xf.

kr
MATHEMATICS
Study Material for Examination for the post of

Sr.Teacher Grade II RPSC

SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

leq Pp; fl)kUr
laca/k ,oa Qyu

UMESH MATHUR
MATHUR CLASSES, JAIPUR
+91 94140 70088, +91 94139 70088
 leqPp; fl)kUr ,oa lEcU/k
SET THEORY AND RELATIONS

l eqPp; (sets)
lqi fj Hkkf"kr oLr q
v ksadk l a
xzg , d l eq
Pp; d gykr k gS
Al q
i fj Hkkf"kr ' kC
n l sr kRi; ZgSfd l eq
Pp; d h i fj Hkk"kk Li "V gksft l l s
fd fd l h Hkh vo; o d s ckj s esa; g vkl kuh l s fu.kZ; fd ; k t k l d s fd l eq Pp; esagS; k ugha
A

l eq
Pp; d k l a d sr u (Notation of a set)
l eq
Pp; d ksi zk; %va xszt h d scM+
sv{kj A, B, C ; k { } l sO
; Dr d j r sgSr Fkk d ks"Bd d svUnj d h i zfof"V] l eq
Pp; d svo; o
d gykr sga
S
A

l eq
Pp; d h xq . kkRed l a [ ; k (Cardinal number of a set)
fdl h l eq
Pp; X d h xq. kkRed l a [ ; k l eq
Pp; esavo; oksad h l a
[ ; k d gy kr h gSr Fkk bl sn(x) l s i znf' kZ
r d j r s ga
S
A

l eq
Pp; dk fu: i . k (REPRESENTATION OF SETS)

lw
ph fof/k (Set Listing Method or Roster Method))
bl fof/k esal eq Pp; d sl Hkh vo; oksad h l w ph cukr s gaSr Fkk mUgsav/kZ
foj ke ¼
d kS
ek½y xkdj ea >y sd ks"Bd { } esafy [ kr s ga
S
A
l eqPp; fuekZ . k fof/k (Set builder Method or Set Rule Method)
bl fof/k esavo; oksad s fy , x l a d sr fy [ kd j mud k xq . k/keZP(x) d k mYy s[k dj r s gq, fy [ kr s gS
abl fLFkfr esal eq Pp;
d ks{x : P(x) d kscr kr k gS } ; k{x | P(x) d kscr kr k gS}, fy[ kr sgS
A ft l s"l Hkh vo; oksax d k l eqPp; " i <+
r sga
St c P(x) l R;
gksA l w
pd ‘ l ’ ; k ‘ : ’ d ks "bl i zd kj gSfd " i <+ r s gaS
A

l eq
Pp; ds i zd kj (TYPE OF SETS)

i fj fer l eq
Pp; (Finite set)
og l eq Pp; X ft l esavo; oksad h l a [ ; k l hfer gksr Fkk ft Ugssafxuk t k l d si fj fer l eq Pp; d gykr k gSvFkkZr ~n(X) = i fj fer
la[ ; k] t S
l s(a) vaxzst h o. kZ
ekyk d s v{kj ksad k l eq Pp; (b) Hkkj r h; l suk esal Sfud ksad k l eq
Pp;
v i fj fer l eq Pp; (Infinite set)
l eq Pp; ft l ds vo; oksad ks i zkÑr l a [ ; kvksa(1, 2, 3.......n) d s } kj k ughafxuk t k l d s] vi fj fer l eq
Pp; d gykr k gS A
tS l s(a) fd l h r y esafLFkr fcUnq v ksad k l eq Pp; ] (b) X = {x : x  R, 0 < x < (0.0001}
r Fkk(c) X = {x : x  Q, 0  x  0.0001}
, dy l eq Pp; (Singleton set)
l eq Pp; ft l esad soy , d vo; o gks , d y l eq Pp; d gy kr k gS A vFkkZr ~n (X) = 1,
tS l s {x : x  N, 1 < x < 3}, {1} ] v{kj  d ks j [ kus oky k l eq Pp; {}
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 3
fj Dr l eq Pp; (Null set)
, d l eq Pp; fj Dr l eq Pp; d gy kr k gS; fn bl esa, d Hkh vo; o u gksA bl s l s i znf' kZr d j r s gS
a
] vFkkZ
r
X , d fj Dr l eq Pp; gS; fn n(X) = 0
tS l s: {x : x  R r Fkk x 2 + 2 = 0}, {x : x > 1 i j Ur qx < 1/2}, {x : x  R, x2 < 0}
rqY; l eq Pp; (Equivalent Set)
nks i fj fer l eqPp; A r Fkk B r q
Y; ga S; fn mud h xq . kkRed l a
[ ; k l eku gks vFkkZ
r ~n(A) = n(B)
l eku l eq Pp; (Equal Set)
nksl eq Pp; A r Fkk B l eku dgy kr sgSa; fn A d k i zR; sd vo; o B d k vo; o gksr Fkk B d k i zR; sd vo; o A d k Hkh vo; ogks
vFkkZr ~A = B, ; fn A r Fkk B l eku gSr Fkk A  B, ; fn os l eku ughagS A
mi l eq
Pp; (SUBSET)
, d l eq Pp; A l eqPp; B d k mi l eq
Pp; d gy kr k gS; fn A d sl Hkh vo; o B esagksr Fkk bl sl a d sr A  B l si znf' kZ
r dj r s
gSa(bl s"A mi l eqPp; gSB dk" i <+ r s gS
a
) r Fkk l a
d sr : i esabl s fuEu i zd kj O
; Dr d j r s gS
a
tSl s%: x  A  x  B  A  B
mnkgj.k 1 A  1,2 ds lHkh mileqPp;ksa dks fy[kksA
gy : A ds mileqPp; fuEu gksaxs , 1 , 2 , 1, 2
mnkgj.k 2 leqPp; B  a, b, c ds lHkh mileqPp; fy[kksaA
gy : B ls lHkh mileqPp; fuEu gksaxs ,a ,b ,c ,a, b , b, c , a, c , a, b, c
mi l eq Pp; ksa d h l a
[ ; k (Number of subsets) :
;fn A ,d vfjDr ,oa ifjfer leqPp; gks ft l esan vo; o {x 1, x 2, ......., x n} ga Sr c A ds d q y mi l eq
Pp; ksad h l a[ ; k 2n
gksxhA
pw¡fd l eqPp; A d smi l eq Pp; ksad h l a
[ ; k n vo; oksaesal sfd l h Hkh l a
[ ; k esafy ; sx; sl a
[ ; k dsp; uksad h l a[ ; k d scj kcj
gksxh] t ksfd ; g nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + ...... + nCn = 2n gksxhA
mi l eq Pp; d s i zd kj (Types of Subsets):
, d l eq Pp; A, l eq Pp; B dk mfpr mi l eq Pp; d gykr k gS A ; fn A dk i zR; sd vo; o B dk vo; o gks r Fkk B esade l s de
, d vo; o , sl k gks t ks fd A dk vo; o u gks r Fkk bl sA  B l s i znf' kZ r dj r s gSA
l eq Pp; A Lo; ad k r Fkk fj Dr l eq Pp; vuq fpr mi l eq Pp; gSr Fkk bl s A  B l s i znf' kZ r dj r s gS A
tS l s%
& ; fn X = {x1, x 2, .....,xn} r c mfpr l eq Pp; ksad h d q
y la [ ; k= 2 – 2 (Lo; al eq
n Pp; r Fkk fj Dr l eq
Pp; dksNksM+ dj )
dFku A  B d ksB  A Hkh fy [ kk t k l dr k gS A
?kkr l eq
Pp; (POWER SET)
l eq
Pp; A dsl Hkh mi l eq
Pp; ksadk l eq
Pp; ] A dk ?kkr l eq
Pp; dgykr k gSr Fkk bl sP(A) l si znf' kZ
r dj r sgS
A
vFkkZ
r ~P(A) = {x : x, A dk mi l eq Pp; gS }
n
; fn X = {x1, x2, x 3, ..........xn}, r c n(P(X)) = 2n ; n(P(P(x))) = 22

l koZ
f=kd ; k l e"Vh; l eq
Pp; (UNIVERSAL SET)

; g , sl k l eq Pp; gSft l esafopkj k/khu l Hkh l eq

Pp; vUr foZ
"V gka
sA ; g fn; sx; s l Hkh l eq
Pp; ksad k vf/kl eqPp; gksr k gSA bl
i zd kj , sl k l eqPp; t ksfn; sx; sl Hkh l eq
Pp; ksadksvi usvUnj j [ kr k gSl e"Vh; l eqPp; d gy kr k gSA bl sU l si znf' kZ
r dj r s
gaSA
tS l s ; fn A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 4, 5, 6} r Fkk C = {1, 3, 5, 7}, r c U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} l eq Pp; ksaA, B, C d s l anHkZ
esa l e"Vh; l eq Pp; gSA
osu ; k v k; y j v kj s[k (VENN OR EULER DIAGRAMS)
l eq Pp; dksn' kkZ; st kusoky k fp=k osu vkj s[k ; k ; w
y j -osu vkj s[k dgy kr k gS A T; kfefr ; : i esal e"Vh; l eq
Pp; U dksvk; r kd kj
{ks= r Fkk U d smi l eq Pp; A d ks oÙ̀kh; {ks=k ds vUnj fcUnq v ksal s n' kkZ
r s gS
A ; fn l eq Pp; A, l eq Pp; B d k mi l eq
Pp; gS
r c A d ksi znf' kZ
r d j us okyk oÙ̀kB dks i znf' kZ r d j us okys oÙ̀k ds vUnj gksxkA ; fn A r Fkk B l eku ughagSi j Ur qosd q N
mHkfu"B vo; o j [ kr s gS ] r c A r Fkk B nks i zfr PNsnh o`Ùk l s i znf' kZr gksaxsA
tS l s%
& ; fn A, B d k mi l eq Pp; gSr c ; g T; kfer h; : i l s fuEu vkÑfr l s i znf' kZ r gksxkA
For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS for C SAT(IAS), RAS, SSC, Bank PO, I n II Grade RPSC, M.Sc. Entrance,
JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 4
U
B
A

tS
l s; fn A l eq
Pp; gSr c A d k i w
j d l eq
Pp; fuEu vkÑfr l s i znf' kZ
r gksxkA
U
A
A

l eq
Pp; ksa i j l a
fØ; k, sa(OPERATIONS ON SETS)

l eqPp; ksa dk l a
?k (Union of sets) :
; fn A r Fkk B nks l eq
Pp; gSr c A r Fkk B d k l a
?k og l eqPp; gSft l d s vo; o A esagS; k B esagS; k nksuksaesa gS
A r Fkk
bl sA  B = {x : x  A ; k x  B} l s i znf' kZ
r dj r s gS
A ; g vkÑfr 1 r Fkk 2 esa osu vkj s[k l s i znf' kZ
r gS
A

U U

A B A B

Fig. (1) Fig. (2)

l eq
Pp; ksa dk l oZ fu"B (Intersection of sets) :
nks l eq
Pp; ksaA r Fkk B d k l oZ
fu"B og l eq Pp; gSft l ds vo; o A r Fkk B nksuksad s mHk; fu"B vo; o ga
S
A bl sA  B = {x :
x  A r Fkkx  B} l si znf' kZ
r dj r sgSr Fkk bl dk osu vkj s[k fuEu vkÑfr l si znf' kZ
r gksrk gS
U

A B

nks l eqPp; ksa dk v Ur j (Difference of two sets):

nks l eq
Pp; A r Fkk B ds fy, A vUr j B, l eq
Pp; A ds mu vo; oksad k l eq
Pp; gS
] t ks B esafo| eku ughagS
A

A B
A– B

bl i zd kj , A – B = {x : x  A r Fkk x  B} ; k A – B = {x  A ; x  B}
Li "V gSfd x  A – B  x  A r Fkk x  B bl h i zd kj B – A = {x : x  Bz r Fkk x  A}
nks l eqPp; ksa d k l efer v Ur j (Symmetric difference of two sets):
nksl eqPp; ksaA r FkkB dsfy, A , oaB dsvUr j r Fkk B , oaA d svUr j d sl eq Pp; (A – B) r Fkk(B – A) d k l a
?k l eq
Pp;
A o B d k l efer vU r j d gykr k gS
A r Fkk bl s(A  B) l s i znf' kZ
r dj r s gS
A
bl i zd kj A  B = (A – B)  (B – A)
osu vkj s[k d s } kj k uhps vkÑfr esai znf' kZ
r fd ; k x; k gS
A

A B

A B

For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS for C SAT(IAS), RAS, SSC, Bank PO, I n II Grade RPSC, M.Sc. Entrance,
JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 5
vl a
;qDr l eq
Pp; (DISJOINT SET)

nks l eqPp; A r Fkk B vl a ;qDr l eq Pp; d gy kr s gS; fn vkS j d soy ; fn buesad ksbZHkh mHk; fu"B vo; o u gks vFkkZ r~
A  B = ] gks ; fn A  B   r c A r Fkk B i z fr PNsnh ; k vfr O
; ki h l eq
Pp; dgy kr s gS
A
tSl s; fn A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6} r Fkk C = {4, 7, 9} gksr c A r FkkB vl a ;qDr l eq
Pp; gaS, oaB r FkkC i zfr PNsnh l eq
Pp;
ga
S
A l e i zkÑr l a[ ; kvksar Fkk fo"ke i zkÑr l a
[ ; kvksad s l eq
Pp; Hkh vl a ;q
Dr l eqPp; gSa
A

iw
j d l eq
Pp; (COMPLEMENTARY SET)

fdl h l eqPp; A d k i wj d l eqPp; og l eqPp; gSft l esal e"Vh; l eqPp; d s os l Hkh vo; o gks] t ksA esau gksA bl s A ,
AC ; k A l s i z
nf' kZ
r dj r s gS
A bl fy, AC = {x : x  U i j Ur qx  A}
tSl s%
& ; fn l eqPp; A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} r Fkk l e"Vh; l eq
Pp; U = {1, 2, 3, 4,.......50} r c
A = {6, 7, .......50}

fVIi . kh(NOTE) l Hkh vl a

;qDr l eq
Pp; i w
j d l eq
Pp; ughagSi j Ur ql Hkh i w
j d l eq
Pp; vl a
;qDr l eq
Pp; gS
A
fofHkUu l eq
Pp; ksaesav o; oksadhl a
[ ; k (NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN DIFFERENT SETS)
; fn A, B r FkkC i fj fer l eq
Pp; gS
ar FkkU i fj fer l e"Vh; l eq
Pp; gks]r c
(i) n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
(ii) n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) ] t c A r FkkB vl a
;q
ä l eq
Pp; gS
A
(iii) n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A  B)
(iv) n(A B) = n[(A – B)  (B – A)] = n(A) + n(B) – 2n(A  B)
(v) n(A  B  C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A B) – n(B  C) – n(A  C) + n(A  B  C)

(vi) n(A B) = n(A  B) = n(U) – n(A  B)

(vii) n(A B) = n(A  B) = n(U) – n(A  B)

l eq
Pp; ksa i j cht xf. kr h; l a
fØ; kv ksa ds xq
. k/keZ(PROPERTIES OF ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON SETS)

oxZ l e xq . k/keZ(Idempotent property) :

fdl h l eq
Pp; A ds fy, (i) A  A = A r Fkk (ii) A  A = A

r Rl ed xq . k/keZ(Identity operation):
fdl h l eq
Pp; A ds fy, ] (i) A   = A r Fkk (ii) A  U = A

Øefofues; xq . k/keZ(Commutative property):

fdl h l eqPp; A r Fkk B d s fy , ] (i) A  B = B  A r Fkk (ii) A  B = B  A
vFkkZ
r ~l a
?k r Fkk l oZfu"B Øefofues; gksr sgS
A

l kgp; Z xq
. k/keZ(Associative property) :
; fn A, B r Fkk C d ksbZr hu l eq
Pp; gSr c]
(i) (A  B)  C = A  (B  C) (ii) (A  B)  C = A  (B  C)
vFkkZr ~l a?k r Fkk l oZ
fu"B l kgp; Zgksr sgS
A
caVu xq . k/keZ(Distributive property) :
; fn A, B r Fkk C d ksbZr hu l eq Pp; gSr c]
(i) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) (ii) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
vFkkZ
r ~l a
?k r Fkk l oZ
fu"B Øe' k%l oZ
fu"B r Fkk l a
?k i j ca
fVr gksr s gS
A

Mh-ekxZ
u fl ð kUr (De-Morgan’s Principle):
ekuk A r Fkk B d ksbZnks l eq
Pp; gS
] rc
For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS for C SAT(IAS), RAS, SSC, Bank PO, I n II Grade RPSC, M.Sc. Entrance,
JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 6
(i) (A  B) = A  B (ii) (A  B) = A  B
A  B , oa A  B es
a v o; oksa d h U; w
ur e , oa v f/kd r e l a
[ ; k(Minimum and maximum elements in A  B and A 
B)
U U U

A B A B B

A  B  Nk; ka
fd r Hkkx A  B  Nk; ka
fd r Hkkx A  B  Nk; ka
fd r Hkkx
U

A
t c A  B =  gks r c n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B)
B t c A  B gks r c n(A  B) = n(B)
t c B  A gks r c n(A  B) = n(A)

A  B  Nk; ka
fd r Hkkx
Li "Vr ; k A  B esavo; oksadh U; w
ur e l a[ ; k] l eq
Pp; ksaA vkS
j B esal sft l esavf/kd r e vo; o gksa
] ml d svo; oksadscj kcj
, oaA  B esavo; oksad h vf/kd r e l a[ ; k n(A) + n(B) d scj kcj gksxhA vFkkZ r~
Max. {n(A), n(B)}  n(A  B)  n(A) + n(B)
U U U U
A B B A
A B A B
A B

AB= AB= A AB=B

Li "Vr ; k A  B esavo; oksad h U; w

ur e l a
[ ; k 0 vkS
j vf/kdr e l a
[ ; k A vkS
j B ft l esaHkh d e vo; o gksa
] ml d svo; oksad h
la[ ; k d s cj kcj gksxhA vFkkZ
r~ 0  n(A  B)  min {n(A), n(B)}

nks leqPp;ksa dk dkrhZ; xq.kk (Cartesion product of two sets)

;fn A vkSj B nks leqPp; gksa rc muds dkrhZ; xq.kk dks A × B ls O;Dr djrs gSa vkSj ;g A ls B esa cuus okys lHkh laHko Øfer
;qXeksa ds leqPp; ds cjkcj gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ A × B mu Øfer ;qXeksa dk leqPp; gksrk gS ftuds izFke vo;o A ds rFkk f}rh; vo;o
B ds gksA
A  B {( a, b);  a  A, b  B} vkSj B  A {(b, a);  a  A, b  B}
tSls ;fn A  a, b, c rFkk B   p, q gks rc
A  B  ( a, p ),( a, q),(b, p),(b, q),(c, p ),(c, q) vkSj B  A  ( p, a ),( p, b),( p, c ),( q, a),(q, b),( q, c)
;fn A esa vo;oksa dh la[;k m rFkk B esa vo;oksa dh la[;k n gks rks A × B esa vo;oksa dh la[;k m . n gksrh gSA
Li "Vr ; k gSfd A × B  B × A t c r d fd A r Fkk B l eku u gksA
;fn A   ;k B   , rc A  B   .

