UNIT II : VECTOR SPACE AND LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS

Importance of Vector Space and Linear Transformations in the field of Computer Science &
Engineering:
Vector spaces: Definition and examples, subspace, linear span, linearly independent and
dependent sets, Basis and dimension.
Linear transformations: Definition and examples, Algebra of transformations, Matrix of a linear
transformation. Change of coordinates, Rank and nullity of a linear operator, Rank-Nullity theorem
Inner product spaces and orthogonality.

Vector Space
𝑎 − 3𝑏
1) Let 𝐻 = {[ 𝑏 − 𝑎
𝑎 ] ; 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ}. Show that H is a subspace of ℝ .
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𝑏
𝑎
2) Let 𝑊 = {[𝑏 ] : 𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 𝑐 = 0} Show that H is a subspace of ℝ4 .
𝑐
𝑎
3) Let 𝑊 = {[𝑏𝑐 ] : 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐 + 𝑑} Show that H is a subspace of ℝ4 .
𝑑
𝑎
4) Let 𝑊 = {[𝑏𝑐 ] : 𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 4𝑐; 2𝑎 = 𝑐 + 3𝑑} Show that H is a subspace of ℝ4 .
𝑑
𝑠 + 3𝑡
5) Let W be the set of all vectors of the form [ 𝑠 − 𝑡 ]. Show that W is a subspace of ℝ4 .
2𝑠 − 𝑡
4𝑡
3𝑎 + 𝑏
6) Let W be the set of all vectors of the form [ 4 ]. Show that W is a subspace of ℝ3 .
𝑎 − 5𝑏
𝑎
7) Le 𝑊 = {[𝑏𝑐 ] : 𝑎 + 3𝑏 = 𝑐; 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑎 = 𝑑} Show that W is a subspace of ℝ3 .
𝑑

1 2 4 3
8) Let 𝑣1 = [ 0 ], 𝑣2 = [1], 𝑣3 = [2] and 𝑤 = [1].
−1 3 6 2
1) Is w in {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 }? How many vectors are in {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 }?
2) How many vectors are in span {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 }?
3) Is w in the subspace spanned by {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 }?

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 1 2 4 8
9) Let 𝑣1 = [ 0 ], 𝑣2 = [1], 𝑣3 = [2] and 𝑤 = [4]. Is w in the subspace spanned by {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 }?
−1 3 6 7
10) For what value of h will y be in the subspace of ℝ3 spanned by the vectors Is w in the subspace
1 5 −3 −4
spanned by 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , if 𝑣1 = [−1], 𝑣2 = [−4], 𝑣3 = [ 1 ] and 𝑦 = [ 3 ].
−2 −7 0 ℎ
11) Determine, if y is in the subspace of ℝ4 spanned by the columns of A, where
6 5 −5 −9
𝑦 = [ 7 ], 𝐴 = [ 8 8 −6].
1 −5 −9 3
−4 3 −2 −7

linearly independent and dependent sets

1 4 2
1) Let 𝑣1 = [2], 𝑣2 = [5], 𝑣3 = [1],
3 6 0
a) Determine if the set {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 } is linearly dependent.
b) If possible, find a linear dependence relation among 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 .
2) In the following, determine if the vectors are linearly dependent or linearly independent:
5 7 9 0 0 −3
a) [0], [ 2 ], [4] b) [0], [ 5 ], [ 4 ]
0 −6 8 2 −8 1
3) In the following, determine if the columns of the matrix form a linearly independent or
linearly dependent set. Justify your answer.
0 1 4 1 −3 3 −2
a) [1 2 −1] d) [−3 7 −1 2]
5 8 0 0 1 −4 3
0 −8 5 1 4 −3 0
b) [ 3 −7 4 ] e) [−2 −7 5 1 ]
−1 5 −4 −4 −5 7 5
1 −3 2
−4 3 0
c) [ 0 −1 4]
1 0 3
5 4 6
4) In the following, i) for what value of h is 𝑣3 in span {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 } and ii) for what value of h is
{𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 } linearly dependent?
1 −3 5
a) 𝑣1 = [−3], 𝑣2 = [ 9 ], 𝑣3 = [−7],
2 −6 ℎ
1 −2 2
b) 𝑣1 = [−5], 𝑣2 = [ 10 ], 𝑣3 = [−9].
−3 6 ℎ
5) In the following, find the value of h for which the vectors are linearly dependent. Justify your
answer.

