HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATION PROTECTION

Ahmed Metwally Battery Sizing Calculation

 Battery sets are used in switchgear installations as sources of energy
for network independent power supply of controller protection,
regulating and signal circuits and similar.
 The battery direct voltage can also be used via inverters to generate
“safe AC voltage”.
 In installations with modern secondary technology, the power supply
modules for computers and the electronic protection and also standard
data processing devices such as PCs, monitors and printers are
supplied with safe alternating voltage (UPS).
 Two types of cells are used in stationary batteries:
 The closed cell has a sealed cell cover with one or more openings
through which the gas generated can dissipate or through which water
can be added. The openings are closed with suitable stoppers, e.g.
fastener stoppers.
 The sealed cell is maintenance-free throughout its life and can generally
be installed without regard to position. The internal gas pressure can be
released through an automatically closing cell valve.
 The nominal voltage and the capacity of a battery are determined by
the required service voltage with consideration of the permissible
voltage tolerance of the individual consumers (switchgear and
protection devices), the input power of the various power consumers,
their duty factor and the type of current draw.
 Switchgear installations primarily use two types of batteries:
 Lead-acid batteries with electrodes of lead and lead alloys and weak
sulfuric acid as electrolyte.
 They are used in switchgear installations, substations and power plants to
provide high power requirements for long operational periods, such as
emergency lighting.
 Nickel-cadmium batteries with positive electrodes of nickel compounds,
negative electrodes of cadmium and weak caustic potash solution as
electrolyte.
 Advantages of NiCd batteries  Disadvantages of NiCd batteries
over lead-acid batteries: over lead-acid batteries:
 high reliability  high price
 long life
 lower cell voltage
 low maintenance costs
 low reduction in capacity at low  less efficiency
temperatures  no full capacity when charged
 fast recharging with charge retention voltage
 high mechanical and electrical
stability
 good storage capacity
 low-charge resistant
 resistant to overcharging
 low self-discharge
 no pole corrosion
batteries specs
batteries specs

 Nominal voltage:
 The nominal voltage (UN) of a cell is a specified value. In the lead-
acid battery it is 2.0 V, in the nickel-cadmium battery it is 1.2 V.
 The nominal voltage of a battery is the product of the number of
cells connected in series and their nominal voltage.
 Rated capacity:
 The rated capacity (CN1) is the quantity of electricity that a battery
can supply during discharge over a defined discharge period
(nominal discharge period tN) with the associated rated current
(IN) at nominal temperature, nominal density and nominal
electrolyte status without going below the end-point voltage (USN).
 The maxim is: CN = IN • tN
 The n-hour capacities are associated with a battery if it can be
discharged with currents different from the rated current. The index
n gives the discharge time tn in hours (e.g. C3 = 3-hour capacity).
 1) In international texts, C is the standard symbol for capacity.
 End-Cell voltage:
 The end-point voltage (US) is the set point below which the voltage
must not fall during discharge with the assigned current.
 The rated end-point voltage (USN) applies during draw with the
nominal discharge current (IN = CN/tN) for specifying the rated
capacity CN.
 Gassing voltage:
 The rated voltage (UG) is the charging voltage above which a
battery begins to discharge gas; in lead-acid batteries 2.40...2.45 V
per cell, in nickel-cadmium batteries 1.50 -1.55 per cell.
 Charging factor:
 The charging factor 1/ηAh) is the ratio of the quantity of electricity
required for full charge to the previously drawn quantity of
electricity.
 (Reciprocal efficiency of the charging η Ah).
 lnternal resistance:
 The internal resistance of a battery cell R/cell is dependent on the
cell temperature and the charging or discharging status. The
typical values given in Table 15-3 are based on a fully charged
battery.
 A contact resistance of 2 x 0.04 mΩ/cell can be assumed for the
connections between cells.
Charging and discharging batteries.
 All operation with batteries requires a regulated power source that
recharges the battery. It must also be capable of supplying the
consumers directly, depending on the operating mode.
 The required charging quantity for a lead-acid battery is 120%, and for
a nickel-cadmium battery approximately 140 % of the previously
drawn Ah.
 The selfdischarge current of a lead-acid battery is about 0.2 % of the
three-hour discharge current; that is about 1 % of the 10-hour capacity
daily.
 The quantity of the charging current depends on the capacity of the
battery and the charging time.
Charging and discharging batteries.
 When batteries are fully charged, the charging voltage should be
reduced to the floating charge voltage to prevent damage caused by
continued gassing, temperature increase and water loss.
 Lead-acid batteries can be fully recharged with the floating charge
voltage and retain full capacity.
 When NiCd batteries are charged with the floating charge voltage, they
do not reach full capacity and therefore should always be charged at a
higher voltage.
 Even if a NiCd has been previously fully charged, it still loses some
capacity when receiving floating charging voltage. This loss of capacity
under floating charging voltage depends on the load on the battery and
can be up to 10% of the rated capacity.
 For faster charging, all batteries should be charged at a higher
voltage with a final automatic fallback to the floating charge voltage.
When commissioning and servicing batteries, the charger should also
have a boost charger device with automatic fallback to the floating
charge voltage.
Installing batteries, types of installation