leqPp;ksa ds dkrhZ; xq.ku ij vk/kkfjr i fj .kke (Results based on Cartesion Product of two Sets)
1 % ;fn A rFkk B nks vfjDr leqPp; gksa] rc A  B  B  A  A  B
2 % ;fn A  B , rc A  A  ( A  B)  (B  A)
For Expert n Result Oriented Coaching in MATHEMATICS for C SAT(IAS), RAS, SSC, Bank PO, I n II Grade RPSC, M.Sc. Entrance,
JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 7
3 % ;fn A  B , rc fdlh leqPp; C ds fy, A  C  B  C
4 % ;fn A  B rFkk C  D, rc A  C  B  D
5 % rhu leqPp;ksa A, B rFkk C ds fy,]
(i) A  ( B  C )  ( A  B )  ( A  C )
(ii) A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  ( A  C )
(iii) A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  ( A  C )
6 % pkj leqPp;ksa A, B, C rFkk D ds fy,
(i) ( A  B )  (C  D )  ( A  C )  ( B  D)
(ii) A  ( B´C´)´ ( A  B)  ( A  C )
(iii) A  ( B´C´)´ ( A  B)  ( A  C )
7 % ;fn A vkSj B esa m vo;o mHk;fu"B gksa rc A × B ,oa B × A esa m2 vo;o mHk;fu"B gksaxhA

lEcU/k (Relations)

ekuk A rFkk B nks vfjDr leqPp; gSa] rc A × B dk izR;sd mileqPp; A ls B ij ,d lEcU/k dgykrk gS] vFkkZr~ A ls B dk izR;sd
lEcU/k A×B dk ,d mileqPp; gksrk gSA
ekuk R  A  B rFkk (a, b)  R rc ge dgrs gSa fd a, b ls lEcU/k R }kjk lacaf/kr gS rFkk bls aRb }kjk fy[kk tkrk gSA
lEcU/kksa dh la[;k (Number of Relations) ekuk A rFkk B nks vfjDr ifjfer leqPp; gSa]ftuesa vo;oksa dh la[;k Øe'k%
m rFkk n gSa] rc A × B esa mn Øfer ;qXe gksaxsA vkSj A × B ds dqy mileqPp; 2mn gksaxsA pwafd A  B dk izR;sd mileqPp;
A ls B esa ,d laca/k gksrk gS vr A ls B esa dqy lEcU/kksa dh la[;k 2mn gksxh rFkk vfjDr lEcU/kksa dh la[;k 2mn  1 gksxhA
çkUr r Fkk i fj l j (Domain and Range) ; fn A l sB esaR , d l EcU/k gks] r ksR esaØfer ; q
XeksadsçFke vo; oksadk l eq
Pp;
R dk çkU r r Fkk R esaØfer ; q
Xeksadsf} r h; vo; oksadk l eq
Pp; R dk i fj l j dgy kr k gS
A
bl izdkj R dk izkar a : ( a, b)  R rFkk R dk ifjlj b : (a, b)  R
R dk çkUr A dk mi l eqPp; gSr Fkk R dk i fj l j B dk mi l eq Pp; gS A
tSls R = {(4, 7), (5, 8), (6, 10)} l eq
Pp; A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} l sl eq
Pp; B = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10} es
a, d l EcU/k gksr c
R dk çkUr = {4, 5, 6}. ; g A dk mi l eq Pp; gSvkSj R dk i fj l j = {7, 8, 10}. ; g B dk mi l eqPp; gS A
izf rykse lEcU/k (Inverse relation)
ekuk A vkSj B nks leqPp; gS rFkk R leqPp; A ls B ij ,d lEcU/k gS] rc R dk izfrykse ftls R–1 ls iznf'kZr djrs gSa] B dks A
ij lEcU/k gksxk rFkk R 1  (b, a ) : ( a, b)  R }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gksxkA Li"Vr% (a, b)  R  (b, a)  R 1 ,
bl izdkj R dk izkar = R–1 dk ifjlj rFkk R dk ifjlj = R–1 dk izkarA
tSls ;fn A  a, bc , B  1, 2,3 rFkk R  (a,1),(a,3),(b,3)(c,3) rc]
(i) R 1  (1, a),(3, a),(3, b),(3, c )
(ii) R dk izkar a, b, c = R–1 dk ifjlj (iii) R dk ifjlj 1,3  R–1 dk izkar

lEcU/kksa ds izdkj (Types of relations)

fj Dr l aca
/k (Void or Empty relation)
l eq
Pp; A es
a, d la
ca
/k R, A esafj Dr l a
ca
/k dgy k; sxk] ; fn R = gksA
mnkgj .k ds fy , ; fn A = {1, 2, 3} gSr Fkk ekuk fd R l aca/k aRb } kj k i fj Hkf"kr gksxk] ; fn vksj dsoy ; fn
a – b = gSLi "Vr ; k l a
ca
/k R = A × A, , d fj Dr l a
ca
/k gS
A
l e"Vh; l a
ca
/k (Universal relation)
l eq
Pp; A es
a, d la
ca
/k R, A esal e"Vh; l a
ca
/k dgy kr k gS
A ; fn R = A × A
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 8
tSls ; fn A = {2, 6} gks]r ksA esal e"Vh; l a
ca
/k l eq
Pp; {(2, 2), (2, 6), (6, 2) (6, 6)} gS
A
rRled lEcU/k (Identity relation)
ekuk A ,d leqPp; gS] rc leqPp; A esa lEcU/k I A  ( a, a) : a  A rRled lEcU/k dgykrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa leqPp; A esa lEcU/k I4 rRled gksxk ;fn A dk izR;sd vo;o Lo;a ls vkSj dsoy Lo;a ls gh lacaf/kr gksA
tSls leqPp; A  1,2,3 ij lEcU/k R  (1,1),(2,2),(3,3) A esa rRled lEcU/k gSA

Lorq Y ; lEcU/k (Reflexive relation)

leqPp; A esa lEcU/k R LorqY; lEcU/k dgykrk gS] ;fn A dk izR;sd vo;o Lo;a ls lacaf/kr gksA
vFkkZr~ R LorqY; gS  ( a, a)  R, a  A,
leqPp; A esa lEcU/k R LorqY; ugha gksxk] ;fn ,d Hkh vo;o a  A bl izdkj gks fd (a, a)  R
tSls leqPp; A  1,2,3 ij lEcU/k R(1,1),(2,2),(1,3) LorqY; ugha gksxk D;ksafd 3  A ysfdu (3,3)  R
fVIi.kh (Note) fdlh vfjDr leqPp; A dk rRled lEcU/k ges'kk A ij LorqY; lEcU/k gksrk gS] tcfd A ij ,d LorqY; lEcUèk
ges'kk rRled lEcU/k ugha gksrk gSA fdlh vfjDr leqPp; A dk le"Vh; lEcU/k] LorqY; gksrk gSaA

lefer lEcU/k (Symmetric relation)

leqPp; A esa lEcU/k R lefer gksxk] ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn
( a, b)  R  (b, a )  R; a, b  A vFkkZr aRb  bRa; a, b  A
nwljs 'kCnksa esa R lefer gS] ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn R–1= R
fdlh vfjDr leqPp; ij le"Vh; lEcU/k lefer gksrk gSA;g vko';d ugha gS fd leqPp; A ij LorqY; lEcU/k lefer Hkh gksA

izf r&lefer lEcU/k (Anti-symmetric relation)

ekuk A ,d leqPp; gSa] rc A ij lEcU/k R izfrlefer lEcU?k dgykrk gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn (a, b)  R rFkk
(b, a)  R  a  b; a, b  A vr% ;fn a  b rc ;k rks a, b ls lacaf/kr gks ;k b, a ls lacaf/kr gks] ijUrq nksuksa ,d gh le; esa
,d nwljs ls lacaf/kr ugha gksaxsA

laØked lEcU/k (Transitive relation)

ekuk A dksbZ leqPp; gS] rc leqPp; A ij lEcU/k R, laØked lEcU/k dgykrk gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn
( a, b)  R rFkk (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R tgk¡ a, b, c  A, vFkkZr~ aRb rFkk bRc  aRc, a, b, c  A
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;fn a, b ls lacaf/kr gS] b, c ls lacaf/kr gS] rc a, c ls lacaf/kr gksxkA
;fn a, b, c bl izdkj gS fd aRb, bRc ysfdu aRc gS] rc lEcU/k laØked ugha gksxkA
tS ls leq Pp; A  1,2,3 ij lEcU/k R1  (1,1),(2, 2),(3,3) ] R2  (1,2),(2,3),(1,3) rFkk R3  (1,2) ; R4  (1,2),(2,1),(1,1)
rc R1 , R2 , R3 laØked gSa ijUrq R4 laØed ugha gS] D;ksafd R4 esa (2,1)  R4 ;(1, 2)  R4 ysfdu (2, 2)  R4
fVIi.kh (Note):-rRled rFkk le"Vh; lEcU/k] fdlh vfjDr leqPp; ds fy, laØked gksrs gSaA

rqY;rk lEcU/k (Equivalence relation) lEcU/k R leqPp; A ij rqY;rk lEcU/k dgykrk gS ;fn
(i) R LorqY; gks vFkkZr~ (a, a )  R, a  A
(ii) R lefer gks vFkkZr~ ( a, b)  R  (b, a )  R, a, b  A
(iii) R laØked gks vFkkZr~ ( a, b)  R rFkk (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R, a, b, c  A
lokZax le ekikad m (Cogruence modulo m)
ekuk m ,d LosPN o fuf'pr iw.kkZd gSA ;fn a vkS j b nks iw.kkZa d gS] rc a lokZx le b¼ekikad m½ gksxk ;fn
a–b, m ls HkkT; gS rFkk ge fy[k ldrs gS a  b (mod m)
vFkkZr~ a  b(mod m)  a  b, m ls HkkT; gSA tSls 18  3 (mod 5) D;ksafd 18 - 3 = 15 tks fd 5 ls HkkT; gSA

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 9
blh izdkj] 3  13 (mod 2) = –10 tks fd 2 ls HkkT; gS rFkk 25  2 (mod 4) D;ksafd 25 – 3 = 22, 4 dk Hkktd ugha gSA
lEca/k **lokZaxle ekikad (m)" ,d rqY;rk lEcU/k gSA
rqY ;rk lEcU/k dk rqY;rk d{k (Equivalence classes of an equivalence relation)
ekuk R, A(  ) ij rqY;rk lEcU/k gSA ekuk a  A, rc a dh rqY;rk d{k ftls [a] ;k a ls iznf'kZr djrs gSa]
A ds mu lHkh vo;oksa dk mileqPp; gS] tks a ls R }kjk lacaf/kr gS vFkkZr~  a    x  A; xRa
vr% (i) b   a   a  b (ii) b   a    a   b
(iii) nks rqY;rk d{k ;k rks cjkcj gksaxs ;k vla;qDr (disjoint)A
la;qDr lEcU/k ;k lEc/kksa dk la; kstu (Composition of relatilons)
ekuk fd R r Fkk S Øe' k%l eq Pp; A l sB esar Fkk B l sC esanksl a ca
/k gS
s] r ksA l sC esa, d l a
ca
/k SoR, R , oaS l a
;q
Dr
l Eca/k dgy kr k gSt cfd
(a, c) SoR ; fn vks j dsoy ; fn b B dsfy ; s(a, b) R r Fkk (b, c) S gksA
lkekU;r% RoS  SoR rFkk (SoR)1  R1oS 1
tSl s; fn A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 5, 7}, C = {1, 3, 6, 8} gks] vkSj R = {(2, 1), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 1), (4, 7)}, A l sB esa, d l a
ca
/k r Fkk
S = {(1, 3), (5, 3), (5, 6), (7, 6), (7, 8)}, B l sC es
a, d l aca
/k r c
SoR = {(2, 3), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 3), (4, 6), (4, 8)} A l sC es
a, d l a
ca/k gS
A

egRoi w. kZr F; , oa i fj . kke (Important facts and Results)

1. n vo;oksa okys ifjfer leqPp; esa mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k 2n gksrh gSA
2. ;fn A rFkk B, n vo;oksa okys nks vfjDr leqPp; gSa] rc A × B rFkk B × A esa n2 vo;o gksrs gSA
3. l eq Pp; A l sl eq Pp; B esal EcU/kksadhdq y la [ ; k2n(A) n (B) gS
A
4. , d vfj Dr l eq Pp; i j l e"Vh; l EcU/k ges'kk Lor q Y; ] l efer r Fkk l a Øked gksrk gSA
5. , d vfj Dr l eq Pp; i j r Rl ed l EcU/k ges'kk Lor q Y; ] l efer r Fkk l a Øked gksrk gS
A
6. , d vfj Dr l eq Pp; i j r Rl ed Qy u ges'kk çfr l efer gksrk gS A
7. ; fn R, A l sB es a, d l EcU/k gSr Fkk S, B l sC esa, d l EcU/k gS ] r ks(RoS)–1 = S–1oR–1.
8. nksl E cU/kksaR r FkkS dsfy ; sl a;q
Dr l EcU/k RoS, SoR fj Dr l EcU/k gksl dr k gS A
9. fdlh ry esa fLFkr lHkh f=Hkqtksa dk leqPp; T tks ^lokZxle lEcU/k dk ikyu djrk gS rqY;rk lEca/k gksxkA
10. ;fn leqPp; A ij nks rqY;rk lEcU/k R vkSj S gSa] rc (i) R  S Hkh A ij ,d rqY;rk lEcU/k gksxkA (ii) R – S rqY;rk lEcUèk
ugha gksrk gSA
11. nks rqY;rk lEcU/kksa dk la?k Hkh ,d rqY;rk lEcU/k gks ;g vko';d ugha gSA
12. rqY;rk lEcU/k dk izfrykse Hkh rqY;rk lEcU/k gksrk gSA
13. lEcU/k R, leqPp; A ij
(i) LorqY; lEcU/k gksxk ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn I A  R l
(ii) lefer lEcU/k gksxk ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn R  R 1
(iii) laØked gksxk ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn R0 R  R
14. nks lefer lEcU/kksa dk loZfu"B ,oa la?k nksuksa gh lefer gksrs gSaA
15. okLrfod la[;kvksa ds leqPp; ij ^^cjkcj gksus ij lEcU/k rqY;rk vkSj vkaf'kd Øe lEcU/k gksrk gSA
16. ,d gh Øfer ;qXe j[kus okys lEcU/k lnSo izfrlefer vkSj laØfer lEcU/k gksrs gSaA vFkkZr~ leqPp; A  {a, b, c} ij lEcUèk
R  {(a, b)} ,d izfrlefer ,oa laØked nksuksa gh gSA
17 izR;sd rRled lEcU/k LorqY;] laØked rFkk lefer gksrk gSA
8 vfjDr leqPp; A ij ifjHkkf"kr fjDr lEcU/k  lefer ,oa laØked gksrk gS ysfdu LorqY; ughaA

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 10
oLrqfu"B iz'u 11. nks ifjfer leqPP;ksa esa Øe'k% m vkSj n Øe'k% gSa igys
(OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS) leqPp; ds mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k nwljs leqPp; ds
1 fuEu esal sdkS ul k dFku l eq Pp; ksadsfy, l R; gS- mileqPp;ksa dh dqy la[;k ls 56 vfèkd gSA m vkSj n dk
ewY; Øe'k% gS&
(A) oLr qv ksad k l q
i fj Hkkf"kr l axzg
Two finite sets have m and n elements
(B) oLr qv ksad k l axzg respectively.The total number of subsets of first set
(C) oLr q
v ksadk l qi fj Hkkf"kr l a
xzg t ksvl eku o vyx gks is 56 more than the total number of the second set.
The values of m and n respectively are
(D) mi j ks
Dr l Hkh
(A) 7, 6 (B) 5, 1
2 l eq
Pp; {x : x  N, x vHkkT; , 3 < x < 5} gS% (C) 6, 3 (D) 8, 7 H. TET 2009
(A) { 4 } (B) { 3, 5 }
 x 
(C) fj ä (D) vfj ä 12. ;fn A   x |  Z, 0  x  10  , B = {x | x ,d vadh;
 2 
3 A = {a, e, i, o, u} r Fkk B = {i, o} gks
a
] r c l R; gS%
 x 
(A) A  B (B) B  A vHkkT; la[;k gS} vkSj C   x | 3  N, x  12  rc
 
(C) A  B (D) A r q
Y; B
A (B C) cjkcj gS I Grade July, 2016
4 ,d l eqPp;A={x : x , d v i fj es; r Fkk
0.1 < x < 0. 101} l si fj H
kkf"kr gS
] rc :  x 
If A   x |  Z, 0  x  10  , B = }{x | x is prime
 2 
(A) A fj Dr l eq
Pp; gS
(B) A i fj fer l eq
Pp; gS  x 
number of one digit} and C   x |  N, x  12  ,
(C) A vi fj fer l eq
Pp; gS  3 
(D) d ks
bZugha then A (B C) is equal to
(A) {2, 6} (B) {3, 6}
5 fuEu esal s dkS
ul k , d y l eq
Pp; gS-
(C) {2, 6, 12 } (D) {3, 6, 12}
(A)  (B) { }
13 ; fn n(A) = 10, n(B) = 15 r Fkk n(A  B) = x, gks] r ks-
(C) {2, 3} (D) {}
(A) 15 < x < 25 (B) 15  x  25
6 ; fn A = {,{}}, r c A d k ?kkr l eq
Pp; gS
-
(C) 5  x  15 (D) bues
al s d ksbZugha
(A) A (B) {{}, A}
14 , d uxj d s1000 i fj okj ksaesal s40% i fj okj l ekpkj
(C) {{},{{}}, A} (D) d ks
bZugha i =kA i <+ r s gSa] 20% l ekpkj i =k B i <+ r s gS a]
7 ; fn A =  x | x 2  4 r Fkk B = x | x 2  5x  6  0 gks] r ks 10% l ekpkj i =k C i <+ r sgSa
] 5% l ekpkj i =k A r Fkk
A  B gS% B nksuksai <+r sgS
a
] 3% i fj okj l ekpkj i =k B , oaC, 4%
l ekpkj i =k A , oaC r Fkk 2% i fj okj r huksl ekpkj i =k
(A) {2, 3} (B) {–2, 3}
i <+
r sgSa
A r ks d soy A l ekpkj i =k i <+ us okys i fj okj ksa
(C) {2, –3} (D) {–2, 2, 3} dh l a[ ; k Kkr d hft , -
8 fn; k x; k gS
] fd l eq Pp; A = {1,2,3}, B = {3,4}, (A) 140 (B) 290
C = {4,5,6}, r c A (B  C) gS- (C) 330 (D) 340
(A) {3} (B) {1,2,3,4} 15 ; fn r hu v l a; qDr (disjoint) l eqPP; ksa d s fy ,
(C) {1,2,4,5} (D) {1,2,3,4,5,6} A, B, C; n(A) = 10, n(B) = 6 r Fkkn(C) = 5, gks
] r ksn(A
9 Na = {an : n  N}, r c N6  N8 = B  C) cj kcj gksxk&
(A) N6 (B) N8 (A) 21 (B) 11
(C) N24 (D) N44 (C) 1 (D) 9
10 fuEu esal s dkS
ul k fj Dr l eq
Pp; gS? 16 ; fn A r Fkk B va
l ;q
Dr gS
] r c n(A  B) cj kcj gS
-
(A) {x : x  R r Fkk x 2 + x + 1 = 0} (A) n(A) (B) n(B)
(B) {x : x  R r Fkk x 2 – x + 1 = 0} (C) n(A) + n(B) (D) n(A) . n(B)
17 ekuk n (U) = 700, n(A) = 200, n(B) = 300 r Fkk
(C) {x : x  R r Fkk x 2 + 2x + 1  0}
(D) {x : x  R r Fkk x 2 – 2x + 1  0} n(A  B) = 100, r c n(Ac  Bc ) gS-
(A) 400 (B) 600
(C) 300 (D) 200

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 11
18 l eq
Pp; A r FkkB esaØe' k%3 r Fkk 6 vo; o gS
A A B 27. ;fn R leqPp; N ij fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr ,d lEcU/k
esavo; o dh U; w
ur e l a
[ ; k gS? gS%
(A) 3 (B) 6 R mb x, yg | x, y  N , 2 x  y  41r rks R gS
(C) 9 (D) 18 (A) reflexive ¼LorqY;½ (B) symmetric ¼lefer½
19 100 fo| kfFkZ
; ksadh d {kk esa , 55 fo| kFkhZxf. kr esamÙkh. kZ (C) transitive ¼laØked½ (D) none of these
r Fkk67 fo| kFkhZHkkS
fr d h esamÙkh. kZgq
, A dksbZfo| kFkhZQsy 28. l q l q
leqPp; 2, 3, 4, 5 ls leqPp; 3, 6, 7, 10 esa ,d lEcUèk
ughagS
A r c dsoy HkkS
fr dh esamÙkh.kZfo| kfFkZ
; ksadh l a
[;k R fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS
gS- ' aRb  a , b ds lkis{k vHkkT; gS* R dk izkar gksxk&

20
(A) 22 (B) 33 (C) 10
ekuk X = {1,2,3,4,5,6} , d l e"Vh; l eq
(D) 45
Pp; gSA l e"Vh;
l
(A) 2, 3, 4, 5q l q
(B) 2, 3, 4

l eq
Pp; X esai fj Hkkf"kr l eq
Pp; A,B,C gSr Fkk (C) l2, 3, 5q (D) l3, 5q
A = {1,2,3}, B = {2,4,5} r Fkk C = {3,4,5,6} r c 29. ;fn R leqPp; N esa fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr ,d lEcU/k gS&
(A) A–B = {4,5} ' xRy  x  2 y  10' rks R dk ifjlj gS%
(B) (A–B) (B–A) = {1,3,4,5}
(C) (A–B)– C = {1}
(A) N l
(B) 1, 2, 3, 4q
(D) A  C = {1,2} l
(C) 2, 3, 4, 6 q (D) l10, 12, 14, ......q
21. dks b Z lEcU/k R, N es a bl iz d kj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd 30. ;fn A leqPp; ij R ,oa S nks rqY;rk lEcU/k gSa rks&
(A) R  S rqY;rk lEcU/k gS
mba, bg : a  2br . rks R dk eku gksxk -
1
(B) R  S rqY;rk lEcU/k gS
(A) mb2, 1g, b4, 2g, b6, 3g, ......r
(C) R  S rqY;rk lEcU/k gS
(D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(B) mb1, 2g, b2, 4g, b3, 6g.......r 31. Z esa ifjHkkf"kr fuEu esa ls dkSulk lEcU/k rqY;rk lEcU/k ugha
gS\
(C) R 1 ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS
(D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha b g
(A) xRy  x  y is even ¼le gS½

22. bg bg
;fn A o B nks vfjDr leqPp; gks rFkk n A  2 , n B  3 . (B) xRy  b x  y g is even ¼le gS½
rks A ls B esa lEcU/kksa dh dqy la[;k gksxh & (C) xRy  x  y
(A) 4 (B) 8 (D) xRy  x  y
(C) 64 (D) 6 32. , d l eq
Pp; A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} es a , d l EcUèk
23. l q
A  2, 4, 6, 8 esa dksbZ lEcU/k R bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd R = {(x, y) | x, y  A r Fkk x < y} } kj k i fj H
r c R gS-
kkf"kr gS
R  mb2, 4g, b4, 2g, b4, 6g, b6, 4gr (A) Lor qY; (B) l efer
(A) izfrlefer (B) LorqY; (C) l a
Øked (D) bues al sdksbZugha
(C) lefer (D) laØked 33. ekuk R i zkd r̀ l a [ ; kvksads l eq Pp; N i j , d l EcUèk
24. dksbZ lEcU/k izkd`r la[;kvksa (N) ds leqPp; esa bl izdkj nRm  n, m d k , d xq . ku[ k. M gS ] } kj k i fj Hkkf"kr gS
vFkkZr ~n | m) r c R gS-
b g
ifjHkkf"kr gS fd { a , b : a –b = 3} ;g lEca/k gksxk - (A) Lor qY; r Fkkl efer
(A) {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6),.....} (B) l aØked r Fkkl efer
(B) {(4, 1), (5, 2), (6, 3),.....} (C) r q
Y; r kl EcU/k
(C) {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9),.....} (D) Lor qY; , l a
Øked i j Ur ql efer ugha
(D) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha 34. ; fn R , d i fj fer l eq Pp; A ft l esam vo; o gSl s, d
25. okLrfod la[;kvksa ds leqPp; esa ifjHkkf"kr fuEu lEcU/kksa esa ls vU; i fj fer l eq Pp; B ft l esan vo; o gks] esai fj Hkkf"kr
dkSulk rqY;rk lEcU/k gS\ , d l EcU/k gSr c A l sB esal a ca
èkksadh d q y la [ ; k gS-
(A) 2mn (B) 2mn – 1
(A) xRy  x  y (B) xRy  x  1 / y (C) 2mn (D) mn
(C) xRy  x | y (D) xRy  x  y 35. ekukL , d l er y esami fLFkr l Hkhj s[kkvksadkl eq Pp; gS ] vkS
j
26. ekuyks R fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr ,d lEcU/k gS& , d l EcU/k R fuEu i zd kj i fj Hkkf"kr gS R     , , 
 L r c R gS-
R mba , bg , a  br tgk¡ a , b okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSaA rks (A) Lor qY; (B) l efer
lEcU/k gS& (C) l a
Øked (D) bues al sdksbZugha
(A) LorqY;] lefer ,oa laØked 36. , d l er y esa nks fcUnqA o B l EcfU/kr gksax s ; fn
(B) LorqY; ,oa laØked ijUrq lefer ugha OA = OB, t gk¡ O , d fLFkj fca nqgS A ; g l EcU/k gS-
(C) lefer ,oa la+Øked ijUrq LorqY; ugha (A) Lor qY; i j a
r ql efer ugha(B) l efer i j a r ql a
Øked ugha
(D) lefer ijUrq u LorqY; u laØked (C) , d r qY; r kl EcU/k (D) bues al sdksbZugha