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 1 3 −1 1 −5 1
a) [−1], [−5], [ 5 ] b) [−1], [ 7 ], [1]
4 7 ℎ −3 8 ℎ

6) In the following, the transformation 𝑇 is defined by 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥, find a vector x whose image
under T is b and determine whether x is unique:
1 0 −2 −1
a) 𝐴 = [−2 1 6 ], 𝑏 = [ 7 ]
3 −2 −5 −3
1 −3 2 6
b) 𝐴 = [0 1 −4], 𝑏 = [−7]
3 −5 −9 −9
1 −5 −7 −2
c) 𝐴 = [ ], 𝑏 = [ ]
−3 7 5 −2
1 −2 1 1
d) 𝐴 = [ 3 −4 5 ], 𝑏 = [ 9 ]
0 1 1 3
−3 5 −4 −6
7) In the following, find all x in ℝ4 that are mapped into the zero vector by the transformation
𝑥 → 𝐴𝑥 (𝑇(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥) for the given matrix A. Hence keep the solutions in parametric vector
form.
1 3 9 2
1 −4 7 −5
a) 𝐴 = [0 1 −4 3] b) 𝐴 = [ 1 0 3 −4]
0 1 2 3
2 −6 6 −4
−2 3 0 5
3 3
8) Let 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be the transformation that reflects each vector 𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) onto the plane
containing 𝑥2 = 0 i.e., 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (𝑥1 , 0, 𝑥3 ). Show that T is a linear transformation.
9) Show that the transformation 𝑇: ℝ3 → ℝ3 defined by 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , −𝑥3 ) is a linear
transformation.
10) Show that the transformation 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ2 defined by 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (4𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 , 3𝑥2 ) is not a
linear transformation.
11) Show that the transformation 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ3 defined by 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (2𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 , 𝑥1 + 4,5𝑥2 ) is
not a linear transformation.
5 −3
12) Let 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ3 is a linear transformation such that 𝑇(𝑒1 ) = [−7] and 𝑇(𝑒2 ) = [ 8 ]. Find a
2 0
formula for the image of an x in ℝ2 .
13) Find the standard matrix A for the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ2 defined by 𝑇(𝑥) = 3𝑥
for x in ℝ2 .
14) Let 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ4 be a linear transformation such that 𝑇(𝑒1 ) = (3,1,3,1) and 𝑇(𝑒2 ) =
(−5,2,0,0). Find the standard matrix for T.
15) Let 𝑇: ℝ3 → ℝ2 be a linear transformation such that 𝑇(𝑒1 ) = (1,3), 𝑇(𝑒2 ) = (4, −7) and
𝑇(𝑒3 ) = (−5,4). Find the standard matrix for T.
16) In the following, let T be the linear transformation whose standard matrix is given.

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 i) Decide, if T is one-to-one
ii) Decide, if T is onto
1 −4 8 1 7 5 4 −9
a) 𝐴 = [0 2 −1 3] 10 6 16 −4
d) 𝐴 = [ ].
0 0 0 5 12 8 12 7
2 1 −3 −8 −6 −2 5
b) 𝐴 = [−6 4 0]
2 5 −1
0 −2 3
−5 10 −5 4
c) 𝐴 = [ 8 3 −4 7]
4 −9 5 −3
−3 −2 5 4
17) Let 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 5𝑥1 + 7𝑥2 , 𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 ) is a linear transformation. Does T is one-
to-one and onto? Justify your answer.
18) Let 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = (0, 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 , 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 ) is a linear transformation. Does T is
one-to-one and onto? Justify your answer.
19) Let 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ3 be a linear transformation such that 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 , −𝑥1 +
3𝑥2 , 3𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 ). Find x in ℝ2 such that 𝑇(𝑥) = (−1,4,9).
20) Let 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ2 be a linear transformation such that 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 4𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 ). Find
x in ℝ2 such that 𝑇(𝑥) = (3,8).