• To reach the system

voltage cells to be
connected in series

• To reach the desired

capacity cells to be
connected in parallel

• EETC refuses the parallel

connection, so capacity of
each cell should be
increases to reach the
desired capacity
Documents necessary for Battery Sizing Calculation
Battery Sizing Calculation

SLD

Contract

DC Load Lists
 SLD

• To determine no of feeders
CONTRACT

• Minimum Capacity
• Time for charging and Discharging
• System Voltage
• Battery type
 DC Load Lists

• DC loads Should be received from all suppliers divided into

continuous and momentary
Continuous Loads

• are energized throughout the duty cycle.

Momentary Loads

• can occur one or more times during the duty cycle but are of short
duration, not exceeding 1 min at any occurrence.

Non‐Continuous Loads

• are energized only during a portion of the duty cycle.

 Continuous Loads

• Indicating Lights
• Continuously Energized Coils
• Protection Panels
• Control Panels
• Annunciator
• Continuously Operating Motors
 Momentary Loads

• Trip Circuits
• Motor starting Currents
• Inrush Currents
• Protection Panels
• Isolating Switch Operations
• Motor-driven valve operations (<1min.)
 Non‐continuous Loads

• Emergency Lighting
• Circuit Breakers Charging Motors
• Emergency Pump Motors
• Fire Protection
• Motor-driven Valve Operations (>1min.)
 Battery Sizing Calculation

• Calculate All loads

• Prepare the duty cycle
• Get the initial size
• Add the Correction factors
 Battery Sizing Calculation

Present all loads In tabular form Divided into

continuous and momentary
Continuous Loads Momentary Loads
Quantity
Description (W) (W)
S.N Pres Fut Unit Total Unit Total

A Relay and Control Panels.

380kV LINE PROTECTION PANEL SET‐1 8 8 79.8 1276.8 42.5 680
1
380kV LINE PROTECTION PANEL SET‐2 8 8 14.8 236.8 58.5 936
2
380kV LINE PROTECTION PANEL SET‐1
2 79.8 159.6 45.5 91
(For TABARJAL CKT‐1 & 2)
3
380kV LINE PROTECTION PANEL SET‐2
2 18.1 36.2 45.5 91
(For TABARJAL CKT‐1 & 2)
4

380KV AUTO RECLOSER PANEL 3 24.5 73.5 62.5 187.5

5
 Battery Sizing Calculation

Calculate the tripping load (TC-1 ,TC-2 , LOR, ANN,…) as per worst
case scenario (HV BB fault or MV BB fault)

Calculate the spring charging motor loads for the tripped CBs

Calculate/ assume emergency lighting loads

Calculate the restoration load (CB,DS,ES, Closing coils )

From Line feeders to aux tr

Prepare the duty cycle profile as per practice/Recommendation ,

Specs,….
Battery Sizing Calculation
 Battery Sizing Calculation

Optimum Duty cycle Should be as follows

BB trip
CB closing
Spring Charging Motors for Tripped CBs Coils from TL to
Aux TR

DS/ES motors

Lighting load

Continuous load
 Battery Sizing Calculation

Calculate the tripping load (TC-1 ,TC-2 , LOR, ANN,…) as per worst
case scenario (HV BB fault or MV BB fault)

Tripping of 220kV side

= No of CBs* N Trip coils * N* TC current + N LOR * LOR
Current

Repeat The same for 66kv and 22KV and choose the Max Value
 Battery Sizing Calculation

From Duty cycle calculate the initial size = sum Current* Time

Get the Capacity Rating Factor Kt from battery manufacturer or

from catalog related to each discharging time in the duty cycle

Capacity Rating Factor

Ratio between rated AH Capacity at rated discharging time to the
ampere that could be supplied at time t
It is obtained from supplier or from battery manual

Calculate the final size as per IEE 1115

 Correction Factors

 Temperature derating factor

The available capacity of a cell is affected by its operating temperature

.the standard temperature for stating cell capacity is 25°C . If the lowest
expected electrolyte temperature is below standard , select a cell large
enough to have the required capacity available at the lowest expected
temperature.

Design margin

It is prudent design practice to provide a capacity margin to allow for

unforeseen additions to the dc system

Aging factor

Capacity decrease gradually during the life of the battery ,so an aging
factor should be chosen based on the required service life .
Required capacity
 Calculation of the battery charger rating

 BIF  AH 
A  DM  L1   
 RT 