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 12
37. l eq
Pp; A = {1, 2, 3} i j l EcU/k R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), 44. ekuk R :   , t gk¡  l H
kh f=Hkq
t ksad k l eq
Pp; bl
(3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} gS- i zd kj gS ] fd 1 R 2 1, 2 d sl ok± xl e gS ] r ks‘R’
(A) Lor qY; i j a
r ql efer ugha gS
(B) Lor qY; i j a
r ql a
Øked ugha (A) Lor q Y; (B) l efer
(C) l efer r Fkkl a Øked (C) l a Øked (D) r q Y; r k l Eca/k
(D) u r ksl efer u ghl a Øked 45. ekuk R : A  A, t gk¡ A , d i fj okj d sl Hkh cPpksad k
38. ekukA fo' o d sl Hkh cPpksad k l eq Pp; gSr FkkR, A i j l eq Pp; bl i zd kj gSfd x R y  x, ‘y’ dk HkkbZgS A
fuEu i zd kj i fj Hkkf"kr gSxRy ; fn x r Fkk y d k fy a x (t gk¡ x, y  A), r ks R gS -
(zender) l eku gS ar c R gS-
(A) Lor q Y; (B) l efer
(A) Lor qY; ugha (B) l efer ugha
(C) l a Øked (D) r q Y; r k l Eca/k
(C) l a
Øked ugha (D) , d r qY; r kl EcU/k
46. ; fn A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, r Fkk ekuk R = {(2, 2), (3, 3),
39. ekukA = {2, 3, 4, 5} r Fkk ekuk
(4, 4), (1, 2)}, A i j i fj H kkf"kr , d l EcU/k gSr c R gS -
R = {(2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 5),
(5, 3)}, A esa, d l EcU/k gSr c R gS- (A) Lor q Y; (B) l efer
(A) Lor qY; o l a Øked (B) Lor qY; o l efer (C) l a Øked (D) bues al sdksbZugha
(C) Lor qY; o i zfr l efer (D) bues al sdksbZugha 47. , d l eq Pp; A i j fj Dr l EcU/k gksxk-
(A) Lor q Y; (B) l efer o l a Øked
40. ekukL ; q fDy fM; u l er y esami fLFkr l Hkh j s[kkvksad k
(C) Lor q Y; o l efer (D) Lor q Y; o l aØked
l eqPp; gS A nksj s[kk; sa1 o 2 l aca
/kR } kj k l a
caf/kr gksr h
gS; fn 1 || 2 r c l EcU/k R gS- 48. ekukR , d l EcU/k okLr fod l a [ ; kvksadsl eq Pp; i j fuEu
(A) Lor qY; (B) l efer i zd kj i fj Hkkf"kr gSa R b  1 + ab > 0. r c R gS -
(C) l a
Øked (D) r q
Y; r k (A) r q Y; r kl a ca
/k (B) l aØked
41. l eqPp; {2, 3, 4} i j fn; k x; k l EcU/k R = {(2, 3) (C) l efer (D) i zfr l efer
(3,4)} gSA mu U; w ur e Øfer ; q Xeksad h l a
[ ; k ft ud ksR 49. A = {1, 2, 3} i j l EcU /kR, aRb  |a2 – b2|  5 } kj k
esat ksM+us i j R Lor q Y; r Fkk l efer Hkh gksxk] gS - i fj Hkkf"kr gS AfuEu esal sdkSul kdFku vl R; gS -
(A) 4 (B) 5 (A) R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
(C) 7 (D) 6 (B) R–1 = R
42. mu v o; oksa d h U; w ur e l a[; k ft ud ks l EcU/k (C) R dki z ka
r = {1, 2, 3}
R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} d sl eqPp; {1,2,3} esat ksM+
usi j ; g (D) R dki fj l j = {5}
rq
Y; r k l EcU/k gkst k; sa
] gksxh- 50. l eqPp; A = {1, 2, 3} i j l EcU/kR = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3),
(A) 4 (B) 7 (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} gS-
(C) 6 (D) 5 (A) Lor qY; i j a
r ql efer ugha
43. ekuk , d l Eca /k ‘R’, i w
. kkZ
d ksadsl eqPp; ‘Z’ i j bl i zd kj (B) Lor qY; i j a
r ql a
Øked ugha
i fj Hkkf"kr gSfd aR b  a, b l sfoHkkft r gS ] r ks‘R’ (C) l efer r Fkkl a Øked
gS (D) u r ksl efer u ghl a Øked
(A) Lor q Y; (B) l efer
(C) l a Øked (D) r q
Y; r k l Eca
/k

Answer Key (Sets and Relations)

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans C C B C D C D B C A,B C A B C A
Qus. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans C C B D BCD B C C B A B D A B B
Qus. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans D C D A B C A D B D B B C D C
Qus. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans C B C D A
Qus. 61 62
Ans

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 13
leqPp; (SET)
iwoZ ijh{kkvksa esa iqNs x;s iz'u (Previous year Examination Questions)
01. ;fn A = {4n – 3n – 1 : n  N} rFkk c
B = {9(n – 1) : n  N} rks A  B cjkcj gS&  
08.   Ai   [RAS (Mains) 2010]
If A = {4n – 3n – 1 : n  N} then H-TET 2008  i 
B = {9(n – 1) : n  N} A  B is equal to Aci
(1) i A i (2) i Ai (3) 
i
(4) 
i
Ai
(1) A (2) B
(3) N (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha 09. ;fn A vkSj B dksbZ nks leqPp; gSa vkSj A  B = A  B,
02. ;fn n(A) = 115, n(B) = 326, n(A – B) = 47 rks rks SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
n(A  B) cjkcj gS& If A and B are any two sets such that
A  B = A  B, then
If n(A) = 115, n(B) = 326, n(A – B) = 47 then
n(A  B) is equal to H. TET 2009 (1) A =  (2) B =  (3) A = B (4) A B
(1) 373 (2) 165 10. leqPP; A = {x : x + 6 = 2, x  N} gS&
(3) 370 (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha The set A = {x : x + 6 = 2, x  N} is
03. ,d 'kgj dh iw.kZ tula[;k 25]000 gS ftlesa ls 13]000 (1) fjDr leqPp; an empty set
^^n fgUnqLrku VkbEl** i<+rs gSa vkSj 10]500 ^^bf.M;u (2) ,dy leqPp; a singleton set
,Dlizsl** i<+rs gSa rFkk 2500 nksuksa lekpkj i= i<+rs gSaA (3) ifjfer leqPp; a finite set
ml tula [;k dk iz fr'kr tks nks uksa lekpkji= ugha i<+rh gS (4) vuar leqPp; an infinite set
A town has total population 25,000 out of which 13,000 SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
read "The Hindustan Times" and 10,500 read the "In- 11. ;fn X vkSj Y dksbZ Hkh nks leqPp; gksa] rks X  ( Y  X)'
dian Express" and 2500 read both the papers. The cjkcj gS& SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
percentage of population who read neither of these If X and Y are any two sets, then X  ( Y  X)'
newspapers is H. TET 2009 equals
(1) 10% (2) 16% (3) 27% (4) 30% (1)  (2) X (3) Y (4) X Y
04. eku yhft, fd] A = {x   | x = 6} vkSj
2
12. ;fn A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2, 3, 6, 7}, rks
B = {x   | x > 3} gSA fuEu esa D;k lp gS \ (A × B)(B × A) ds vo;oksa dh la[;k gS&
(H.TET 2009) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2, 3, 6, 7}. Then the
2
Let A = {x   | x = 6} and number of elements in (A × B)(B × A) is
B = {x   | x > 3}which of the following is true? (1) 18 (2) 6 (3) 4 (4) 0
(1) A  B (2) B  A SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
(3) A  B (4) A  B =  13. ;fn A = {(x, y): y = ex, x  R} vkSj
05. n vo;oksa okys ifjfer leqPp; ds mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k gS&
B = {(x, y): y = x, x  R}rks
Number of subsets of a finite set with n elements are
If A = {(x, y): y = ex, x  R} and
(H.TET 2009) B = {(x, y): y = x, x  R} then
(1) 2n (2) n! (3) n2 (4) nn SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
06. ;fn A vkSj B lkoZf=d leqPp; S ds nks mileqPp; gSa] rc (1) A  B (2) B  A
(A – B) cjkcj gS& [RAS (Mains) 2009]
(3) A  B =  (4) A  B  
If A and B are two subsets of a set S (Universal set),
14. nks ifjfer leqPP;ksa esa Øe'k% m vkSj n vo;o gSa igys leqPp;
then A – B is equal to, Where A' denotes comple-
ds mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k nwljs leqPp; ds mileqPp;ksa dh
ment of A.
dqy la[;k ls 56 vfèkd gSA m vkSj n dk ewY; Øe'k% gS&
(1) A B (2) A' B' (3) A B' (4) A' B
Two finite sets have m and n elements
07. ;fn A vkSj B nks leqPp; gSa buesa Øe'k% 3 ,oa 6 vo;o gSa]
respectively.The total number of subsets of first set
rc A  B esa U;wure vo;oksa dh la[;k gS& is 56 more than the total number of the second set.
Let A and B two sets having 3 and 6 elements re-
The values of m and n respectively are
spectively. Then minimmum number elements in
(1) 7, 6 (2) 5, 1 (3) 6, 3 (4) 8, 7
A  B is [RAS (Mains) 2009]
SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010, PGT 2014 I Grade
(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 9 (4) 18 RPSC 2014

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 14
15. ;fn A rFkk B Øe'k% m ,oa n dksfV ds ifjfer leqPp; gks 22. ,d dLcs esa 840 O;fDr gSaA muesa 450 O;fDr fgUnh i<+
rks A × B ds vfjDr mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k gksxh%& ldrs gSa 300 vaxzsth i<+rs gSa vkSj 200 nksuksa i<+rs gSaA ,sls
If A and B are two finite sets of order m and n re- esa nksuksa uk i<+us okyksa dh la[;k gSA PGT 2014
spectively then number of non-void subsets of A × B In a town of 840 persons, 450 persons read Hindi,
is (RPSC II Grade 2011) 300 read English and 200 read both. Then the num-
(1) 2nm (2) 2nm + 1 (3) 2mn –1 (4) 2m  n ber of persons who read neither is
16. ;fn N izkd`r la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gS] R okLrfod (1) 210 (2) 180 (3) 260 (4) 290
la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gS o Q ifjes; la[;kvksa dk leqPp; 23. eku yhft, fd ,d lery ij F1 lekUrj prqHkqZtksa dk
gS rks lR; oDrO; gS& RPSC (ACF) 2012 leqPp; gS] F2 vk;rksa dk leqPp; gS] F3 leprqHkqZtksa dk
If N is set of natural numbers, R is set of real num- leqPp; gS] F4 oxkZsa dk leqPp; gS vkSj F5 leyEcksa dk
bers and Q is set of rational numbers then the true leqPp; gSA ,sls esa F1 blds cjkcj gks ldrk gS&
statement is PGT 2014
(1) Q  R  N (2) N Q  R Let F1 be the set of parallelogram, F2 the set of rect-
(3) Q  N  R (4) R  Q  N angles, F3 the set of rhombuses, F4 the set of squares
17. ;fn A vkSj B nks leqPp; gksa] rks A –(A – B) cjkcj gS%& and F5 the set of trapeziums in a plane. Then F1 may
If A and B are two sets, then A – (A – B) is equal to be equal to:-
I Grade RPSC 2012 (1) F2 F3 (2) F3 F4
(1) A  B (2) A  B (3) A (4) B (3) F2 F5 (4) F2 F3 F4 F1
18. eku yhft, fd x vkSj y okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa vkSj 24. ;fn A, B o C bl izdkj ds vfjDr leqPp; gSa fd
1 X = A – (B – C) o Y = (A – B)  (A  C)
A ={(x, y)| y  , x  0 }, B = {(x, y)| y = –x } ;g nks rks fuEu esa lgh dFku gS& (H.TET 2015)
x
If A, B and C be non-empty sets such that
leqPp; gSaA ,sls esa H.TET 2013, PGT 2014 X = A – (B – C) and Y = (A – B)  (A  C), then
Let x and y be real numbers and A ={(x, y)| which one of the following is true
1 (1) X Y (2) Y X (3) X Y (4) X Y
y  , x  0 }, B = {(x, y)| y = –x } be two sets, then 25. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk leqPp; vifjfer gS \ (H.TET 2016)
x
(1) A  B = A (2) A  B =  Which of the following is infinite set? :
(3) A  B = B (4) A  B = A (1) {x : x  N ; (x – 1) (x – 2)= 0}
(2) {x : x  N; x2 = 4}
19. lSV S = {(a, b): 2a2 + 3b2 = 35; a, b iw.kkZad gS}] esa
(3) {x : x  N; 2x – 1 = 0}
vo;oksa dh la[;k gS& H.TET 2013 (4) {x : x  N ; x is odd}
The number of elements in the set 26. leqPp; A vkSj B esa 5 mHk;fu"B vo;o gSa] rks A  B vkSj
S = {(a, b): 2a2 + 3b2 = 35; a, b are integers} is
B  A esa mHk;fu"B vo;oksa dh la[;k gS
(1) 8 (2) 4 (3) 2 (4) 12
Set A and B have 5 common elements. Then
20. ,d Ldwy ds 20 f'k{kd ;k rks HkkSfrdh ;k fQj xf.kr number of elements common to A × B and B × A is
i<+krs gSaA muesa ls 12 f'k{kd xf.kr i<+krs gSa tcfd 4 nksuksa (1) 25 (2) 52 (3) 5 (4) 0
fo"k;ksa dks i<+krs gSaA fQj] dsoy HkkSfrdh i<+kus okys (RPSC I Grade July, 2016)
f'k{kdksa dh la[;k gS& H.TET 2013, MP TET 2019  x 
20 teachers of a school either teach Mathematics or 27. ;fn A   x |  Z, 0  x  10  ,
 2 
Physics. 12 of them teach Mathematics while 4 teach
both the subjects. Then, the number of teachers teach- I Grade July, 2016
ing Physics only is: B = {x | x ,d vadh; vHkkT; la[;k gS} vkSj
(1) 16 (2) 12  x 
(3) 08 (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha C   x |  N, x  12  rc A (B C) cjkcj gS
 3 
21. 1 ls 500 rd fdrus iw.kkZad 3] 5 vkSj 7 esa ls de ls de
,d }kjk HkkT; gSa%  x 
If A   x |  Z, 0  x  10  ,
How many integrs from 1 to 500 are divisible by at  2 
least one of 3, 5 and 7 ? H.TET 2013 B ={x: x is prime number of one digit} and
(1) 271 (2) 266
 x 
(3) 337 (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha C   x |  N, x  12  , then A (B C) is equal
 3 
to
(1) {2, 6} (2) {3, 6}
(3) {2, 6, 12 } (4) {3, 6, 12}
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 15
28. leqPP; {–4, –3, 0, 2} esa ls fdruh la[;k,¡ izfrca/kksa 36. ;fn nks leqPp;ksa A rFkk B esa Øe'k% 2 rFkk 4 vo;o gSa
| y – 4 | < 6 vkSj | y + 4| < 5 dks larq"V djrh gS\ rks A × B ds mu mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k ftuesa 3 ;k mlls
How many numbers in the set {–4, –3, 0, 2} satisfy vfèkd vo;o gSa] gS&
the conditions |y – 4| < 6 and |y + 4| < 5? If A anb B are two sets containing 2 elements and 4
Nodaya 2016 elements respectively, then number of subsets of A ×
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 1 B having 3 or more elements is: K.V. Dec. 2018
29. leqPp; A rFkk B ds fy, lkoZf=d leqPp; U esa 40 vo;o (1) 211 (2) 219 (3) 220 (4) 256
gSaA ;fn n(A) = 25 vkSj n(B) = 20 gS] rks n(A B) dk 37. ,d d{kk es a 175 fo|kFkhZ gS aA bl d{kk esa ,d ;k ,d lsvfèkd
U;wure eku gS& K.V. 2017
fo"k; i<+us okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k fuEufyf[kr gS%
Universal set U, for the sets A and B has 40
elements. If n(A) = 25 and n(B) = 20, then least value
xf.kr 100] fQftDl ¼HkkSfrdh½ 70] jlk;u 'kkL= 46]
of n(A B) is: xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrdh 30] xf.kr vkSj jlk;u 'kkL= 28]
(1) 10 (2) 15 (3) 5 (4) 2 HkkSfrdh vkSj jlk;u 'kkL= 23] xf.kr] HkkSfrdh vkSj jlk;u
30. ekuk S leqPp; A ls leqPP; A rd ifjHkkf"kr lHkh 'kkL= 18A dsoy xf.kr esa nkf[ky gksus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
Qyuksa dk leqPp; gSA ;fn n(A) = k, k  0 gS rc n(S) la[;k gS& K.V. Dec. 2018
gS A class has 175 students. The number of students
Let S be the set of all functions defined from set A to studying one or more of the subjects in this class is as
set A. If n(A) = k, k  0, then n(S) is: K.V. 2017 below:
(1) 2k (2) kk (3) 22k–1 (4) k! Mathematics 100, Physics 70, Chemistry 46, Math-
ematics and Physics 30, Mathematics and Chemistry
31. ;fn A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, rks A ds mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k
28, Physics and chemsitry 23, mathematics, Physics
ftuesa vo;o 2 gS ijUrq 4 ugha gS] gksxh&
and Chemistry 18. The number of students enrolled
(RPSC II Grade 2017) in Mathematics alone is:
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then the number of subsets of A (1) 13 (2) 35 (3) 60 (4) 32
which contain element 2 but not 4, is 38. ;fn A rFkk B iw.kkZad leqPp; ds mileqPp; bl izdkj
(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 2 (4) 6
gS fd A = {x : –4  x  10} vkSj B = {x : –3 < x  9},
32. ;fn P rFkk Q dksbZ nks leqPp; gSa rc lgh dFku gksxk&
rks A B cjkcj gS&K.V. Dec. 18, K.V. Dec. 2019
If P and Q are any two sets, then true statement is:
If A and B are subsets of the set of integers such that
M.Sc. Entrence 2018
(1) (P  Q)' = P'  Q' (2) (P  Q)' > P'  Q' A = {x : –4  x  10} and B = {x : –3 < x  9}, then
(3) (P  Q)' < P'  Q' (4) (P  Q)' = P'  Q' A B equals:
33. ,d fo|ky; esa 50 Nk=ksa esa ls Ldwy vkus ds fy, 25 ds (1) A (2) A – B (3) B – A (4) B
ikl LdwVj gSa rFkk 35 ds ikl lkbfdy gS rks ,sls Nk=ksa 39. 70 yksxksa ds lewg esa 37 dks dkWQh ilan gS 52 dks pk;
dh la[;k ftuds ikl LdwVj o lkbfdy nksuksa gSa] gksxh& ilan gS vkSj izR;sd O;fDr dks nksuksa esa ls dksbZ ,d is;
RPSC II Grade 29-10-2018
ilan gSA crk, fd fdrus yksxksa dks dkWQh ilan gS ysfdu
In a school, out of 50 students, 25 have scooters and
pk; ugha& NVS (PGT) JUNE, 2019
In a group of 70 persons 37 likes coffee, 52 likes tea
35 cycles for coming to school . Then the number of
every person likes either coffee or tea, then number
students who have scooter and cycles both are of persons who likes coffee but not tea, is
(1) 15 (2) 18 (3) 10 (4) 12 (1) 16 (2) 18 (3) 13 (4) 17
34. ;fn A = {1, 4}, B = {2, 3}, C {3, 5} gks] rks 40. 25 Nk=ksa dh d{kk esa 12 us xf.kr fy;k gS] 8 us xf.kr vkSj
(A × B)  (A × C) dk eku gksxk& dEI;wVj foKku fy;k gSA mu Nk=ksa dh la[;k ftUgksaus
RPSC II Grade 2018 dEI;wVj foKku fy;k gS ysfdu xf.kr ugha&
If A = {1, 4}, B = {2, 3}, C {3, 5} then In a class of 25 students 12 opt Mathematics , 8 opt
(A × B)  (A × C) is equal to Mathematics and Computer Science both, then num-
(1) {(1, 3), (4, 3)} (2) {(1, 3), (2, 5)} ber of Mathematics who Computer Science but not
(3) {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 5)} (4) None of these Mathematics, is NVS (PGT) JUNE, 2019
35. fuEu esa ls dkSulk fjDr leqPp; gS& (1) 13 (2) 4 (3) 17 (4) 8
Which of the following is a null set 41. eku ysa U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4,
RPSC II Grade 2018 5},B = {1, 2, 7, 8}, C ={1, 2, 3, 5, 7} rFkk D = {2, 4, 6,
(1) {x : |x| < 1, x  N} 8}gSA rks (A  B) – (C  D) fdlds cjkcj gksxk&
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
(2) {x : |x| = 5, x  N}
B = {1, 2, 7, 8}, C ={1, 2, 3, 5, 7} and D = {2, 4, 6, 8}.
(3) {x : x2 + 2x + 1 = 0, x  R}
Then (A  B) – (C  D) equal: NVS PGT 2019
(4) {x : x2 = 1, x  Z}
(1) {1, 3, 5, 7} (2) {1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8}
(3) {1, 3, 5, 7, 8} (4) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8}
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 16
42. eku ysa U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {2, 4, 6, 8} rFkk 48. P, Q, R LosPN leqPp; gSa&
B = {3, 4, 5, 6}gSA rks A – B dk iwjd D;k gksxk& . dFku S1 : ;fn P  Q = P  R rc fu'p; gh Q = R
NVS PGT 2019 gksxkA
Let U = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), A = (2, 4, 6, 8) and Statement S1 : If P  Q = P  R, then it is neces-
B = {3, 4, 5, 6}. Then the complement of A – B is sary that Q = R and
(1) {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9} (2) {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
(3) {2, 8} (4) {3, 5} dFku S2 :;fn P  Q = P  R rc fuf'pr gh Q = R
43. ,d dkWyst esa i<+us okys xf.kr ds Nk=ksa dh la[;k Kkr gksxkA ( lefer vUrj dkjd gS)
dhft, tcfd mUgsa ÝSap] teZu ,oa jf'k;u Hkk"kkvksa esa ls rc fuEu esa ls dkSulk lgh gS&
de ls de ,d Hkk"kk dk p;u djuk vko';d gS] Statement S2 : If P  Q = P  R, then it is neces-
lEcfU/kr vk¡dM+s fuEu izdkj gSa% sary that Q = R. ( is symmetric difference opera-
tor),
ÝSap 65] teZu 45] jf'k;u 42] ÝSap ,oa teZu 20] ÝSap ,oa
then which of the following is correct?
jf'k;u 25] teZu ,oa jf'k;u 15 rFkk 8 fo|kFkhZ rhuksa
(1) dsoy dFku S1 lR; gSAOnly Statement S1 is true
Hkk"kk,¡ i<+rs gSa& M.Sc. Enterance 2019
(2) dsoy dFku S2 lR; gSA Only Statement S2 is true
Find the number of Mathematics students at a college
taking at least one of the languages French, German (3) nksuksa dFku S1 rFkk S2 lR; gSA
and Russian, given the following data: Both Statement S1 and S2 are true.
65 study French, 45 study Germn, 42 study Russian, (4) u rks dFku S1 u gh S2 lR; gSA
20 study French and German, 25 study French and Neither Statement S1 nor S2 is true.
Russian, 15 study German and Russian and 8 study 49. ;fn A, B vkSj C leqPp; gSa rFkk
all the three languages. If A, B and C are sets and RPSC I Grade 2020
(1) 90 (2) 100 (3) 92 (4) 220 R1 : (A – B) – C = (A – C) – (B – C)
44. ,d dkWyst dks QqVckWy esa 43] ckWLdsV ckWy esa 20 rFkk R2 : (A – B) – C = (A – C) – B
fØdssV esa 25 ind feysA ;fn ;s ind dqy 68 iq#"kksa dks R3 : (A – B) – C = A – (B  C)
fn;s x, rFkk dsoy vkB iq#"kksa us lHkh rhuksa [ksyksa esa ind rc dkSulk dFku lR; gS&
izkIr fd,] rks fdrus iq#"kksa us rhu esa ls nks [ksyksa esa ind
Then which statement is correct?
izkIr fd,&
(1) R1 rFkk R2 lgh gSa ijUrq R3 xyr gSA
A college awarded 43 medals in football, 20 in bas-
ketball and 25 in cricket. If these medals went to a R1 and R2 are ture, R3 false
total of 68 men and only eight men got medals in all (2) R1 rFkk R3 lgh gSa ijUrq R2 xyr gSA
the three sports, then how many received medals in R1 and R3 are ture, R2 false
exactly two of the three sports? NVS PGT 2019 (3) R2 rFkk R3 lgh gSa ijUrq R1 xyr gSA
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 6 (4) 9 R2 and R3 are ture, R1 false
45. ;fn a, b, c okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa] rks dkSulk leqPp; dk (4) lHkh R1 ]R2 rFkk R3 lgh gSaA
dqy gS& RPSC I Grade 2020 R1 and R2 are ture, R3 false
If a, b, c are real number, then which is the family of  1 
sets 50. ;fn A = ( x, y ) y  x , x  0, x  R  vkSj
 