Matrix of a linear transformation. Change of coordinates, Rank and nullity of a linear

operator, Rank-Nullity theorem
1 3 −5 −3
12) Determine, if 𝑤 = [ 3 ] is in Nul A, where 𝐴 = [ 6 −2 0 ]
−4 −8 4 1
5 5 21 19
13) Determine, if 𝑤 = [−3] is in Nul A, where 𝐴 = [13 23 2 ]
2 8 14 1
−8 −2 −9 2
14) Let 𝐴 = [ 6 4 8 ] and 𝑤 = [ 1 ]. Determine, if w is in Col A? Is w in NulA?
4 0 4 −2
3 −4 −2
15) Let 𝑣1 = [ 0 ], 𝑣2 = [ 1 ] and 𝑣3 = [ 1 ], determine if {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 } is a basis of ℝ3 .
−6 7 5
1 −2
16) Let 𝑣1 = [−2], 𝑣2 = [ 7 ], determine if {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 } is a basis for ℝ3 .
3 −9
0 2 6
17) Let 𝑣1 = [ 2 ], 𝑣2 = [2], 𝑣3 = [ 16 ] and 𝐻 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 }. Note that 𝑣3 = 5𝑣1 + 3𝑣2 ,
−1 0 −5
show that 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 }.
{𝑣 }
18) Determine, whether given vectors in ℙ2 form a basis for vector space ℙ2 :
𝑝1 = 2 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 , 𝑝2 = 4 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 , 𝑝3 = 9𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 .

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19) Find the dimensions of the following subspaces:
𝑎 − 3𝑏 + 6𝑐
i) 𝐻 = {[ 5𝑎 + 4𝑑 ] ; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ}
𝑏 − 2𝑐 − 𝑑
5𝑑
𝑠 − 2𝑡
ii) 𝐻 = {[ 𝑠 + 𝑡 ] ; 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ}
3𝑡
2𝑐
iii) 𝐻 = {[ − 𝑏 ] ; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ}
𝑎
𝑏 − 3𝑐
𝑎 + 2𝑏
𝑎 − 4𝑏 − 2𝑐
iv) 𝐻 = {[ 2𝑎 + 5𝑏 − 4𝑐 ]}
−𝑎 + 2𝑐
−3𝑎 + 7𝑏 + 6𝑐
20) Find the dimension of the null space and the column space of the following (Rank-Nullity
theorem)
−3 6 −1 1 −7 −3 6 −1 1 −7
1) 𝐴 = [ 1 −2 2 3 −1 ] i) 𝐴 = [ 1 −2 2 3 −1 ]
2 −4 5 8 −4 2 −4 5 8 −4
1 5 −4 −3 1 1 −6 9 0 −2
2) 𝐴 = [0 1 −2 1 0 ]
ii) 𝐴 = [0 1 2 −4 5]
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1
1 0 −3 2 0 0 0 0 0
3) 𝐴 = [0 1 −5 4] 1 −4 9 −7
3 −2 1 −2 i) 𝐴 = [−1 2 −4 1]
1 0 −5 1 4 5 −6 10 7
4) 𝐴 = [−2 1 6 −2 −2] 2 −3 6 2 5
0 2 −8 1 9 −2 3 −3 −3 −4]
−3 6 −1 1 −7 ii) 𝐴 = [
4 −6 9 5 9
5) 𝐴 = [ 1 −2 2 3 −1 ] −2 3 3 −4 1
2 −4 5 8 −4 −2 −5 8 0 −17
−2 4 −2 −4
6) 𝐴 = [ 2 −6 −3 1 ] iii) 𝐴 = [ 1 3 −5 1 5 ]
3 11 −19 7 1
−3 8 2 −3 1 7 −13 5 −3
1 2 −5 11 −3 2 −1 1 −6 8
i) 𝐴 = [ 2 4 −5 15 2 ] 1 −2 −4 3 −2 ]
iv) 𝐴 = [
1 2 0 4 5 −7 8 10 3 −10
3 6 −5 19 −2 4 −5 −7 0 4
1 −3 2 −3 9
ii) 𝐴 = [ 2 0 1 3 3 ]
−2 −4 1 −9 7
1 3 −1 6 −6

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 2 3
21) Compute 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 and 𝑣 ∙ 𝑢, where 𝑢 = [−5] and 𝑣 = [ 2 ].
−1 −3
4⁄
3 5
−2 −3
22) Let 𝑎 = [ ], 𝑏 = [ ], 𝑐 = [ −1 ] and 𝑑 = [ 6 ]
1 1 2⁄ −1
3
𝑎.𝑏 𝑎.𝑏
1) Compute 𝑎.𝑎 and 𝑎.𝑎 𝑎
2) Find a unit vector u in the direction of c
3) Show that d is orthogonal to c
4) Using the results 2 and 3, explain why d is orthogonal to the unit vector u.