene PIB
Cl Cl Poly(vinylidene chloride) PVDC
F F Poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF
Phenyl CH3 Poly(α-methyl styrene) PMS
CH3 COOCH3 Poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA
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b) Branched polymer
dendrimer
(a) Star (b) Brush (c) PomPom (d) Dendrigraft (e) Highly/hyper-
Branched (f) Dendrimer
Randomly branched 16
c) Ring
d) Network (cross-linked polymer)
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3. Polymer synthesis
• Polymerization: the process of converting a monomer or a mixture of monomers
into a polymer
• the process by which monomers are combined chemically to form a polymer
• Classification by bonding: addition and condensation polymerizations
• Classification by geometry (mechanism): chain-growth and step-growth
polymerizations
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Addition Polymerization
(chain-growth polymerization)
• A chemical reaction in which simple molecules (monomers) are added to each
other to form long-chain molecules (polymers) without by-products.
• The monomer polymerizes in the presence of compounds called initiators.
• Repeating units or structural units are identical with the monomers
• Classified as :
⮚Free radical polymerization
⮚Cationic polymerization
⮚Anionic polymerization
• Polymerization of most vinyl monomers is by addition.
• Examples: PS, PE, PMMA, PVA
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Condensation Polymerization
(step-growth polymerization)
• occurs when monomers bond together through condensation reactions.
• the reaction between monomer(s) molecules (consisting of at least 2 functional
groups) to produce polymer molecules and a small molecule as a by-product
(usually water).
• Examples: nylon, polyester
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Differences between chain growth polymerization and step-growth polymerization
Chain-growth Polymerization Step-growth Polymerization
(Addition Polymerization) (Condensation Polymerization)
▪ Growth by successive addition of monomers to ▪ Growth occurs between monomers,
growing chains oligomers, and polymers
▪ Degree of polymerization can be very high ▪ Degree of polymerization low to
▪ Monomer consumed relatively slowly moderate
▪ MW increases rapidly ▪ Monomer consumed rapidly
▪ Initiation step required ▪ MW increases slowly
▪ Termination and transfer steps involved usually ▪ No initiator needed
▪ Propagation and initiation mechanisms can be ▪ No termination step. End groups active
different throughout
▪ Rate increases initially as initiator units are ▪ Same mechanism throughout
generated; remains relatively constant until ▪ Rate decreases steadily
monomer is depleted
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4. Sources
Natural Synthetic (man-made polymer)
• Enzymes • Synthetic fibers
• Nucleic acids Biological origin • Elastromers
• Proteins • Plastics
• Starch • Adhesives
• Cellulose Plant origin
• Natural rubber
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Natural polymer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKmdYYPexbs
Synthetic polymers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWxoDV-Ll8k
5. Thermal behaviour
• Based on thermal (thermo-mechanical) response
• Classified as thermoplastics and thermosets
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Thermoplastic
❑ A material that softens when heated and harden
(rigid) when cooled.
❑ The heating and cooling cycles can be applied
several times without affecting the properties.
❑ Can be heated and shaped over and over again.
❑ Can be recycled
❑ Examples: PE, PP, PS, PET, PVC, nylon
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Thermosets
• Melt only the first time they are heated.
• During the initial heating the polymer is ‘cured’, hence, it
does not melt on reheating.
• The curing process transforms the resin into a solid
materials by a cross-linking process
• Cannot be melted and re-shaped after it is cured
• Example: polyester, epoxy, bismaleimide
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Comparison between thermoplastic and thermoset
Thermoplastics Thermosetts
• They are often formed by addition • They are often formed by condensation
polymerisation leading to long liner chain polymerisation and three dimentional network
polymers with no cross-links structure are formed
• They soften readily on heating because • They do not soften on heating, on prolong heating
secondary forces between the individual chains however charring of polymer is caused
can break easily by heat or pressure
• They can not be reshaped and reused
• They can be reshaped and reused
• They are usually hard, strong and more brittle
• They are usually soft, weak and less brittle
• They can not be reclaimed from waste
• These can be reclaimed from wastes
• Due to strong bond and intra and interchain
• They are usually soluble in suitable solvents crosslinking, they are insoluble in almost all
organic solvents
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Applications of Polymers:
Consumer Science
• Plastic containers of all shapes and sizes are light weight and
economically less expensive than the more traditional containers.
• Clothing, floor coverings, garbage disposal bags, and packaging
are other polymer applications.
Industry
• Automobile parts, windshields for fighter planes, pipes, tanks,
packing materials, insulation, wood substitutes, adhesives, matrix
for composites, and elastomers are all polymer applications used
in the industrial market.
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Agriculture and Agribusiness
• Polymeric materials are used in and on soil to improve aeration, promote plant growth and
health.
Medicine
• Many biomaterials, especially heart valve replacements and blood vessels, are made of polymers
like Dacron, Teflon and polyurethane.
Sports
• Playground equipment, various balls, golf clubs, swimming pools, and protective helmets are
often produced from polymers.
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