(1) A1={{a},{b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, {c, a}, {a, b, c}} B = {(x, y) |y = –x, x  R}, rks
(2) A2={{a},{b}, {c}, {}}
(3) A3={{a},{b}, {c}, } College Lecturer Tech. Edu.18.03.2021
(4) lHkh leqPp; A1, A2 vkSj A3  1 
All the sets A1, A2 and A3 If A = ( x, y ) y  , x  0, x  R  and
 x 
46. ;fn leqPp; A rFkk leqPp; B esa 9 vo;o ,d leku gSa B = {(x, y) |y = –x, x  R} then
rks leqPp;ksa (A × B) rFkk (B × A) esa leku vo;oksa dh (1) A  B = A (2) A  B = B
la[;k gksxh& RPSC I Grade 2020 (3) A  B =  (4) A  B = {}
If set A and set B have 9 exactly same elements,
then number of common elements in the sets (A × B)
51. ;fn U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} A = {1, 2, 3, 4},
and (B × A) is B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, rc (A  B)' gS&
(1) 9 (2) 2 × 9 (3) 92 (4) 29 [DSSB F 10-07-2021]
47. lEcU/k A  A = A rFkk A  A = A fu:fir djrs gSa& (1) {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8} (2) {5, 7, 9}
The relations A  A = A and A  A = A represents
(3) {2, 4, 6, 8} (4) {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(1) oxZle fu;e Idempotent LawRPSC I Grade 2020
(2) rRled fu;e Identity Law
(3) ;kSfxdrk izR;korZu fu;e Involution Law
(4) Øefofues; fu;e Commutative Law
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 17
52. ;fn X vkSj Y nks vfjDr leqPp; gS] tSls n(X) = 17, 59. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk lgh gS&DSSSB (M) 31.07.21
n(Y) = 23 vkSj n(X  Y) = 38, rc n(X Y) gksxk& (1) A  =  (2) A  = 
[DSSB F 10-07-2021] (3) A A =  (4) A A = 
60. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk lR; ugha gS&
(1) 2 (2) 10 (3) 6 (4) 16
DSSSB (M) 31.07.21
53. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk Mh ekWxZu ds fu;e dk izfrfufèkRo (1) A  B = B A
djrk gS\ [DSSB F 10-07-2021] (2) A  A' = 
(1) (A'  B') = A  B' (2) (A  B') = A'  B' (3) A (B C) =(A B) C
(3) A  B = A'  B' (4) (A  B)' = A'  B' (4) A B = B A
61. If A, B, C are three sets, then the Set A – (B – C) is
54. ;fn rhu vfrfjDr leqPp; A, B, C dk laca/k A  B = equal to DSSSB (M) 31.07.21
A C vkSj A  B = A C ls gS rks& (1) A  (B – C) (2) (A – B)  (A  C)
[DSSB F 10-07-2021] (3) (A – B)  C (4) (A – B)  (B – C)
(1) A = B = C (2) A = C 62 A, B, C lkoZf =d leqPp; S, ds mileqPp; gS vkSj ;fn
(3) A = B (4) B = C A  B = A  C vkSj A'  C = A'  C gks] rks
55. ;fn ,d leqPp; A =  gS]rks P(A) esa fdrus vo;o gSa& DSSSB (M) 31.07.21
[DSSB F 10-07-2021] (1) A = B (2) B' = C (3) A' = B (4) B = C
63. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk lR; gS&DSSSB (M) 31.07.21
(1) 1 (2) dksbZ rRo ugha
(1) A × (B C) = (A × B)  (A × C)
(3) 2 (4) 3
(2) A × (B – C) = (A × C) – (A – B)
56. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk lR; gS& (3) (A – B) × C = (A × C) – (B × C)
[DSSB F 10-07-2021] (4) A × (B C) = (A × B)  (A × C)
(1) (A – B) = (A × C) – (B × C) 64. fdUgha nks leqPp; A vkSj B ds fy, A –(A – B) cjkcj gS&
(2) A ×(B  C) = (A × B)  (A × C)
For any two sets A and B, A –(A – B) equals
(3) A × (B – C) = (A × C) – (A × B)
[UP TGT 08.08.21]
(4) A × (B  C) = (A × B)  (A × C)
(1) A – B (2) B (3) A  B (4)A B
57. [A (B C)] [A' (B' C')]............ ds cjkcj
65. ;fn A rFkk B nks leqPp; bl izdkj gSa fd n(A) = 4,
gS& [DSSB F 10-07-2021] n(B) = 3 rks n(A B) dk egÙke eku gS [UP PGT
(1) A (B' C') (2) le"Vh; leqPp; 18.08.21]
(3) A'(B C) (4) fjDr leqPp; If A and B are two sets such that n(A) = 4, n(B) = 3
58. A  B = B, lkoZf=d leqPp; S ds lHkh leqPp;ksa B ds then the maximum value of n(A B) is
fy, /kkj.k djrk gS] rks& DSSSB (M) 31.07.21 (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 4 (4) 3
(1) A = S (2) A =  (3) A = B (4) A' = B

Answer Key (Sets)

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans 2 4 2 4 1 3 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3
Qus. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans 2 2 2 1 3 1 4 4 3 4 2 1 4 3 2
Qus. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 4
Qus. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans 3 1 2 4 3 2 1 4 4 1 1 4 1 2 3
Qus. 61 62 63 64 65
Ans 2 4 3 4 4

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 18
lac a/ k (Relation)
iwoZ ijh{kkvksa esa iqNs x;s iz'u (Previous year Examination Questions)
01. okLrfod la[;kvksa x ,oa y ds fy;s ge fy[krs gSa] 05. eku ysa R ,d lEcU/k gS iw.kkZadksa ds leqPp; esa ftls aRb
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS\ dsoy rHkh tc a vkSj b
xRy  x – y + 3 ,d vifjes; la[;k gS] rks lEcU/k R
nksuksa feydj u le gSa vkSj u gh fo"keA rks laca/k R gS&
gS& H-TET 2008 SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
For real numbers x and y we write, Let R be a relation in the set of integrs, defined by
xRy  x – y + 3 is an irrational number. then the aRb if and only if a and b both together are neither
relation R is even nor odd. Then the relation R is
(1) rqY;rk lEcU/k an equivalence relation
(1) LorqY; Reflexive
(2) LorqY; vkSj lefer reflexive and symmetric
(2) lefefr Symmetric
(3) lefer vkSj laØked symmetric and transitive
(3) laØked Transitive
(4) lefer fdUrq u LorqY; vkSj u gh laØked
(4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha None of these
symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive
02. okLrfod la[;kvksa x rFkk y gsrq ge ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa fd
06. A ij nks rqY;rk lEcU/kksa dk lfEeyu gksrk gS&
xRy dsoy vkSj dsoy rc x  y  5 ,d vifjes; la[;k The union of two equivalence relation on A is
gS& S. TET 2009 SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
For real number x and y we define xRy iff (1) lnk rqY;rk lEcU/k
x  y  5 is an irrational number, The relation R is always an equivalence relation
(1) LorqY; Reflexive (2) lnk LorqY; vkSj lefer fdUrq laØked gksuk t:jh
(2) lefefr Symmetric ugha
always reflexive and symmetric but need not be tran-
(3) laØked Transitive
sitive
(4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha None of these
(3) lnk LorqY; vkSj laØked fdUrq lefer gksuk t:jh
03. leqPp; A = {a, b, c} ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k ugha
R = {(b, c)} gS& RAS (Mains) 2009 always reflexive and transitive but need not be sym-
A relation R = {(b, c)} defined on the set metric
(4) lnk lefer vkSj laØked fdUrq LorqY; gksuk t:jh
A = {a, b, c} is :
ugha
(1) dsoy LorqY; only reflexive always symmetric and transitive but need not be re-
(2) dsoy lefer only symmetric flexive
07. ;fn R = {(x, y)} | x  N, y  N, (x – y) 5 ls HkkT; gS]
(3) dsoy laØked only transitive
rks R gS& SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
(4) u LorqY;, u lefer, u laØked If R = {(x, y)} | x  N, y  N, (x – y) is divisible by
neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive 5}, then R is
04. eku ysa A = {1, 2, 3, 4} ls B = {1, 3, 5} esa R ,d lEcUèk (1) dsoy lefer vkSj LorqY;
'<' gS] vFkkZr~ (a, b)  R dsoy rHkh tc a < b. rks symmetry and reflexive only
R gS& SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010 (2) dsoy LorqY; vkSj izfrlefer
Let R be a relation '<' from A = {1, 2, 3, 4} to reflexive and antisymmetry only
B = {1, 3, 5} i.e. (a, b)  R if an only if a < b. Then (3) rqY;rk laca/k equivalence relation
R is (4) dsoy lefer vkSj laØked
(1) {(1, 3) (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)} symmetric and transitive only
(2) {(3, 1) (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4)} 08. R  {(x , x  5) : x  {0,1,2,3,4,5}} }kjk ifjHkkf"kr
(3) {(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5)}
lEcU/k R dk ifjlj gS& (RPSC II Grade 2010)
(4) {(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 4) (5, 5)}
Range of the relation defined by
R  {(x , x  5) : x  {0,1,2,3,4,5}} , is
(1) {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} (2) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(3) {0} (4) {1}

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 19
09. ;fn A rFkk B Øe'k% m ,oa n dksfV ds ifjfer leqPp; 15. eku ysa R = {(x, y) |x + 2y = 8} N, ij laca/k gS] rks R dk
gks rks A  B ds vfjDr mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k gksxh%& izkUr gS% H.TET 2013
Let n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then the total number of Let R = {(x, y) |x + 2y = 8} be a relation on N, then
non-empty relations that can be defined from A to B domain of R is
is (1) {1, 2, 3} (2) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
II GRADE RPSC DEC. 2011, PGT 2014, (3) {2, 4, 6} (4) {1, 3, 5}
POLYTIC 2016 16. ekuk izkd`r la[;kvksa ds leqPp; N ij ,d lEcU/k R bl
(1) 2mn m
(2) n – 1 izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd
(3) mn (4) 2mn – 1 R = {(x, y)|x, y  N, 2x + y = 11} rks R gS
10. ;fn izkd`r la[;kvksa ds leqPp; N ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcUèk M.Sc. Entrence 2013
R bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS] xRy ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn Let R be a relation on the set of natural numbers
defined byR = {(x, y)|x, y  N, 2x + y = 11} then R
x  y, x, y  N , rks R gS%&M.Sc. Entrence 2012
is
If R is a relation on the set of natural numbers N
(1) LOkrqY; Reflexive
defined by xRy if x < y, then R is
(2) laØked Transitive
(1) LorqY; Reflexive (2) lefer Symmetric
(3) lefer Symmmetric
(3) laØked Transitive (4) rqY;rk Equivalence
(4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha None of these
11. izkd`r la[;kvksa ds leqPp; N ij aRb  a2 – 4ab + 17. okL r f od la [ ;kv k s a 'x' r Fk k 'y' d s f y, ;f n
3b2 = 0, a, b  N ls ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k R gS&
On the set of natural numbers N the relation R de- x R y  x  y  2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gS] rks lEcU/k R
fined as aRb  a2 – 4ab + 3b2 = 0, a, b  N is gS%& I Grade July 2014
(1) rqY;rk lEcU/k an equivalence relation For a real number 'x' and 'y' if xRy  x – y + 2 is
(2) LorqY; reflexive an irrational number, then the relation R is:
(3) lefer symmetric (1) dsoy LorqY; Only reflexive
(4) laØked transitive [RPSC (ACF) 2012] (2) dsoy lefer Only symmetric
(3) dsoy laØked Only transitive
12. leq P p; A  1, 2, 3 ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k
(4) rqY;rk equivalence
R  {(1,1),(2, 2),(3,3)} gS%& I Grade RPSC 2012 18. ;fn A = {1, 2, 3} gks] rks A ls A esa ifjHkkf"kr fofHkUu
The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} defined on set lEcU/kksa dh la[;k gS& (H.TET 2015)
A = {1, 2, 3} is
If A = {1, 2, 3}then total number of distinct relations
(1) LorqY; vkSj lefer ijUrq laØked ugha
defined from A to A is
Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
(1) 23 (2) 26 (3) 1024 (4) 29
(2) LorqY; vkSj laØked ijUrq lefer ugha
19. ekuk R = {(2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)} leqPp; A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
(3) ,d rqY;rk lEcU/k
ij ,d lEcU/k gS] rks R gS&
An equivalence relation Let R = R = {(2, 1), (2, 3). (3, 2)} be a relation on a
(4) dsoy LorqY; Only reflexive set A {1, 2, 3, 4), then R is M.Sc. Entrence 2015
13. ekuk R  {( x, y): x  2 y  8} izkd`r la[;kvksa ds leqPp; (1) lefer symmetric
N ij ifjHkkf"kr ,d lEcU/k gSa rks R dk izkUr gS%& (2) izfrlefer antisymmetric
Let R be relationon the set N of natural numbers de- (3) u lefer u izfrlefer
fined by R  {( x, y ): x  2 y  8} . Then domain of R neither symmetric nor antisymmetric
is (RPSC I Grade 2012) (4) lefer vkSj izfrlefer nksuksa
(1) {2, 4, 8} (2) {2, 4, 6, 8} symmetric and antisymmetric both
(3) {2, 4, 6} (4) {1, 2, 3, 4} 20. ;fn A, 10 ls NksVh izkd`r la[;kvksa dk leqPPk; gS vkSj B, 9
14. leqPp;ksa ds ifjokj esa ^mileqPp;* dk lEcU/k gS\ ls NksVh vHkkT; la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gS] rc A ls B ij
In a family of sets, the relationof subset is: ifjHkkf"kr vfrfjDr lEcU/kksa dh la[;k gS&
H.TET 2013 (RPSC I Grade July, 2016)
(1) lefer Symmetric If A is the set of natural numbers less than 10 and B
(2) izfrlefer Antisymmetric is the set of prime numbers less than 9, then the num-
ber of relations defined from A to B is
(3) rqY;rk Equivalence
(1) 216 (2) 28 (3)  – 1 (4) 29 – 1
(4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha None of thesse
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 20
21. iw.kkZadksa ds leqPp; esa ,d lEcU/k R ifjHkkf"kr gS tgk¡ aRb 26. ekuk leqPp; {1, 2, 3, 4} ls lEcU/k R bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr
;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn a2 vkSj b2 ijLij vHkkT; ugha gSA rks gS fd R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (4, 4), (1, 3), (3, 3),
lEcU/k R fdl xq.k/keZ dks lUrq"V ugha djrk gS \ (3, 2)}, rc& H-TET 2019
(RPSC I Grade July, 2016) Let R is a relation defined in set {1, 2, 3, 4} such that
A relation R is defined on set of integers where aRb
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (4, 4), (1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2)},
if and only if a2 and b2 are not prime to each other,
then
then relatiion R does not satisfy the property
(1) LorqY;rk Reflexivity (1) R LorqY; rFkk lefer gSA
R is reflexive and symmetric
(2) leferrk Symmetricity
(2) R LorqY; rFkk laØked gSA
(3) laØkedrk Transitivity
R is relfexive and transitive
(4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha None of these
(3) R lefer rFkk laØked gSA
22. ;fn A = {a, b, c} ,oa lEcU/k R1, R2 : A  A tgk¡ R1 =
R is symmetric and transitive
{(a, b) (b, c), (c, a) (a, a) (b, b), (c, c)} rFkk (4) R lefer gSA R is symmetric
R2 = {(a, b), (b, c), (c, a), (a, a)} 27. dksbZ nks okLrfod la[;kvksa 'a' vkSj 'b' ds fy,] ge
rc& (RPSC II Grade 30-06-2017)
a R b ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn sin2a + cos2 b = 1 ls ifjHkkf"kr
If A = {a, b, c} and relations R1, R2 : A  A are
djsa] rks lEcU/k R gS& RPSC I Grade 2020
R1 = {(a, b) (b, c), (c, a) (a, a) (b, b), (c, c)} and
For any two real numbers 'a' and 'b', we define a R
R2 = {(a, b), (b, c), (c, a), (a, a)}then
(1) R1 laØked lEcU/k gS ijUrq R2 ugha gS b iff sin2a + cos2 b = 1, the relation R is
R1 is transitive but R2 is not (1) LorqY; ij lefer ugha
(2) R1rqY;rk lEcU/k gS ijUrq R2 ugha gSA Reflexive but not symmetric
R1 is equivalence relatio but R2 is not (2) lefer ij laØked ugha
(3) R1,oa R2 nksuksa rqY;rk lEcU/k gSaA Symmetric but not transitive
R1 and R2 both are equivalence
(3) laØked ij LorqY; ugha
(4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha None of these
Transitive but not reflexive
23. eku yhft, fd fdlh leqPp; A ij R ,d lEcU/k gS rFkk
eku yhft, fd IA, A ij rRled lEcU/k dks n'kkZrk gSA (4) ,d lerqY; lEcU/k
rc R izfrlefer gS] ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn An Equivalence relation RPSC I Grade 2020
U.P. II Grade 29 July, 2018 28. okLrfod la[;kvksa ds leqPp; esa ,d lEcU/k 'R' bl
Let R be a relation on a set A and let IA denote the izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS] fd
identity relation on A. Then R is antisymmetric, if an aRb  |a – b|  1, rks R gS
only if.
College Lecturer Tech. Edu. 18.03.2021
(1) R = R–1 (2) R  R–1 IA
If R be the relation defined on the set of all real num-
(3) R  R–1 IA (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
bers given by aRb  |a – b|  1, then R is
24. fdUgha okLrfod la[;kvksa x rFkk y ds fy, ge fy[krs gSa
(1) LorqY; lEcU/k Reflexive relation
x R y  x2 – y2 + 3 ,d vifjes; la[;k gS& (2) laØked lEcU/k Transitive relation
For any real numbers x and y, we write (3) izfr&lefer lEcU/k Anti-symmetric relation
x R y  x2 – y2 + 3 an irrational number (4) rqY;rk lEcU/k Equivalence relation
RPSC II Grade 2018 29. R = {(a, b) : a b2} }kjk ifjHkkf"kr laca/k R ,d ......
(1) LorqY; Reflexive (2) lefer Symmetric gS& [DSSB F 10-07-2021]
(3) laØked Transitive (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha None (1) lefer (2) rqY; laca/k ugha
25. ;fn A rFkk B, n(A) = p rFkk n(B) = q lfgr dksbZ nks (3) laØked (4) LorqY;
vfjDr leqPp; gSa] rks leqPp; A ls leqPp; B rd 30. ,d laca/k p leqPp; N ij blizdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS apb
lEcU/kksa dh dqy la[;k gS& NVS PGT 2019 ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn a, b ls foHkkT; gks] rks lHkh
If A and B are any two non-empty sets with n(A) = p a, b  N ds fy, rks p gS& DSSSB (M) 31.07.21
and n(B) = q, then the total number of relations from
(1) rqY;rk laca/k (2) LorqY; vkSj laØked
a set A to set B is
(3) lefer vkSj laØked (4) LorqY; vkSj lefer
(1) pq (2) 2pq (3) pq (4) p +q

