UNIT-2
OPEN LOOP AND CLOSED LOOP
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Prepared By
Sravan Kumar Sudabathula,
Lecturer,
Dept of Marine Eng.,
Maritime Academy of Nigeria.
Control system
Control system Definition:
Control system is means by which we can get the desired output.
(or)
We can change the system functioning as per the requirements.
DIAGRAM WAS DRAWN IN CLASSROOM
Open loop control system:
Def: A control system in which the control action is totally
independent of output of the system then it is called open
loop control system.
DIAGRAM WAS DRAWN IN CLASSROOM
Open loop control system
Advantages:
i. Simple circuit & economic.
ii. No stability problem.
Disadvantages:
i. Inaccurate.
ii. These are not reliable.
iii. Optimization is not possible.
Examples:
i) Electric hand drier
ii) Automatic washing machine
iii) Bread toaster
iv) Traffic light controller
Closed loop control system
Def: control system in which the output has an effect on the
input quantity in such a manner that the input quantity will
adjust itself based on the output generated is called closed
loop control system.
DIAGRAM WAS DRAWN IN CLASSROOM
Example for closed loop control system: Room Heater
• The heating coil produces heat and distributes it to the room.
• The thermostat measures the heat value of the room.
• When the feedback raises the desired temperature, the
thermostat will respond by shutting down the system until the
heat is gained again.
• This system is a closed loop system.
Closed loop control system
Advantages:
i. Accurate and reliable.
ii. Optimization is possible.
iii. The number of variables can be handled simultaneously.
Disadvantages:
i. The system is complex & costly.
ii. Maintenance is difficult
Examples:
i. Automatic electric iron
ii. Air conditioner
iii. Water level controller
Difference between open loop and closed loop system
Open loop system Closed loop system
i) Diagram i) Diagram
ii) Open loop systems are ii) Closed loop systems are
simple and economical complex and costlier.
iii) These systems are iii) These systems are accurate.
inaccurate and unreliable.
iv) Open loop systems are iv) Stability is a major
stable. problem.
v) It is easier to construct. v) It is tough to construct.
Eg: fan with or without Eg: automatic traffic control
regulator. system.
Feedback
Definition: A method of returning output or a portion of the
output signal into the input end using a feedback
network.
Feedback plays an important role in order to improve the
performance of the control system.
They are Two types of feedback
i) Positive feedback
ii) Negative feedback
Positive feedback
• In a positive feedback control system the set point and
output values are added.
Advantages:
• Greater gain
Disadvantages:
• Increases instability
• Increases noise
Negative feedback
• In a negative feedback control system the set point and
output values are subtracted.
Advantages:
• Increases stability
• Reduces noise
Disadvantages:
• Reduce gain
Derivation on Positive feedback & Negative
feedback
ON-OFF CONTRL SYSTEM
• ON-OFF controller is also known as Bang-Bang controller or 2
step controller.
• ON-OFF control is the simplest form of feedback control.
• sometimes., the control element has only 2 positions either it is
fully closed or fully open. This control element does not operate
at any intermediate position, i.e., partly open or partly closed
position. Transmits only 2 output signal-ON(100%) &
OFF(0%).
• In this control system, when process variable changes and crosses
certain preset level, the output value of the system is suddenly
fully opened and gives 100% output.
Theory of ON-OFF controller
• In this type of control the output of the controller is quickly
changed to either maximum or minimum value depending
upon whether the controlled variable is greater or less than
the set point. The minimum value is usually zero.
Example: Water level ON-OFF Control system
Advantages
• It is very simple.
• Low initial cost.
• Quick response.
• No tuning required for start-up.
Disadvantages
• It is unable to control moving processes with time delays.
• Accepts only binary input(i.e.,1 for ON & 0 for OFF).
• More energy is used by valves.
THANK
Q