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 21
32. ;fn X = {1, 2, 3, 4} rks X ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (3, 2), (2, 3), (2, 1),
(1, 2)} gS [UP PGT 18.08.21]
If X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then the relation
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (3, 2), (2, 3), (2, 1),
(1, 2)} defined on X is
(1) LorqY;] lefer rFkk laØked
reflexive, symmetric and transitive
(2) LorqY;] lefer ijUrq laØked ugha
relexive, symmetric but not transitive
(3) lefer] laØked ijUrq LorqY; ugha
symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
(4) LorqY;]laØked ijUrq lefer ugha
reflexive, transitive but not symmetric

Answer Key (Relation)

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 1 4 3 2 3 3 2 3
Qus. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans 4 1 4 3 3 3 4 3 1 2 2 4 1 2 2
Qus. 31
Ans 2

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 22
Qyu (Function)

ge Qyu dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ls igys dqN egRoiw.kZ in vkSj ifjHkk"kk;sa ns jgs gSa ftlls fd Qyu dk v/;;u ljy vkSj lqxe
gks ldsA
jkf'k (quantity)
dksbZ oLrq tks fd ekih tk lds ,d jkf'k dgykrh gSA tSls&le;] nwjh] {ks=Qy] vk;ru vkfnA jkf'k dks ge fuEu lkj.kh ds vuqlkj
vU; inksa esa foHkkftr djsaxs%&

jkf'k (Quantity)

vpj (Constant) pj (Variable)

fujis{k LoSfPNd Lora= vkfJr

(Absolute) (Arbitrary) (Independent) (Dependent)

(i) vpj (Constant)- ,d ,slh jkf'k tks fd dqN xf.krh; lafØ;kvksa ds leqPp; (set of mathematical operations) esa lnSo
fuf'pr jgs vpj dgykrh gSA
(a) fujis{k vpj (Absolute Constant)- ,d jkf'k ftldk izR;sd xf.krh; lafØ;k ds nkSjku eku leku jgs fujis{k vpj
dgykrh gSA tSls%& 2, , e, 7.33, 9.81 vkfnA
(b) LosPN vpj (Arbitrary Constant)- ,d jkf'k tks lafØ;k (Operation) fo'ks"k ds nkSjku fuf'pr jgs] ysfdu nwljh lafØ;k
ds fy;s mldk eku fHkUu gks LoSPN vpj dgykrh gSA tSls&o`Ùk x 2  y 2  a 2 dh lehdj.k esa vpj a ,d o`Ùk ds fy;s leku jgsxk]
tcfd nwljs o`Ùk ds fy;s a dk eku fHkUu jgsxkA
(ii) pj (Variable)- ,d jkf'k tks fd fdlh xf.krh; lafØ;k ds nkSjku dqN la[;kvksa ds leqPp; esa ls dksbZ Hkh eku xzg.k dj lds
pj jkf'k dgykrh gSA
(a) Lora= ,oa vkfJr pj (Independent and dependent Variable)- ,d pj jkf'k tks fdlh Hkh pqus LoSfPNd eku dks xzg.k
dj lds Lora= pj jkf'k dgykrh gSA tSls& y  x 2 esa x ds cnyus ij y dk eku cnysxk] vr% ;gk¡ y vkfJr pj gSA
vUrjky (Intervals)-
fdUgh nks okLrfod la[;kvksa ds e/; dh la[;kvksa ds leqPp; dks vUrjky dgrs gSaA os nks okLrfod la[;kvksa ds e/; dh la[;kvksa
ds leqlPp; dks vUrjky dgrs gSaA os nks la[;k;sa vUrjky dh lhek;sa dgykrh gSaA NksVh la[;k fuEu lhek (Lower limit) rFkk cM+h
la[;k (upper limit) dgykrh gSA
;fn a o b nks la[;k;sa gSa rFkk a muesa NksVh gS rc mu okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; tks fd a o b ds e/; jgrh gS vFkkZr~
{x, a  b} foo`r ;k [kqyk vUrjky (open interval) dgykrk gSA bl vUrjky dks ge (a, b) ;k ]a, b[ ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
og vUrjky ftlesa a o b ds e/; dh la[;kvksa ds lkFk&lkFk a vkSj b Lo;a Hkh lfEefyr gks lao`r ;k can vUrjky (closed interval)
dgykrk gSA bls ge [a, b] ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA vr%
(i) foo`r vUrjky (open interval)
(a, b) ;k ]a, b[ = {x; x  R a < x < b}
(ii) lao`r vUrjky (closed interval)
[a,b] {a; x R  x  b}
(iii) v/kZ foo`r ;k v/kZ lao`r vUrjky (Semii open or semi closed interval)
[a, b[ ;k [a, b) = {x ; a  x  b} ]a, b] ;k (a, b] = {x ; a  x  b}
lHkh varjkyksa vFkkZr~ (a, b), [a, b], [a, b), (a, b] dh yEckbZ b  a ds cjkcj gSA

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 23
fVIi.kh (Note) okLrfod la[;k a ls cM+h lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa dks vUrjky (a, ) ls rFkk a ls NksVh lHkh la[;kvksa dks
vUrjky (, a ) ls rFkk lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa ds leqPp; dks (, ) ls iznf'kZr djrs gSa bl izdkj
(a, ) {x, x R, x  a} ] ( , a) {x, x  R, x  a} ] R   (0,  ), R   ( , 0), R  (, ), R0  (, 0)  (0,  )
;gk¡  o  Øe'k% cgqr cM+h ,oa cgqr NksVh jkf'k;ksa dks O;Dr djus ek= ds fpUg gSa u fd la[;k;saA blh dkj.k   dks dHkh
lao`r (closed) varjky dh lhekvksa ds :i essa ugha fy[krsA

Qyu (Function)
(i) ifjHkk"kk (Definition) ekuk x vkSj y nks pj gSa rFkk x ds izR;sd eku] ,d fuf'pr varjky esa] ds fy;s y dk Bhd ,d
eku fo|eku gks rc y, x dk Qyu dgykrk gSA bls ge ladsr
y  f ( x) ;k y  g ( x ) ;k y   ( x)
ls O;Dr djrs gSaA ;gk¡ x-Lora= pj (Independent variable), y-vkfJr pj (dependent variable) dgykrk gSA f mu lafØ;kvksa dks
crkrk gS tks fd x ls y dks izkIr djus ds fy, x ij yxkbZ tkrh gSA
izkar o ifjlj (Domain and Range) Qyu y  f ( x) ds fy;s x ds lHkh laHko ekuksa dk leqPp;] ftuds fy;s y dk eku fu;e
f }kjk fudkyk tkuk laHko gks] Qyu f dk izkar vkSj y ds lHkh laHko ekuksa dk leqPp; Qyu f dk ifjlj dgykrk gSA

fVIi.kh (Note) ;gk¡ Qyu 'kCn ls vFkZ okLrfod Qyu ls gksxk] tc rd fd vU;Fkk dqN u dgk tk;sA blfy;s fdlh Hkh Qyu
dk izkar o ifjlj nksuksa] okLrfod la[;kvksa ds leqPp; esa ls gh pqus tk;saxsA
mnkgj.k Qyu y  x 2 dk izkar o ifjlj Kkr djksA
Sol. pw¡fd izR;sd okLrfod la[;k dk oxZ fo|eku gksrk gS vr% fn;s Qyu dk izkar = R
iqu% pw¡fd x 2  0,  x  R
blfy;s Qyu f dk ifjlj   x ; x  0   [0, )
mnkgj.k Qyu y  1  x dk izkar o ifjlj Kkr djksA
Sol. 1  x okLrfod gksxk tcfd (1  x)  0  1 x
 Qyu dk izkar   x; x 1  ( ,1] pw¡fd ge 1  x dk /kukRed eku gh ysaxs vr% fn;s Qyu dk ifjlj  [0, )

(ii) ifjHkk"kk (Definition)

;fn A vkSj B nks leqPp; gSa rc ,d fu;e f, A ls B esa Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn f }kjk A dk izR;sd vo;o B ds Bhd ,d vFkkZr~
vf}rh; (exact one i.e. unique) vo;o ls tq M + k gks A ge bl Qyu ds la d s r f : A  B }kjk O;Dr djrs
A B

f: a p A1 A2
a b a l
b q
f1 : q f2 : b
gSaA c r b
r
c m
d s c s

Åij fn;s izfrfp=.kksa (mappings) esa fu;e f ,d Qyu dks iznf'kZr dj jgk gSA D;ksafd blesa A ds lHkh vo;o B ds fdlh u fdlh
vf}rh; vo;o ls tqM+k gSA tcfd f1 o f 2 Qyu ugha gS D;ksafd f1 esa vo;o b, nks vo;oksa ls tqM+k gS vkSj f 2 esa b fdlh ls
ugha tqM+k gSA fu;e f esa c vkSj d leku vo;o ls tqM+s gSa ftlls Qyu dh nh ifjHkk"kk ds fu;e dk mYya?ku ugha gqvkA D;ksafd
ifjHkk"kk esa ;g ugha ns j[kk gS fd A dk izR;sd vo;o B ds vyx&vyx vo;oksa ls tqM+k gksxkA

fVIi.kh(Note) ge Qyu ds fy;s 'kCn izfrfp=.k (mapping) Hkh fy[krs gSaA ;gk¡ izfrfp=.k leqPp; A ds vo;oksa dk leqPp;
B ds vo;oksa ls lEcU/k ds T;kferh; Hkko ;k n`f"Vdks.k (geometrical aspect) dks crkrk gS tcfd Qyu muds e/; oS'ysf"kd Hkko
;k n`f"Vdks.k (analytical aspect) dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 24
vo;oksa ds izfrfcEc o iwo Z izf rfcEc (Images and pre-images of elements)

Qyu f easa vo;o p  B, vo;o a  A dk f- izfrccEc dgykrk gS bls ge ladsr f (a)  p }kjk O;Dr djrs gSaA blh izdkj
f (b)  q, f (c )  s, f ( d )  s vkSj vo;o a  A, vo;o p  B dk iwoZ izfrfcEc ;k izfrykse vo;o (pre-image or inverse
element) dgykrk gS bls ge ladsr f 1 ( p )  a }kjk O;Dr djrs gSaA blh izdkj

f 1 ( q )  b, f 1 ( r )  , f 1 ( s ) {c, d } ;gk¡ , fjDr leqPp; dks O;Dr djrk gSA

izk ar] lgizkar ifjlj (Domain, codomain and Range)

Qyu f : A  B ds fy;s leqPp; A, Qyu f dk izkar] leqPp; B Qyu f dk lgizkar vkSj A ds vo;oksa dsa f- izfrfcEcksa dk leqPp;
Qyu f dk ifjlj dgykrk gSA bl izdkj

ifjlj
(Range)

izkar lgizkar
(Domain) (Codomain)

Åij fn;s Qyu f ds fy;s izkar  {a, b, c, d }  A ] lgizakr  { p, q, r , s}  B vkSj ifjlj  { p, q, s}

fVIi.kh (Note)
(i) Åij fn;s fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd fdlh Qyu esa izkar ds izR;sd vo;o dk vf}rh; izfrfcEc fo|eku gksrk gS tcfd lgizkar
ds izR;sd vo;o dk iwoZ&izfrfcEc fo|eku gksuk vko';d ugha gS vkSj ;fn iwoZ&izfrfcEc fo|eku gks rks ;g ,d ;k vf/kd Hkh
gks ldrs gSaA
(ii) ;fn A vkSj B nks leqPp; gks vkSj buesa vleku vo;oksa dh la[;k Øe'k% m o n gks rks A ls B esa ifjHkkf"kr Qyuksa dh la[;k
nm ;fn A esa n vo;o gksa rc A ls A esa ifjHkkf"kr Qyuksa dh la[;k nn gksxhA

:ikUrj.k vkSj Øep; (Transformation and Permutations):

;fn fdlh Qyu f dk izkar o lgizkar nksuksa leku gksa vFkkZr~ f : A  A gks rc Qyu f leqPp; A ij ,d :ikarj.k (transformations)
dgykrk gSA
;fn leqPp; A ifjfer gks vkSj Qyu f : A  A ds fy;s izkar ¾ ifjlj gks rc :ikarj.k f, leqPp; A dk ,d Øep;
(Permutation) dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k Qyu f : N  N tgk¡ f ( x)  2 x  1, izkd`frd laa[;kvksa ds leqPp; N ij ,d :ikarj.k gSA
mnkgj.k ;fn A  {1,2,3} gks rc f : A  A, f ( x)  x leqPp; A ij ,d Øep; gSA

ifjHkk"kk (Definition)
Qyu ,d ,slk lEcU/k gS ftlds fdUgha Hkh nks fHkUu Øfer ;qXeksa dk igyk vo;o leku ugha gksA
tSls f  {(a, b),(b, c),(c, d ),(d , a)} vkSj f1  {(1, 2), (2,3), (3, 4),(4,5)} Qyu gaSA

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 25
Qyu fu:i.k ds rjhds (Ways of representing a function)
(i) funsZf'kr js[kkvksa ds fp= }kjk (By an arrow diagram)

A B

f: 0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4

;gk¡ Qyu f leqPp; A  {0,1,2,3} ls leqPp; B  {1, 2,3, 4} esa ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk A ds vo;oksa ds f- izfrfcEc fn;s fp= es funsZf'kr
js[kkvksa }kjk crk;s x;s gSaA Li"Vr;k f (0)  1, f (1)  2, f (2)  3 vkSj f (3)  4
(ii) lkj.kh }kjk (By a table): Åij fn;s Qyu dks ge fuEulkj.kh }kjk Hkh iznf'kZr dj ldrs gSaA

x 0 1 2 3
f ( x) 1 2 3 4
lkj.kh ls Li"V gS fd izFke iafDr esa Qyu ds izkar ds vo;o rFkk nwljh iafDr esa muds uhps laxr izfrfcEc j[ks tkrs gSaA

(iii) lw= lehdj.k }kjk (By a formula equation):- bl fu:i.k esa Qyu ds Lora= o vkfJr pj dks ,d lw= }kjk iznf'kZr
djrs gSaA bl lw= esa Lora= pj dks eku nsdj mlds laxr vkfJr pj dk eku vFkkZr~ Qyu dk eku izkIr djrs gSaA
Åij fn;s Qyu f dks ge lw= y  x  1 }kjk iznf'kZr dj ldrs gSaA Li"Vr;k bl lw= esa x cjkcj 0, 1, 2, 3 j[kus ij gesa y ds eku
Øe'k% 1, 2, 3 o 4 izkIr gksaxsA
(iv) leqPp; ds izf rdkRed fu:i.k }kjk (By set builder notation)-
tc Qyu dks Øfer ;qXeksa ds leqPp; ds :i esa fy[kk tk;s vkSj Øfer ;qXeksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/kd gks rcge Qyu dks izrhdkRed
fu:i.k }kjk O;Dr djrs gSaA Åij fn;s Qyu dks Øfer ;qXeksa ds leqPp; ds :i esa fy[ksa rks
f  {(0,1),(1,2),(2,3), (3, 4)} vkSj izrhdkRed :i esa
f  {( x, x  1); x  A) tgk¡ A  {0, 1, 2, 3}

(v) xzkQh; fu:i.k (Graphical Representation):- ekuk fn;k Qyu y  f ( x) gSA vkSj x ds fdlh eku x 1 ds laxr y dk
eku y1 gSA vc OX o OY dks ledksf.kd v{k ysdj ry XOY esa fcUnq ( x1 , y1 ) vafdr (plot) djrs gSa blh izdkj x ds lHkh laHko
ekuksa ds laxr] ry esa fcUnq vafdr dj mu lHkh dks eqDr gkFk (free hand) ls ,d fpdus oØ (smooth curve) ds :i essa feyk nsrs
gSa izkIr oØ Qyu y  f ( x) dk xzkQ gksxk rFkk ;g fu:i.k xzkQh; fu:i.k dgykrk gSA

Qyu dk eku (Value of Function)

Qyu f ( x) dk x  a ij eku f (a) gksrk gSA bls izkIr djus ds fy;s ge f ( x) ds fn;s O;atd esa x ds LFkku ij lhèks gh x =
a izfrLFkkfir djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ;fn f ( x )  x 2  x  1 gks rc f (0)  02  0  1  1, f (3)  22  2  1  3

x2  1 0 1 32  1
mnkgj.k ;fn f ( x)  gks rc f (0)   1, f (3)  5
x 1 0 1 3 1

12  1 2
vkSj f (1)  
1 1 0
tks fd fo|eku ugha gSA fdlh Hkh la[;k dks 0 ls Hkkx ekU; ugha gksrkA tc fdlh v'kwU; jkf'k dks 'kwU;] ,d cgqr NksVh jkf'k] ls
Hkkx nsrs gSa rks , ,d cgqr cM+h jkf'k] izkIr gksrh gS ftldk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gS vr% Qyu dk eku Kkr djrs le; tc Hkh fdlh
O;atd ds va'k esa ,d fuf'pr v'kwU; jkf'k o gj esa 'kwU; gksxk rc ge dgsaxs fd ;g fo|eku ugha gSA

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 26
3 x  1, 0  x  1 1 1 5
mnkgj.k Qyu  5  x, 1  x  4 gks rc] f    3.  1  , f (3)  5  3  2
  2 2 2
vkSj f (0), f ( 1), f (5) lHkh vifjHkkf"kr (underline) gksaxsA ;gk¡ Qyu f varjky (0, 4) esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS blfy;s ge
flQZ mUgha x ds fy;s Qyu dk eku Kkr dj ldrs gSa tks fn;s varjky (0, 4) esa gksa] vU; lHkh x ds fy;s Qyu f(x) dk eku ugha
Kkr dj ldrsA
x2  1 16  1 0 1
mnkgj.k f ( x)  gks rc f (4)   5, f (0)  1
x 1 4 1 0 1
 1 0 0
vkSj f (1)   A ;gk¡ jkf'k vfu/kkZ;Z (indeterminate) gSA bldk eku dqN Hkh gks ldrk gSa tSls
1 1 0 0
0 0
50  0  5  ,  11.0  0  11 
0 0
0
bu mnkgj.kksa ls Li"V gS fd :i dh jkf'k;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k laHko ugha gS vFkkZr~ ;s vfu/kkZ;Z gSA vU; vfu/kkZ;Z :i fuEu gSa%&
0

,0  ,   , 1 , 0 ,00

Qyu ds eku dk T;kferh; vFkZ (Geometric meaning of value of function)
tc Qyu y  f ( x) dk xzkQ fn;k gks rc x  a ij tks dksfV dh yEckbZ gksxh ogh Qyu ds eku dks O;Dr djsxhA
y

M x
O x=a

fn;s fp= esa x  a ij Qyu dk eku f (a )  PM A blfy;s P ds funsZ'kkad (a, f ( a) gksaxsA

Qyu dk ijh{k.k (Testing for a function)
bl fu;e ;k lEcU/k f : A  B ,d Qyu gS ;k ugha bldh tkap fuEu izdkj dj ldrs gSaA

(i) igys ge ;g irk djsaxs fd leqPp; A vFkkZr~ izkar iwjh rjg iz;ksx gqvk gS ;k ugha vFkkZr~ A ds lHkh vo;oksa ds izfrfcEc fo|eku
gS ;k ughaA ;fn A dk dksbZ ,d Hkh vo;o ,slk fo|eku u gks rc ge ;g tkap djsaxs fd izkar ds fdlh vo;o ds ,d ls vf/kd
izfrfcEc rks ugha gsa ;fn lHkh vo;oksa ds vf}rh; (unique) izfrfcEc gS rc rks fu;e f : A  B esa Qyu gksxk vkSj ;fn fdlh
,d Hkh vo;o ds ,d ls vf/kd izfrfcEc gq;s rks ;g fu;e f Qyu ugha gksxkA

(ii) ;fn Qyu Øfer ;qXeksa ds leqPp; ds :i esa fn;k gks rc lHkh Øfer ;qXeksa ds igys vo;o vleku gksus pkfg;sA
;fn fdUgha Hkh nks ;k vf/kd Øfer ;qXeksa ds igys vo;o leku gksas rks ml vo;o ds ,d ls vf/kd izfrfcEc gksaxs Qyr% fn;k lEcUèk
Qyu ugha gksxkA

(iii) m/oZ js[kk ijh{k.k (Vertical line test) tc gesa fdlh lEcU/k dk xzkQ fn;k gks rc ge bl ijh{k.k ls mlds Qyu gksus
;k u gksus dh tkap dj ldrs gaSA ;fn ,d ,slh m/okZ/kj js[kk [khapuk laHko gks tks fd fn;s oØ dks ,d ls vf/kd fcUnqvksa ij dkVs
rks fn;k lEcU/k] Qyu ugha gksxk vkSj tc ,slh m/okZ/kj js[kk [khapuk laHko u gks vFkkZr~ y-v{k ds lekUrj lHkh js[kk;sa oØ dks
,d gh fcUnq ij dkV ldasa ;k u dkVsa rc fn;k lEcU/k ,d Qyu gksxkA

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 27

y y

x
O

x
O

y y

x x
O O

tc ,d m/ok/kZj js[kk] ekuk x  a oØ dks ,d ls vf/kd fcUnqvksa ij dkVrh gS rc x  a ds laxr ml lEcU/k ls vkfJr pj ds
,d ls vf/kd eku izkIr gksaxs Qyr% ;g lEcU/k Qyu ugha gksxkA

,d ls vf/kd Lora= pj okys Qyu (Function of more than one variable)

tc ,d pj z nks ;k vf/kd pjksa x, y, t, .... ij vkfJr gksrk gS rks z, pjksa x, y.... dk Qyu dgykrk gSA bls ge ladsr z  f ( x, y,....)
}kjk O;Dr djrs gSaA tSls
(i) x yEckbZ vkSj y pkSM+kbZ okys vk;r dk {ks=Qy A  xy bldh yEckbZ o pkSM+kbZ dk Qyu gSA

1 2
(ii) 'kadq (cone) dk vk;ru V   r h vk/kkj dh f=T;k r vkSj Å¡pkbZ h dk Qyu gSA
3
(iii) vk;r Qydh (ractangular parallelopiped) dk vk;ru V  x y z bldh yEckbZ] pkSM+kbZ] Å¡pkbZ dk Qyu gSA

Qyuksa dk chtxf.kr (Algebra of functions)

ekuk f vkSj g nks Qyu gSa vkSj buds izkar Øe'k% D f o Dg gS rc bu Qyuksa ds ;ksx Qyu] varj Qyu] xq.ku Qyu rFkk Hkkx
Qyu fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gksaxsA
(i) ( f  g ) ( x )  f ( x)  g ( x),  x  D f  Dg

(ii) ( f  g ) ( x )  f ( x)  g ( x),  x  D f  Dg

(iii) ( f . g ) ( x)  f ( x ) . g ( x),  x  D f  Dg

 f  f ( x)
(iv)   ( x)  , g ( x)  0,  x  D f  Dg
g  g ( x)

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 28
Qyuksa ds izdkj (Kinds of functions)
(i) ,dSdh Qyu (one-one functionor injection)- Qyu f : A  B, ,d ,dSdh Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn A ds vleku
vo;oksa ds izfrfcEc Hkh vleku gksaA
vFkkZr~ leqPp; A ds fdUgha nks vo;oksa x1 , x2 ds fy;s
x1  x2  f ( x1 )   x2 
;k f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  x1  x2
gks rks Qyu f ,dSdh gksxkA
(a) ,dSdh Qyu ds fy, funsZf'kr js[kkvksa ds fp= fuEu gksaxs

p
a p a
q
b q b
r
c r c
s

(b) ;fn Qyu Øfer ;qXeksa ds leqPp; ds :i esa fn;k gks vkSj fdUgha Hkh nks Øfer ;qXeksa ds nwljs vo;o Hkh leku u gksa rks Qyu
,dSdh Qyu dgykrk gSA
Ex.15 f  ( a, b),( p, q ), (c, r ) ,d ,dSdh Qyu gksxkA
(c) tc Qyu y  f ( x) dk xzkQ fn;k gks vkSj x-v{k ds lekUrj izR;sd js[kk oØ dks vf/kdre ,d gh fcUnq ij dkVs rks fn;k
Qyu ,dSdh Qyu gksrk gSA
,dSdh Qyuksa ds mnkgj.k (Examples of one-one functions):
Qyu f : R  R, tgk¡
(i) f ( x)  x, (ii) f ( x)  ax  b

(iii) f ( x )  ax n  b ;gk¡ n fo"ke /ku iw.kkZad rFkk a  0, b R gSA

(iv) f ( x )  x x (v) f ( x )  e x

(vi) f ( x )  a x , ( a  0) (vii) f ( x )  sinh x

1
vkSj Qyu f : R0  R, tgk¡ (i) f ( x)  ;
x
(ii) f : RT  R f ( x)  log x

(iii) f : RT  R f ( x )  log a x, ( a  0) ,dSdh Qyu gaSA

cgq,dSdh Qyu (Many-one function)
(i) Qyu f : A  B esa cgq&,dSdh Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn ;g ,dSdh u gksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa
(ii) Qyu f : A  B esa cgq&,dSdh Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn A ds de ls de nks vo;oksa dk f- izfrfcEc leku gksA vFkkZr~ A ds
fdUgha nks vo;oksa x1 vkSj x2 ds fy;s x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 ) gks rks Qyu f cgq ,dSdh gksxkA
(iii) cgq&,dSdh Qyuksa ds funsZf'kr js[kkfp= (arrow diagram)
a
a l p
b
b m c
c n d q
e

(iv) ;fn Qyu f Øfer ;qXeksa ds leqPp; ds :i esa fn;k gks rc de ls de nks Øfer ;qXeksa ds f}rh; vo;o leku gksa rks Qyu
cgq&,dSdh Qyu gksxkA

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 29
(v) ;fn Qyu y  f ( x) dk xzkQ ns j[kk gks vkSj de ls de ,d ,slh {kSfrt js[kk laHko gks tks fn;s oØ dks ,d ls vf/kd fcUnqvksa
ij dkVs rks Qyu f ( x) cgq&,dSdh Qyu gksrk gSA
x y

y x
O y  x2 O
y = sin x

Li"Vr;k x ds dbZ ekuksa ds fy;s y ds leku eku gSa vr% laxr Qyu cgq&,dSdh gksxkA

cgq&,dSdh Qyuksa ds mnkgj.k (Examples of many-one functions)

,sls Qyu f tks loZ= vFkkZr~ izkar R gksus ij ,dSdh ugha gSa os fdlh u fdlh izkar esa cgq&,dSdh gksaxsA tSls
(i) f : R  R, f ( x )  c, c ,d vpj gSA
(ii) f : R  R, f ( x )  x 2 , f ( x)  ax 2  b, f ( x )  ax 2n  b, n  N
(iii) f : R  R, f ( x )  x , f ( x)  f ( x)  x  x , f ( x)  x  x
(iv) f : R  R, f ( x )  [ x], f ( x)  x  [ x] ;gk¡ [ x ] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks O;Dr dj jgk gSA
x
(v) f : R  R, f ( x )  , f ( x)  ax 2 n  b, n  Z
x
(vi) f : R  R, f ( x)  sin x, f ( x )  cos x

(vii) f : D  R, f ( x )  tan x, f ( x)  sec x , D  R  (2n  1)  , n Z

2
(viii) f : D  R, f ( x )  cot x, f ( x)  cosec x , D  R  n , n  Z
(ix) f : C  C , f ( z )  z
,d Qyu tks ,d izkar ds lkFk cgq&,dSdh gS fdlh nwljs izkar ds lkFk ,dSdh Hkh gks ldrk gSA tSls f ( x)  sin x, tc izkaRk R
gks rks cgq&,dSdh gS D;ksafd R esa cgqr ls x ,sls gSa ftuds sine dk eku cjkcj gS tSls 0    2  3 n , n Z ysfdu
    
sin 0  sin  sin 2 sin n  tcfd Qyu f ( x )  sin x, izkar   ,  gksus ij ,dSdh gS D;ksafd  ls rd x ds lHkh
 2 2 2 2
ekuksa ds fy;s sin x ds eku vyx&vyx gksaxsA
vkPNknd Qyu (Onto function or surjection):-
Qyu f : A  B esa vkPNknd Qyu gksxk ;fn B ds izR;sd vo;o dk@ds iwoZ&izfrfcEc A esa fo|eku gksA
vFkkZr~ ;fn f 1 ( y ) A,  y  B
rc Qyu f, vkPNknd gksxkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;fn lgizkar ¾ ifjlj gks rc Qyu f vkPNknd Qyu gksxkA

vkPNknd Qyuksa ds mnkgj.k (Example on on-to function):-

(i) f : R  R, f ( x)  x, A B A1 A2
(ii) f : R  R, f ( x ) ax  b, a  0, b  R a
a p l
3 f2 : b
(iii) f : R  R, f ( x )  x f1 : b q c m
(iv) f : R  R, f ( x )  ax  b 3
c r d n
e
(v) f : R  R, f ( x)  x x ,
(vi) f : R  R  , f ( x)  e x
(vii) f : R   R, f ( x)  log x

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 30
vUr{ksZi h Qyu (Into function)
Qyu f : A  B esa vUr{ksZih Qyu gksxk ;fn ;g vkPNknd Qyu u gksA vFkkZr~ Qyu f : A  B esa vUr{ksZih Qyu gksxk ;fn
B esa de ls de ,d vo;o ,slk gks ftldk fd izkar A esa dksbZ iwoZ izfrfcEc u gksA
vFkkZr~ B ds de ls de ,d vo;o y ds fy;s ;fn f 1 ( y )   gks rks Qyu f vUr{ksZih gksxkA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;fn f dk lgizkar  f dk ifjlj gks rc Qyu f vUr{ksih Qyu dgykrk gSA
vUr{ksZih Qyuksa ds funsZf'kr js[kkfp= fuEu izdkj ds gksaxs
a a l
l m
b m b n
c n c o

vUr{ksZih Qyuksa ds dqN mnkgj.k (Some examples of into function)

(i) f : R  R, f ( x)  x 2 ; (ii) f : R  R, f ( x )  x
(iii) f : R  R, f ( x )  ax 2n  b; a, b  R, n  N (iv) f : R  R, f ( x)  c, c ,d vpj gSA
(v) f : R  R, f ( x)  sin x (vi) f : R  R, f ( x )  cos x
(vii) f : R  R, f ( x )  e x (viii) f : R  R, f ( x)  a x , a  0

egÙoiw.kZ fVIi.kh (Important Note)

tks Qyu izkar R ds lkFk ,dSdh gSa os lnSo ,dSdh gksaxsA vU; Qyu ,dSdh gks Hkh ldrs gSa ugha HkhA ,sls Qyuksa dh izdf` r izkar
ds vuq:i cnysxhA tSls f ( x )  x 2 tc izkar N gksxk rks ;g ,dSdh gksxk ysfdu tc izkar O ;k R ;k Z gksxk rks ;g ,dSdh ugha
gksxkA
dksbZ Hkh Qyu lnSo vkPNknd Qyu ugha gksrkA Qyu ds izkar o lgizkar ds cnyus ij mldk vkPNknd gksuk cny ldrk gSA
;g ge vkxs fn;s mnkgj.kksa esa ns[ksxsA
,dSdh&vkPNknd Qyu (One-one, Onto functionor Bijection)
Qyu f : A  B esa ,dSdh&vkPNknd Qyu dgykrk gSA
;fn x1  x2  f ( x1 )  ( x2 ) V x1, x2  A vkSj f 1 ( y ) A,  V y  B
vFkkZr~ Qyu f ;fn ,dSdh rFkk vkPNknd nksuksa gks rc ;g ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu gksxkA
,dSdh&vUr{ksZih Qyu (One-one, into function)
Qyu f : A  B esa ,dSdh&vU{ksZih Qyu gksxk ;fn f ,dSdh rks gks ysfdu vkPNknd u gksA
  
Ex. (i) f : R   R , f ( x)  x (ii) f :   ,   R, f ( x )  sin x
 2 2
Li"V fn;s nksuksa Qyuksa esa lgizkar o ifjlj cjkcj ugha gSa vr% Qyu vkPNknd ugha gSaA
cgq ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu (Many one-onto function)
Qyu f : A  B esa cgq ,dSdh&vkPNknd Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn f, ,dSdh u gks rFkk vkPNknd gksA
cgq ,dSdh&vUr{ksZi h Qyu (Many one-into function)
Qyu f : A  B esa cgq ,dSdh vUr{ksZih gksxk ;fn ;g u rks ,dSdh gks vkSj u vkPNkndA
leku ;k cjkcj Qyu (Equal function)
nks Qyu f : A  B vkSj g : C  D leku Qyu dgykrs gaS ;fn
(i) f dk izkar = g dk izkar
(ii) f dk lg izkar = g dk lgizakr vkSj
(iii) f ( x)  g ( x ),  x  izkaRk

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 31
la;qD r Qyu (Composite function)
ekuk f : A  B vkSj g : B  C nks Qyu gSa rc budk la;qDr gof : A  C esa fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gksxkA
gof ( x )  g[ f ( x)]

f
A B
x f (x)

g
gof

gof (x) =g[f (x)]

lEcfU/kr rF; (Related facts)

(i) ;gk¡ gof ( x ), vo;o x  A ds f-izfrfcEc f(x), dk g-izfrfcEc vFkkZr~ g[ f ( x )] gSA
(ii) Qyu gof rHkh fo|eku gksxk tcfd f dk ifjlj] Qyu g ds izkar dk mi leqPp; gksA
Li"Vhdj.k pw¡fd gof ( x)  g[ f ( x)] ,
Li"Vr;k g[ f ( x)] vFkkZr~ f ( x) dk g izfrfcEc rHkh fo|eku gksxk tcfd f ( x),  x  A, g ds izkar esa fo|eku gks vFkkZr~
f ( A), g ds izkar dk mi leqPp; gksA

(iii) ;gk¡ fog fo|eku ugha gksxk D;ksafd g dk lgizkar ;k ifjlj f ds izkar dk mi leqPp; ugha gSA
la;qDr Qyu ds xq.k/keZ (Properties of composite function)
(i) Øefofues;rk (Commutativity)- nks Qyuksa f o g dk la;qDr Qyu lkekU;r;k Øefofues; ugha gksrkA vFkkZr~
gof  fog
(ii) lkgp;Zr k (Associativity):- rhu Qyu f, g, h bl izdkj gksa fd fog vkSj goh nksuksa fo|eku gksa rc
( fog ) oh  fo ( goh)
vFkkZr~ la;qDr Qyu fo|eku gksus ij lkgp;Z xq.k dk ikyu djrs gSaA
(iii) nks ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyuksa dk la;qDr Qyu Hkh] ;fn fo|eku gks rks] ,dSdh vkPNknd gksrk gSA
fVIi.kh (Note)
nks Qyuksa f o g dk xq.kuQyu g, f o la;qDr Qyu gof vyx&vyx gSaA nks Qyuksa dk xq.kk Øefofues; gksrk gS tcfd budk
la;qDr Qyu ughaA
;fn y, u dk Qyu gks vkSj u, x dk Qyu gks rks y Hkh x dk Qyu gksxkA ;fn y  f (u ) vkSj u  ( x) gks rks y  f [( x)] gksxkA
;gk¡ y, x ds Qyu dk Qyu ;k la;qDr Qyu dgykrk gSA
izf rykse Qyu (Inverse function)
ekuk f : A  B esa ,d ,dSdh&vkPNknd (bijection) Qyu gSA vc ge ,d Qyu g : B  A bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr djsa fd B ds
izR;sd vo;o b dk g-izfrfcEc A esa gks vkSj ;g vius izfrykse vo;o f 1 (b) ds cjkcj gksA og vo;o vf}rh; (unique) Hkh
gksxkA D;ksafd f- ,dSdh vkPNknd (one one-onto) gSa ;g Qyu g, f dk izfrykse Qyu (inverse function) dgykrk gS vkSj bls
ge f 1 ls O;Dr djrs gSaA
ifjHkk"kk (Definition)
ekuk f : A  B esa ,d ,dSdh&vkPNknd Qyu gS rc bldk izfrykse Qyu f 1 : B  A esa fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gksxkA
f 1 (b )  a ;fn f ( a)  b
;k f 1  {(b, a ); ;fn (a, b)  f }

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 32
izfrykse Qyukasa ds xq.k/keZ (Properties of inverse function)
ekuk f : A  B vkSj g : B  C nks ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu gaS rc
(i) ( f 1 )1  f

(ii) ( gof )1  f 1og 1 (O;qRØe fu;e)

(iii) f 1of  I A vkSj fof 1  I B , ;gk¡ I A , leqPp; A ij rRled Qyu (identity function) gSA
(iv) ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu f dk izfrykse vf}rh; gksrk gSA
(v) ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu f dk izfrykse Qyu f 1 Hkh ,dSdh vkPNknd gksrk gSA
Qyuksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of function)
vyx&vyx n`f"Vdks.k ls ge Qyuksa dks dbZ oxkZsa esa ckaV ldrs gSa tSls&Qyu ds fu;e :i ds vuqlkj oxhZdj.k] Qyu ds ekuksa
dh la[;k o vko`fr ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k] Qyu ds xzkQ dh izd`fr o lefefr ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k vkfnA Qyuksa ds izeq[k
oxhZdj.k vkxs fn;s gSaA
,d ekuh; vkSj cgq ekuh; Qyu (Single value and multivalued functions)
Qyuksa dk ;g oxhZdj.k muds ekuksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k oxhZdj.k gS%&
(i) ,d ekuh; Qyu (Single valued function)- ;fn fdlh Qyu esa Lora= pj ds ,d eku ds laxr vkfJr pj dk ,d vkSj
flQZ ,d eku vFkkZr~ vf}rh; eku gks rc Qyu ,d ekuh; Qyu dgykrk gSA
tSls y  x 2 , y  sin x, y  log x, y  e x vkfnA
(ii) cgqekuh; Qyu (Multivalued function)- ;fn Lora= pj ds ,d eku ds laxr vkfJr pj ds ,d ls vf/kd eku gksa rks
Qyu cgqekuh; Qyu dgykrk gSA tSls y  x , y  sin 1 x, y  tan 1 x vkfnA
fVIi.kh (Note)
(1) lkekU;r;k% ge cgqekuh; Qyuksa dks Qyu ugha ekurs gSaA vkxs Hkh Qyu 'kCn ls rkRi;Z ,d ekuh; Qyu ls gh gksxk tc rd
fd vU;Fkk dqN u dgk tk;sA
(2) bu Qyuksa dks xzkQ ds vk/kkj ij vklkuh ls igpkuk tk ldrk gSA cgqekuh; Qyuksa ds vkjs[k ds fy;s y-v{k ds lekUrj ,slh
js[kk;sa [khaph tk ldrh gSa tks fd fn;s vkjs[k dks ,d ls vf/kd fcUnqvksa ij feyrh gSaA vFkkZr~ x ds ,d eku ds fy;s y ds ,d ls
vf/kd eku fo|eku gksrs gSaA tcfd ,d ekuh; Qyuksa ds vkjs[k dks y- v{k ds ,d ls vf/kd eku fo}eku gksrs gSaA tcfd ,d ekuh;
Qyuksa ds vkjs[k dks y-v{k ds lekUrj [khaph dksbZ Hkh js[kk vf/kdre ,d fcUnq ij gh feyrh gSA

chth; o vchth; Qyu (Algebraic and Transendental Functions)

Qyuksa dk ;g oxhZdj.k mudks ifjHkkf"kr fd;s x;s fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA ,slk Qyu] tks ,d pj x ij flQZ chth;
lafØ;k;sa (algobraic operations) yxkus ij izkIr gks chth; Qyu dgykrk gSA vkSj bu Qyuksa ds vfrfjDr Qyu vchth; Qyu
gksaxsA ;g oxhZdj.k uhps fn;s pkVZ ls vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gS%&

chth; vchth;

ifjes; vifjes; izkjfEHkd mPp

?kkrh;
iw.kkZadh; fHkUukRed pj ?kkrkadh;
y?kqx.kdh;
f=dks.kferh;
izfrykse f=dks.kferh;
vfrijofyd
izfrykse vfrijofyd

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 33
(i) chth; Qyu (Algebraic functions)- ,sls Qyu ftuesa pj x, x dh ?kkr (powers), x ds ewy (roots) ds fuf'pr in pkj
ewyHkwr vadxf.krh; lafØ;kvksa (four basic Arithmetic operations) + , - × o ÷ ls tqM+s gksa chth; Qyu dgykrs gSaA
3 2 3x  7 1 x2  x  3
tSls 3x  x  x  1, , x , vkfn chth; Qyu gSaA
x2  1 x x 1
(a) ifjes; Qyu (Rational function)- tc fdlh chth; Qyu esa Lora= pj x dh ?kkr] ?ku iw.kkZad gh gksa rFkk x ds fofHkUu
inksa ds xq.kkad ifjes; la[;k;sa gksa rks Qyu ifjes; Qyu dgykrk gSA
3x  1 3x  1 3 7 2 ax 2  bx  c
tSls 3 x2  x  1, , , x  x3  x  5, vkfnA
x3 x 3 2 3 px  q
(b) ifjes; iw.kkZadh; ;k cgqinh; Qyu (Rational integrat or polynomial function)
Qyu f ( x )  a0 x n  a1 x n1  ....  an 1 x  an, tgk¡ a0  0, a1 , a2 ,.......an vpj rFkk n  N gSa ,d n ?kkrh; cgqin ;k iw.kkZadh;
Qyu dgykrk gSA
(1) f ( x)  c, 'kwU; ?kkr dk cgqin ;k vpj Qyu dgykrk gSA
(2) f ( x)  ax  b, ,d ?kkr dk cgqin ;k js[kh; Qyu dgykrk gSA
(3) f ( x )  ax 2  bx  c, nks ?kkrh; cgqin ;k f}?kkr Qyu dgykrk gSA
(c) fHkUukRed ifjes; Qyu (Fractional rational function)
P( x)
Qyu f ( x)  Q( x) , tgk¡ P( x) rFkk Q( x) nksuksa cgqinh; O;atd (polynomial expressions) gSa ,d fHkUukRed ifjes; ;k ifjes;

3 x  1 3 x 4  4 x3  5 x 2  6 x  7
Qyu dgykrk gSA ;gk¡ Q ( x)  0 A tSls , vkfnA
x 3 x2  x  1
(ii) vchth; Qyu (Transcendental or non-algebraic functions)- ,sls Qyu tks chth; Qyu ugha gSa vchth; Qyu
dgykrs gSaA vchth; Qyuksa dks Hkh vkxs nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA tks fd fuEu gSa
(a) ewy Hkwr izkjfEHkd Qyu (Basic elementary functions) x 3 ,3 x , log x, sin x , tan x , sec x, cot  1 x, sinh x, tanh  1 x
vkfn Qyu vchth; Qyu dgykrs gSaA bu Qyuksa dks foLrkjiwoZd blh v/;k; esa vkxs foLrkjiwoZd fn;k x;k gSA
(b) mPp Qyu (Higher functions) bu Qyuksa dk v/;;u vki ds ikB~;Øe esa ugha gSA
le vkSj fo"ke Qyu (Even and odd functions)
;g oxhZdj.k Qyuksa dh lefefr ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA
(i) leQyu (Even function)- ;fn Qyu f ( x) esa x ds LFkkuij  x j[kus ij dksbZ ifjorZu u gksA vFkkZr~
f (  x )  f ( x),  x
rc Qyu f ( x) le Qyu dgykrk gSA
(ii) fo"ke Qyu (Odd function)- ;fn Qyu f ( x) esa x ds LFkku ij  x j[kus ij  dk ifjorZu gks vFkkZr~
f (  x )   f ( x ),  x
rc Qyu f ( x) fo"ke Qyu dgykrk gSA
(iii) lEcfU/kr rF; (Related facts)-
(a) nks le Qyuksa dk xq.kk ,d le Qyu gksrk gSA
(b) nks fo"ke Qyuksa dk xq.kk Hkh ,d le Qyu gksrk gSA
(c) ,d le ,oa ,d fo"ke Qyu dk xq.kk ,d fo"ke Qyu gksrk gSA
(d) ;g vko';d ugha gS fd izR;sd Qyu le gks ;k fo"keA ,sls Qyu Hkh laHko gSa tks u rks le gksa vkSj u fo"keA tSls
f ( x)  sin x  cos x, f ( x )  x 2  x, f ( x)  ( x  1)( x  2) x vkfn
(e) 'kwU; Qyu vFkkZr~ f ( x)  0,  x, gh ,d ek= ,slk Qyu gS tks le o fo"ke nksuksa gSA
(f) izR;sd Qyu f ( x) dks ,d le rFkk fo"ke Qyu ds ;ksx ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr
1 1
f ( x)  { f ( x)  f ( x)}  { f ( x)  f ( x)}
2 2
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 34
Li"V vkSj vLi"V Qyu (Explicite and Implicite functions)
Qyuksa dk ;g oxhZdj.k pjksa (variables) ds lEcU/k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA

(i) Li"V Qyu (Explicite function):- ;fn Qyu ds fu;e ;k lw= dks nks pjksa ds ,sls lEcU/k }kjk O;Dr fd;k x;k gks ftlesa
,d pj dks nwljs pj ds inksa esa O;Dr fd;k tk lds vFkkZr~ y  f ( x) ;k x   ( y) rc Qyu Li"V Qyu dgykrk gSA
(ii) vLi"V Qyu (Implicite function):- ;fn Qyu ds fu;e ;k lw= dks nks pjksa ds ,sls lEcU/k }kjk O;Dr fd;k x;k gks ftlesa
,d pj dks nwljs pj ds inksa esa O;Dr ugha fd;k tk lds vFkkZr~ f ( x, y)  c ;k f ( x, y)  0 rc Qyu vLi"V Qyu dgykrk
gSA
larr ,oa vlarr Qyu (Continuous and Discontinuous functions)
Qyuksa dk ;g oxhZdj.k muds xzkQ dh fujarjrk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA

(i) lar r Qyu (Continuous function)- Qyu y  f ( x) varjky I esa larr Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn bl varjky esa fn;s Qyu
dk xzkQ cukus ds fy;s iSafly ;k iSu dks i`"B ls Åij mBkus dh vko';drk gh u iM+sA vFkkZr~ Qyu ds xzkQ esa dksbZ njkj] VwVu
;k mNky u gks rc Qyu larr Qyu dgykrk gSA

(ii) vlar r Qyu (Discontinuous functions):- tks Qyu larr ugha gksrs vlarr Qyu dgrs gSaA vFkkZr~ ,sls Qyu ftudk xzkQ
;k rks dgha ls VwVk gqvk gks ;k mlesas mNky gks vlalr Qyu dgykrs gSaA

o/kZeku o gzkleku Qyu (Increasing and Decreasing functions)

Qyuksa dk ;g oxhZdj.k muds ekuksa ds :[k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA
(i) o/kZe ku Qyu (Increasing function)
Qyu f ( x) varjky I esa ,dfn"V o/kZeku (monotonic incrcasing) Qyu dgykrk gSA ;fn x dk eku c<+kus ij Qyu dk eku
?kVs ughaA vFkkZr~ x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 ),  x1 , x2  I
;k x1  x2  f ( x1 )  ( x2 ),  x1 , x2  I
gks rc Qyu f ( x) varjky I esa ,df"V o/kZeku Qyu dgykrk gSA
bu Qyuksa dk xzkQ ck;sa ls nk;sa tkus ij Åij p<+rk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

(ii) Qyu f ( x) varjky I esa fujarj (strictly increasing) dgykrk gS ;fn x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )

;k x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 ),  x1 , x2  I

(iii) gzkleku Qyu (Decreasing function)- Qyu f ( x) varjky I esa ,dfn"V gzkleku Qyu dgykrk gSA ;fn x dk eku
c<+kus ij Qyu dk eku c<+s ughaA vFkkZr~ ;fn x1  x2  f  x1   f ( x2 ) ;k x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 ),  x1 , x2  I
gks rc Qyu varjky I ,dfn"V gzkleku dgykrk gSA bu Qyuksa ds xzkQ ck;sa ls nk;sa tkus ij uhps mrjrs gq;s fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSAa

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 35

(iv) Qyu f ( x) varjky I esa fujarj gzkleku (strictly decreasing) dgykrk gSA
;fn x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
;k x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 ),  x1 , x2  I

fVIi.kh (Note)
(i) fdlh Qyu ds fy;s o/kZeku ;k gzkleku gksuk vko';d ugha gSA ,sls Hkh Qyu gSa tks u rks o/kZeku gSa vkSj u gzklekuA vFkkZr~
Qyu ,d varjky ds ,d Hkkx esa o/kZeku o nwljs Hkkx esa gzkleku Hkh gks ldrk gSA tSls y  sin x, y  x , y  e x  e x vkfnA
(ii) lkekU;r;k ,dfn"V o/kZeku Qyu dks gh o/kZeku Qyu Hkh dg nsrs gSaA
vkorhZ Qyu (Periodic function)
Qyu f ( x) vkorhZ Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn ,d fuf'pr varjky ds ckn blds izR;sd eku dh iqujko`fr gksrh gksA vFkkZr~
Qyu f ( x) vkorhZ Qyu gksxk ;fn ,d /kukRed okLrfod la[;k T bl izdkj fo|eku gks fd
f ( x  T )  f ( x ),  x  izkar
;gk¡ T dk U;wure eku Qyu f dk vkorZ (period) dgykrk gSA
Li"Vr;k f ( x)  f ( x  T )  f ( x  2T )  f ( x  3T )  ....
tSls sin x, cos x, tan x Øe'k% 2 , 2 vkSj  vkorZ okys vkorhZ Qyu gSaA
T x T
(i) ;fn Qyu f ( x) dk vkorZ T gks rc f (n x ) dk vkorZ ] f  dk vkorZ nT vkSj f (ax  b) dk vkorZ a
n n
(ii) ;fn f ( x) vkSj g ( x) ds vkorZ leku gksa rc a f ( x )  bg ( x ) dk vkorZ Hkh T gksxkA
(iii) ;fn f ( x) dk vkorZ T1 vkSj g ( x) dk vkorZ T2 gks rc f ( x)  g ( x), af ( x)  bg ( x) dk vkorZ T1 o T2 dk y?kqÙke
lekioR;Z (L.C.M) gksxk c'krsZ dh ;g vkorhZ Qyu dh ewy ifjHkk"kk dks larq"V djus okyk vkorZ gksA ;gk¡ a vkSj b nks vpj gSaA
(iv) egRoiw.kZ Qyuksa ds vkorZ (Periods of important functions)
Qyu vkorZ
(a) sin x, cos x, sec x, cosec x 2
(b) tan x, cot x 
(c) sin x , cos x , tan x , cot x , sec x , cosec x , 

2, tc n fo"ke gks

(d) sin n x, cosn x, sec n x, cosec n x 
 , tc n le gks
(e) tan n x,cot n x  tc n ,d /ku iw.kkZad gks

(f) sin x  cos x , tan x  cot x , sec x  cosec x ,sin 2n x  cos 2 n x
2
(g) x  [ x ], [ x ] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu gSA 1
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 36
fVIi.kh (Note)
(i) dqN ys[kd vkorhZ Qyu ds vkorZ dks vf}rh; (uniques) ugha ekurs gSA ;fn f ( x)  f ( x  T ) gks rks muds vuqlkj
T ,2T ,....nT lHkh Qyu ds vkorZ gSa rFkk U;wuÙke eku T Qyu f ( x) dk ewy vkorZ (fundamental period) dgykrk gSA
(ii) vkorhZ oØ (Periodic curve) f ( x) - ,sls oØ ftudh dksfV;ksa (ordinates) dh x-v{k ij cjkcj nwjh ij iqujko`fr gksrh gS]
vkorhZ oØ dgykrs gSaA vkorhZ Qyu y  sin x, y  cos x ds xzkQ vkorhZ oØ gSa ftudh dksfV;ksa dh 2 yEckbZ ds izR;sd mÙkjksÙkj
varjky ij iqujko`fÙk gksrh gSA
ifjc) vkSj vifjc) Qyu (Bounded and unbounded functions)
(i) Qyu f ( x) varjky I esa Åij ls ifjc) (bounded from above) dgykrk gS ;fn ,d vpj la[;k M bl izdkj fo|eku gks
fd f ( x)  M ,  x  I
;gk¡ M Qyu f dk varjky I esa mifj ifjca/k (upper bound) dgykrk gSA
(ii) Qyu f ( x) varjky I esa uhps ls ifjc) (bounded from below) dgykrk gS ;fn ,d vpj la[;k m bl izdkj fo|eku gks
fd m  f ( x),  x  I
;gk¡ m Qyu f dk varjky I esa fuEu ifjca/k (lower bound) dgykrk gSA
(iii) Qyu f ( x) varjky I esa ifjc) dgykrk gS ;fn ;g bl varjky esa Åij o uhps nksuksa vksj ls ifjc) gksA vFkkZr~ ;fn nks
okLrfod la[;k;sa m o M bl izdkj fo|eku gksa fd m  f ( x)  M ,  x  I
rc Qyu f ( x) ifjc) Qyu (bounded function) dgykrk gSA
(iv) Qyu f ( x) varjky I esa vifjc) (unbounded) dgykrk gS ;fn mifj vkSj fuEu ifjca/k esa ls dksbZ ,d ;k nksuksa vuar gksaA

izk jfEHkd Qyu vkSj muls lEcfU/kr rF; (Elementary functions and related facts):

(i) ?kkr Qyu (Power function)

y  x n , x  R,

 [0,  ), tc n le gks
tc n ?ku iw.kkZad gks rc Qyu dk izakr  (, ) vkSj ifjlj  ( , ) tc n fo"ke gks

?kkr Qyu dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;k¡
(a) y  x,( n  1)
izkar  (, )  R ]ifjlj  (, )  R
;g Qyu loZ= larr] o/kZeku] fo"ke] ,dSdh gSA bldk xzkQ ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k lefer gSA ;g Qyu rRled Qyu (identity
function) dgykrk gSA

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 37
(b) y  x 2 (n  2)
izkar = R, ifjlj [0, ) .;g Qyu loZ= larr] cgq ,dSdh vkSj le Qyu gSA bldk xzkQ y-v{k ds lkis{k lefer gSA
;g o/kZeku gS tc x  0 o gzkleku gS tc x  0

(c) y  x3 , (n  3)
izkar = R, ifjlj = R , ;g Qyu loZ= larr] o/kZeku vkSj ,dSdh gSA fo"ke Qyu gSA bldk xzkQ ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k lefer gSA

(d) y  x 4 , (n  4) , izkar = R, ifjlj = [0, )

;g loZ= larr] cgq,dSdh o le Qyu gSA o/kZeku gS tc x  0, gzkleku gS tc x  0
bldk xzkQ y-v{k ds lkis{k lefer gSA

1
(e) y  , (n  1) izkar  R0 , ifjlj  R0
x
;g Qyu x  0 ij vlarr] ,dSdh] gzkleku o fo"ke Qyu gSA bldk xzkQ ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k lefer gSA

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 38
1
(f) y  , (n  2) izkar  R0 , ifjlj  R 
x2
;g Qyu x  0 ij vlarr] cgq,dSdh o le gSA gzkleku tc x  0 o/kZeku tc x  0 bldk xzkQ y-v{k ds lkis{k lefer gSA

 1
(g) y  x1/ 2   x , n   izkar  [0, ), ifjlj  [0, ) ;g loZ= larr o o/kZeku Qyu gSA
 2

 1
(h) y  x1/ 3  3 x  n   izkar  R, ifjlj = R
 3
loZ= larr~] o/kZeku o fo"ke Qyu gSa bldk xzkQ ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k lefer gSA
 2
(i) y  x2 / 3 , n  
 3
izkar  R, ifjlj  [0, ) ~] loZ= larr] o le Qyu gSA xzkQ y-v{k ds lkis{k lefer gSA

 3
(j) y  x3 / 2 , n  2 izkar  [0, ) ,ifjlj = [0, ) loZ= larr o o/kZeku Qyu gSA
 

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 39
(ii) pj ?kkrkadh; Qyu (Exponential function)
y  a x , (a  0)
(a) y  a x , 0 a 1 izkar = R, ifjlj  (0,  )  R 
;g loZ= larr] fujUrj gzkleku] ,dSdh Qyu gSA x-v{k bldh vuar Li'khZ gSA ;gk¡ tc x  , a x  0

y  a x , (a 1) izkar = R, ifjlj  (0,  )  R 

loZ= larr] ,dSdh o fujarj o/kZeku Qyu gSA x-v{k bldh vuUr Li'kZh gSA ;gk¡ tc x  , a x 
fVIi.kh (Note)
(i) ;fn f ( x )  a x gks rc f ( x  y )  f ( x ). f ( y )

 f ( x  y )  a x  y  a x . a y  f ( x ). f ( y ).
(ii) y  e x , Qyu y  a x tc a 1 dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr gSa bldk lkjk fooj.k rFkk izkar] ifjlj izd`fr vkfn ogha gS tks

y  a x , a  1 dk gSA
(iii) y?kqx.kdh; Qyu (Logarithmic function):- ;g Qyu pj ?kkrkadh; Qyu dk O;qRØe Qyu gSA
 ;fn y  a x gks rc x  log a y
x o y dks ijLij cnyus ij y  loga x
izkar  R  , ifjlj  R
;g Qyu ,dSdh vkSj loZ= larr gSA y-v{k vuUr Li'kh gSA o/kZeku gS tc a 1 vkSj gzkleku gS tc 0  a 1
;fn a  e gks rc y  log e x ;k y  log x ;g izkd`frd y?kqx.kd (natural logarithm) dgykrk gSA bls ln x Hkh fy[krs gSaA
;fn f ( x )  log a x gks rc f ( x . y)  f ( x)  f ( y)
 f ( x . y )  log a ( xy )  log a x  log a y  f ( x )  f ( y )

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 40
(iv) f=dks. kferh; Qyu (Trigonometric functioins)
(a) y  sin x
 
;g x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy;s ifjHkkf"kr gSA tc x dk eku  ls rd c<+krs gSa rks sin x dk eku fujUrj :i ls 1 1 rd
2 2
 
c<+rk gS rFkk ls 3 rd x dk eku c<+kus ij sin x dk eku 1 ls 1 rd ?kVrk gSA blh izdkj ,dkarj (alternataly) Øe
2 2
ls ;g c<+rk&?kVrk jgrk gSA
y  sin x dk izkar = R ] ifjlj  [1, 1]
  
fo"ke Qyu gS] loZ= larr gS] xzkQ ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k lefer gSA 2 vkorZ okyk vkorhZ Qyu gSA ;g varjky  2 , 2 
 

     3 
ls [1 . 1] esa ,dSdh vkPNknd gSA  2 , 2  esa o/kZeku vkSj 2 , 2  esa gzkleku gSA
   
sin x  0 tc x{0, ,  2,  3,....,  n,.....}
(b) Qyu y  cos x
;fn x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy;s ifjHkkf"kr gSA tc x dk eku 0 ls  rd cnyrk gS rks cos x dk eku 1 ls &1 rd fujUrj
?kVrk gS rFkk x dk eku  ls 2 rd c<+us ij cos x dk eku &1 ls 1 rd fujUrj (strictly) c<+rk gSa blh izdkj vkxs og
,dkarjr% ?kVrk&c<+rk jgrk gSA

Qyu y  cos x dk izkar  R ] ifjlj  [1,1]

;g le Qyu gS] loZ= larr gS] bldk xzkQ y v{k ds lkis{k lefer gSA 2 vkorZ okyk vkorhZ Qyu gSA
[0, ] [1, 1] easa ,dSdh vkPNknd gSA varjky [0, ] esa gzkleku o [ , 2] eas o/kZeku gSA

  3 5 
cos x  0 tc x  ,  ,  ,....,(2n  1) 
 2 2 2 2

(c) Qyu f ( x)  tan x

  3  2n  1 
bl Qyu dk izkar  R    2 ,  2 ,....,  2
..... ;gk¡ R esa ls os la[;k;sa gVk nh xbZ gSa tgk¡ fd cos x  0 gSA bl
 
Qyu dk ifjlj = R
 3 5
;g ,d fo"ke Qyu gSA x   ,  ,  ...... dks NksM+dj loZ=] larr gSA bldk xzkQ ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k lefer gSA
2 2 2
 vkorZ okyk vkorhZ Qyu gSA
     
  ,  esa o/kZeku gSA   ,  ls ( , ) ij ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu gSA
 2 2  2 2
tan x  0 tc x {0,  ,  2,......  n} tgk¡ n  N

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 41
(d) Qyu f ( x )  cot x.
bl Qyu dk izakr  R  {0,  ,  2.....,  n,.....} ;gk¡ R esa ls mu la[;kvksa dks gVk fn;k x;k gS tgk¡ sin x  0 gksrk gSA
bu Qyu dk ifjlj  R

;g ,d fo"ke Qyu gSA vius izkar ds lHkh fcUnqvksa ij larr gSA bl Qyu dk xzkQ ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k lefer gSA  vkorZ
okyk vkorhZ Qyu gSA (0,  ) esa gzkleku gSA
  3 5 
 0,   ls R esa ,dSdh vkPNknd gSA cot x  0, tc x   ,  ,  ......
 2 2 2 
(e) Qyu f ( x)  sec x

 3 5  
bl Qyu dk izkar  R   2 ,  2 ,  2 ,....., (2n  1) 2 ,..... ;gk¡ R esa ls mu la[;kvksa dks gVk fn;k x;k gS tgk¡ ij
 
cos x  0 gSA
bl Qyu dk ifjlj  R  ( 1,1)  ( ,  1]  [1, )
;g ,d le Qyu gS bldk xzkQ y-v{k ds lkis{k lefer gSA ;g Qyu vius izkar ds lHkh fcUnqvksa ij larr gSA
(f) Qyu f ( x)  cosec x
bl Qyu dk izkar  R  {0,  ,  2,.....  n....} ;gk¡ R esa ls mu la[;kvksa dks gVk fn;k x;k gS tgk¡ fd sin x  0 gSA bl Qyu
dk ifjlj  R (1,1)  ( ,  1] [1, ) ;g fo"ke Qyu gSA
f ( x )  cosec x dk xzkQ

vius izkar ds leLr fcUnqvksa ij larr gSA bl dk oØ ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k lefer gSA

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 42
(v) izfrykse o`Ù kh; Qyu (Inverse circular functions)
  
(a) ge tkurs gsa fd Qyu f :  ,   [1,1] tgk¡ f ( x)  sin x ,dSdh&vkPNknd (one-one, onto) gSA blfy;s bldk
 2 2
izfrykse Qyu y  sin 1 x fo|eku gksxkA
   
bldk izkar  [1, 1], vkSj blds eq[; ekuksa dk varjky   2 , 2  , Qyu fujarj o/kZeku gSA Nk= Qyu y  sin x vkSj blds
 
izfrykse y  sin 1 x nksuksa dks vPNh rjg le> ik;s bl mÌs'; ls nksuksa ds xzkQ lkFk&lkFk fn;s tk jgs gSaA

(b) y  cos 1 x, izkar  [ 1,1] blds eq[; ekuksa dk varjky  [0, ] Qyu fujarj gzkleku gSA

(c) y  tan 1 x, x  ( , )

    
blds eq[; ekuksa okyk vUrjky   2 , 2  ;g Qyu fo"ke o fujarjj o/kZeku gSA y  , y   bldh vuar Lif'kZ;ka gSaA
  2 2

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 43
1
(d) y  cot x, x (, )
blds eq[; ekuksa okyk vUrjky (0, )
;g fujUrj gzkleku Qyu gSA y  0 vkSj y   bldh vuUr Lif'kZ;k¡ gSaA

(e) y  sec 1 x, x  R  (1,1)

  
blds eq[; ekuksa dk varjky  [0,  ] ~  2  , y  2 bldh vuar Li'khZ gSA
 

(f) y  c osec 1 x, x  R  (1, 1)

  
blds eq[; ekuksa dk varjky   2 , 2  ~ {0}, y  0 bldh vuar Li'khZ gSA
 

(vi) vfrijoyf;d Qyu (Hyperbolic functions)

e x  e x
Øe'k% vfrijoyf;d x  vkSj vfrijoyf;d cosine x gS blh izdkj tanh x, coth x, sec h x, co sech x Hkh ifjHkkf"kr
2
fd;s tk ldrs gSaA bu Qyuksa ds izkar] ifjlj] xzkQ lfgr lHkh xq.k v/;k; vfrijy; fQj Qyu esa fn;s x;s gSaA

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 44
dqN fof'k"V Qyu (Some special functions)
(i) vpj Qyu (Constant functions)-
Qyu f : A  B easa f ( x)  c,  x  A gks rks ;g leqPp; A ij vpj Qyu dgykrk gSA
f ( x )  c,  x  R dk xzkQ

tSls f : R  R esa tgk¡ f ( x)  sin 2 x  cos2 x ] ,d vpj Qyu gSA

vpj Qyu ds ifjlj esa ,d gh vo;o gksrk gSA
(ii) rRled Qyu (Identity Function)- leqPp; A ij ifjHkkf"kr Qyu f, rRled Qyu dgykrk gSA ;fn f ( x)  x,  x  A.
A ij ifjHkkf"kr rRled Qyu dks ge ladsr I A ls O;Dr djrs gSaA ;fn A  {a, b, c} gks rc I A  {(a, a),(b, b),(c, c)}
rRled Qyu dk xzkQ izkar = R. ifjlj = R

(iii) jsf[kd Qyu (Linear function)

y  ax  b, x  R ;gk¡ a vkSj b nksusk vpj gSaA bldk xzkQ ,d ljy js[kk gksrh gSA
(iv) ekikad Qyu ;k fujis{k eku Qyu (Modulus function or Absolute value functions)
(a) Qyu y  x , x R ekikad Qyu dgykrk gS ;gk¡

 x, x  0
x 
  x, x  0
bldk izkar = R, ifjlj  [0, ) ;g ,d le o loZ= larr Qyu gSA xzkQ y-v{k ds lkis{k lefer gSA
;g Qyu o/kZeku gS tc x > 0 rFkk gzkleku gS tc x < 0

(b) f ( x )  x  a , x R

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 45
(v) flXue Qyu (Signum Function) Qyu dk izkar = R, ifjlj = {-1, 0, 1}

x
 , x  R0
f ( x)   x
 0, x0


 x
 x , x  R0
 1, x  0
  0, x0 
 x ;k f ( x)  0, x  0
 , x  0 1, x  0
 x 

(vi) egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu (Greatest integer function)- Qyu f ( x)  [ x ], tgk¡ [ x ] cM+s ls cM+k iw.kkZad gS ysfdu x ls cM+k
ugha ;gk¡ [ x]  0, tc 0  x  1
= 1, tc 1  x  2
= 2, tc 2  x  3
= 3, tc 3  x  4
= -1, tc 1  x  0
= -2, tc 2  x   1

izkar = R, ifjlj = Z
;g izR;sd iw.kkZad ij vlarr rFkk ,dfn"V o/kZeku Qyu gSA bls ix Qyu (step function) Hkh dgrs gSaA
(vii) n'keyoka'k Qyu (Fractional part function):- f ( x )  {x}  x  [ x], x  R izkar = R, ifjlj = [0, 1)
izR;sd iw.kkZad ij vlarr Qyu gSA og cgq ,dSdh rFkk 1 vkorZ okyk vkorZhZ Qyu gSA
;gk¡ f ( x)  0 tc x  Z
vkSj f ( x)  x  1, x  (1,0)  x, x  (0,1)
 x  1, x  (1,2)  x  n, x ( n, n  1), n  N

n'keyoka'k Qyu f ( x)  {x}  x  [ x], x  R dk xzkQ

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 46
Qyu ds izkar o ifjlj Kkr djus ds fu;e (Rules to find domain and range of a function)
(i) Qyu f ( x) dk izkar Kkr djus ds fy;s ge x ds mu okLrfod ekuksa dk leqPp; A Kkr djr gSa ftu ekuksa ds fy;s f ( x)
vuar ;k dkYifud gksA rc vHkh"V izkUr R  A gksxkA
(ii) Qyu y  f ( x) dk ifjlj Kkr djuk %&;fn Qyu dk izkar ,d ifjfer leqPp; gks rc Qyu esa x ds ekuksa dks j[kdj
muds laxr y ds eku Kkr djrs gSaA bUgha ekuksa dk leqPp; Qyu dk ifjlj gksxkA
(a) ;fn Qyu fo’kq) chth; gks o ,d lw= :i esa fn;k gks rc x dk eku y ds inksa esa vFkkZr~ x   ( y ) ds :i esa fy[k dj y
ds ekuksa ds fy;s ,d leqPp; A Kkr djsaxs ftuds fy;s ( y ) fo|eku gks vFkkZr~ ( y ) u rks vuUr gks vkSj u dkYifud gks rc
;gh leqPp; A Qyu dk ifjlj gksxkA
ekud Qyuksa ds izkar o ifjlj (Domain and range of standard functions)
(i) chth; Qyu (Algebraic Functions)
Qyu çkaa r ifjlj
 R, ¸kfn n fo"ke gks
(a) x n , n  N R  
 R  {0}, ¸kfn n le gks

1  R, ¸kfn n fo"ke gks

(b) , n N R0  
x n
 R , ¸kfn n le gks
(c) n
x, n  N R , ;fn n fo"ke gks R , ;fn n fo"ke gks
(d) n
x, n  N R   {0} , ;fn n le gks R   {0} , ;fn n le gks
1
R  ;fn n le gks R  ] ;fn n le gks
(e) n
, n N
x
1
(f) n
, n N R0 ;fn n fo"ke gks R0 ] ;fn n fo"ke gks
x
(iv) pj?kkar kdh; Qyu (Trigonometric functions)
(a) e x R R
(b) e1/ x R0 R   {1}
(c) a x , a  0 R R
(d) a1/ x , a  0 R0 R   {1}
(v) y?kqx.kdh; Qyu (Trigonometric function)
(a) log a x, a  a  1 R R
1
(b) log x a  log x , a  0, a  0 R   {1} R0
a

(ii) f=dks. kferh; Qyu (Trigonometric functions)

(a) sin x R [ 1, 1]
(b) cos x R [ 1, 1]

(c) tan x R  (2n  1) , n  I R
2
(d) cot x R  n , n  I , R

(e) sec x R  (2n  1) , n  I (,  1] [1, )
2
(f) cosec x R  n , n  I (,  1]  [1, )
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 47
(iii) izfrykse o`Ù kh; Qyu (Inverse circular functions)
  
(a) sin 1 x [ 1, 1]   2 , 2 
(b) cos 1 x [ 1, 1] [0, ]
  
(c) tan 1 x R  , 
 2 2
(d) cot 1 x R (0, )

   
(e) sec 1 x ( ,  1]  [1, )  0, 2    2 ,  
   

    
(f) cosec 1 x ( ,  1]  [1, )   2 , 0    0, 2 
   
(vi) egÙke iw. kkZad Qyu (Greatest integral functions)
(a) [ x ] R I
1 1
(b) R  [0, 1) , n  I0
[ x] n
(c) {x}  x  [ x] R R  [0, 1)
1 1
(d) {x}  x  [ x] RI (1, )

(vii) ekikad Qyu (Greatest integral functions)

(a) x R R   {0}
1
(b) x R0 R

x
(c) R0 {1, 1}
x
(d) x x R R
(e) x  x R R   {0}
(d) x  x R R   {0}

egRoi w
. kZr F; , oai fj .kke (Important facts and Results)
1 x
;fn f ( x)  gks rc f ( f ( x))  x
1 x

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 48
oLrqfu"B iz'u (OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS) x 3/ 2  x  5
1 x 12. f ( x)  gS%&
x 1
01. ;fn f ( x)  rks f [ f (cos 2)] cjkcj gS%&
1 x (A) rRled Qyu (B) ifjes; Qyu
(A) sin 2 (B) cos 2 (C) vifjes; Qyu (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(C) tan 2 (D) cot 2 13. y 2  2 px  p 2 x 2  0 gSa
f (25) (A) Li"V Qyu (B) vLi"V Qyu
02. f : N  N , f ( x )  x rks f (9)  f (16) dk eku (C) pj?kkrkadh; Qyu (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
gksxk%& 14 f : A  B rFkk g : A  C cjkcj Qyu gksaxs ;fn%&
5 9 (A) A  B  C
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D) (B) B  C
7 7
1 (C) f ( A)  g ( A)
1 2
03. fuEu fcUnqvksa ij x   5 gS a ogk¡ Qyu f ( x )  x   (D) B  C rFkk f ( x)  g ( x ),  x A
x x
dk eku gS%& a
(A) 21 (B) 25 (C) 23 (D) 27 15 ( a  0) cjkcj gS%&
0
2
 x  1, 0  x  3 (A) a (B) 0
04. ;fn f ( x )   gks rks f (1) cjkcj gS%&
 2 x  3, 3  x  5 (C) dksbZ la[;k ugha (D) buessa ls dksbZ ugha
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) vifjHkkf"kr 0
16. D;k gS %&
05. ;fn f ( x)  log10 x gS rks f (10 x ) cjkcj gS%& 0
(A) f (10) f ( x ) (B) 1  f ( x ) (A) 0 (B) 
(C) 1 (D) vfu/kkZ;Z :i
f ( x)
(C) f ( x) (D) 17. ;fn A  {1, 2, 3, 4} rFkk B  {a, b, c, d } rks fuEu esa ls
f (10)
dkSulk A  B Qyu gS%&
1  x2 (A) (1, a), (2, c), (3, b)
06. ;fn f ( x)  gS rks f (tan ) cjkcj gS%&
1  x2 (B) (1, a ), (1, b), (2, c ), (3, c), (4, c)
(A) sin 2 (B) cos 2
(C) (1, a ), (2, c), (3, b), (4, d )
(C) tan 2 (D) cot 2
(D) (1, a), (2, b), (3, c ), (3, d )
07. ;fn f ( x)  2 cos x  sin 2 x rks f (2  x) cjkcj gS%& 18. ;fn leqPp; A esa vo;oksa dh la[;k n gks rks A ls A esa
(A) f ( x) (B)  f ( x ) dqqy fdrus Qyu ifjHkkf"kr gksaxs%&
1 1 (A) n (B) n 2 (C) n n (D) n !
(C) f ( x) (D)  f ( x)
2 2 19. ;fn A  {1, 2, 3} gks rks leqPp; A ls A esa dqy fdrus
08. izkUr ,oa ifjlj cjkcj gksrs gSa%& Qyu ifjHkkf"kr fd;s tk ldrs gSa%&
(A) vpj Qyu ds (B) ,dSdh Qyu ds (A) 6 (B) 9
(C) rRled Qyu ds (D) vkPNknd Qyu ds (C) 27 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
09. vpj Qyu dk ifjlj gksrk gS%&
20. ;fn x, y {1, 2, 3, 4} rks fuEu esa ls dkSulk Qyu gS%&
(A) fjDr leqPp; (B) lgizkUr
(C) ,d vo;o leqPp; (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (A) {( x, y ): y  x  2} (B) {( x, y ): y  x  5}
10. ;fn A  {(1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 5)} rks xyr dFku gS%& (C) {( x, y ): x  y  4} (D) {( x, y ): x  y  5}
(A) A dk izfrykse dk vfLRkRo gS 21. fuEu esa ls dkSulk Qyu ugha gS%&
(B) A dk izkUr {1, 2, 3} (A) {( x, y ): y  x  1, x  (1, 2), y  (2, 4, 6)}
(C) A ,d Qyu gS (B) {( x, y ) : y  3x, x  N }
(D) A[ A(1)]  5
(C) {( x, y ): y  2 x, x  N , x  10, y  N }
11. fuEu lEcU/kksa esa Qyu dkSulk gS%&
(D) {( x, y ): y  3x, x  (1, 2, 3), y  (3, 6, 9, 12)}
(A) {(1, 4), (2, 6), (1, 5), (3, 9) }
22 fuEu esa ls dkSulk fu;e R ls R esa Qyu ugha gS%&
(B) {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2) }
(A) f ( x )  x (B) f ( x )  x 2
(C) {(3, 3), (2, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3) }
(D) {(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4) } (C) f ( x)  x1/ 3 (D) f ( x)  x3

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 49
23. ;fn x, y  R rks fuEu fu;eksa ls dkSulk Qyu ugha gS%& 30. ;fn f ( x )  log x rks f ( x / y ) cjkcj gS%&
(A) y  9  x 2 (B) y  2 x 2 (A) f ( x )  f ( y ) (B) f ( x ) . f ( y )

(C) y  x x (D) y  x 2  1 f ( x)
(C) f ( x)  f ( y ) (D)
f ( y)
24. Qyu f : A  A rRled Qyu gksxk] ;fn
(A) f ( A)  A (B) f ( A)  1 31. ;fn Qyu f : R  R ds fy, f ( x  y )  f ( x)  f ( y)
(C) f ( x)  x,  x  A (D) f ( x )  1,  x  A rks f ( x) cjkcj gS%&
25. dkSulk funsZf'kr js[kkfp= ,d Qyu dks iznf'kZr dj jgk gS%& (A) e x (B) log x (C) mx (D) sin x

a
p a p 32. ;fn f (x)loga x rks f (ax ) cjkcj gS%&
q b q
(A) b r (B) (A) f (a) f ( x ) (B) 1  f ( x )
c r
c s d
(C) f ( x) (D) af ( x)
a l 33. ;fn f ( x)  log x rks lR; dFku gS%&
b m
(C) c (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (A) f ( x  y )  f ( x) f ( y )
d n
(B) f ( x  y )  f ( x )  f ( y )
26. dkSulk xzkQ ,d Qyu gS%&
(C) f ( xy )  f ( x )  f ( y )
y y
(D) f ( xy )  f ( x) f ( y )

x  1, ¸kfn x  Q
(A) x (B) O 34. ;fn f : R  R, f ( x)  1, ¸kfn x Q rks f ds v/khu
O

leqPp; R dk izfrfcEc leqPp; gksxk%&
(A) {1,  1} (B) {1, 1}
y y
(C) {1,  1} (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

 x 2  36 
x f ( x ) 
(C) O (D) 35. x  6 ij Qyu   dk eku gS%&
x  x 6 
O (A) 1 (B) 0
27. dkSulk xzkQ Qyu ugha gS (C) fo|eku ugha gS (D) 

y
36. 3  x  7 cjkcj gS%&
y
(A) ( x  3)  4 (B) ( x  7)   10

(C) ( x  5)  2 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

x
(A) (B)
O
x x3  x
37. Qyu f ( x)  x2  x
dk izkar gS%&

y (A) N (B) R (C) R0 (D) R 

38. ifjes; Qyu x ds fdl eku ds vfrfjDr lHkh ds fy,
(C) x (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha ifjHkkf"kr gS%&
(A) x  0
(B) va'k dh 'kwU;ksa ds vfrfjDr
28. ;fn f : R  R, f ( x)  e x rks lR; dFku gS%& (C) gj dh 'kwU;ksa ds vfrfjDr
(D) va'k o gj dh 'kw U;ksa ds vfrfjDr
(A) f ( x  y )  f ( x) f ( y ) (B) f ( x  y )  f ( xy )
(C) f ( x  y )  f ( x)  f ( y ) (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha 39 ;fn f ( x )  2 x 1  x 2 gS rc f (sin x) cjkcj gS%&

29 ;fn f ( x )  7 x rks f ( x  y ) cjkcj gS%& (A) sin 2x (B) cos 2x (C) sin x (D) cos x

(A) f ( x)  f ( y ) (B) f ( x )  f ( y )

f ( x)
(C) f ( x ) f ( y ) (D)
f ( y)
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 50
40 ;fn f ( x) ,d js[kh; Qyu gS rFkk f (1)  2 o 1
f (2)  3 rc f ( x) cjkcj gS%& 50. Qyu f ( x)   2 dk izkUr gS%&
x
1  1
(A) f ( x )  5 x  1 (B) f ( x )  (1  5 x )
(A) 0, (B) [0, [
3  2 
1
(C) f ( x)  (5 x  1) (D) f ( x )  5 x  1  1
3 (C)  0, (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
 2 
41. ;fn f ( x )  2 x  2  3 x  3 rks 2  x  3 ds fy, 51. fuEu Qyu esa ls dkSuls Qyuksa dk izkUr leku gS%&
f ( x) cjkcj gS%&
x2
(A) x  5 (B) 5  x (A) f ( x)  , g ( x)  x
x
(C) 5 x  13 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
1
(B) f ( x)  x 2 ( x  1), g ( x)  x x  1
42. f ( x)  dk izkUr (Domain) gS%&
x3  x (C) f ( x )  x 2  1, g ( x)  1  x 2
(A) R  {1, 0, 1} (B) R (D) fdlh dk Hkh ugha
(C) R  {0, 1} (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha 52. ;fn f : R  R rks Qyu f ( x )  tan 1 x dk ifjlj gks xk%&
43. fuEu esa ls dkSuls Qyukssa dk izkUr leku gS%&
     
(A) f ( x )  x 0 , g ( x)  sin 2 x  cos 2 x (A)   ,  (B)   , 
 2 2  2 2
(B) f ( x)  x  5, g ( x )  ( x  5) 2 (C) R (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
53. f ( x )  cos 1 x dk ifjlj gksxk%&
(C) f ( x)  x  1, g ( x )  x2  1
(D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (A) [0, ] (B) [ 1, 1]

44. Qyu f ( x)  sin x dk ifjlj gS%& (C) ]0, [ (D) R

(A) [0, [ (B) [ 1, 1[ 54. f ( x )  sec1 x dk ifjlj gksxk%&

(C) [ 1, 1] (D) ]  1, 1[
   
(A) ]0, [   (B) [0, ] ~  
45. Qyu f ( x )  x dk izkUr gksxk%& 2  2 
(A) R (B) N (C) R (D) [0, ]
(C) R   {0} (D) R   {0} 1
55. Qyu f ( x)  sin dk izkUr gS%&
46. Qyu f ( x )  3x  1 dk izkUr gksxk%& x
(A) R (B) R  (C) R  {0} (D) N
1  1 
(A)  ,   (B) R (C)  ,   (D) R  56. ;fn f : R  R, rks Qyu f ( x )  x 2  1 dk izkUr
3  3 
(1)
gksxk%&
47 Qyu f ( x )  (1  x) dk izkUr gksxk%& (A) R (B) [ 1, 1]
(C) ]  1, 1[ (D) R ~ ]  1, 1[
(A) [ , 1] (B) ]  , 1]
(C) ]  , 1 [ (D) R  {1}
57. ;fn f : R  R rks Qyu f ( x )  cot  1 x dk ifjlj
gksxk
48. Qyu f ( x)  x ! dk izkUr gS%&
(A) ]0, [ (B) [0, ]
(A) [0, [ (B) N (C) W (D) R 
     
49. Qyu f ( x)  x 2 dk ifjlj gS%& (C)   , (D)   ,
 2 2   2 2 
(A) [0, [ (B) [0, ] (C) R (D) R 
58. ;fn f : R  R rks Qyu f ( x)  cosec 1 x dk ifjlj
gksxk%&
(A) R]  1, 1[ (B) R  [ 1, 1]

  
(C) R (D)   ,   {0}
2 2
 
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 51
1 69. Qyu f ( x)  sin x ds izkUr , oaifjlj gS%&
1
59. ;fn f ( x)  x o g ( x)  2 rks nksuksa dk mHk;fu"B
x
    
izkUr gksxk%& (A) 0, , [0, 1] (B) [ 1, 1],  , 
 2   2 2
(A) lHkh /kukRed okLrfod la[;k,¡
(B) lHkh _.kkRed okLrfod la[;k,¡    
(C) lHkh okLrfod la[;k,¡ (C) [ 1, 1], 0,  (D) [0, 1], 0, 
 2  2
(D) v'kwU; okLrfod la[;k,¡
70. Qyu f : R   R, f ( x)  log x dk ifjlj gS
60. ;fn f ( x) o g ( x) ds iz kUr Øe'k% D f o Dg gks a rks Qyu
(A) R  (B) R
( f  g )( x) dk izkUr gS%&
(C) R 0 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(A) D f  Dg (B) D f  Dg
71. Qyu f : R  R, f ( x)  x 2  1 dk ifjlj gS
(C) D f  Dg (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(A) R  (B) R   {1}
61. ;fn f : R  R o f ( x )  e rks f dk ifjlj gksxk%&
x
(C) {x ; x  0} (D) {x ; x  1}
(A) R (B) R 
72. Qyu f : R  R, f ( x)  sin x dk ifjlj gS
(C) R  {0} (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(A) {x ;    x  } (B) {x ;    x  }
62. f ( x)  sin x dk izkUr gS%& (C) {x ;  1  x  1} (D) {x ;  1  x  1}
  73. Qyu f ( x )  log3 tan x dk izkUr gksxk%&
(A) R (B) R  (C) [ 1, 1] (D) 0,
 2 
   
(A)  0, (B) R (C) 0,  (D) [ 1, 1]
63. f ( x)  3  x  3  x dk izkUr gksxk%&  2   2

(A) R (B) R  {3, 3} 1
f ( x) 
(C) [ 3, 3] (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha 74. log 2 x dk izkUr gksxk
1 (A) R (B) N
64. x ds fdl eku ds fy, Qyu 3 ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS%&
x (C) R  {1, 0,1} (D) R  {1, 1}
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C)  (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
75. Qyu f ( x)  x 2  2 x  2 gks rks f dk ifjlj gksxk%&
sin x
65. x ds fdl eku ds fy, Qyu ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS%& (A) R (B) [ 1, 1]
x
(A) 1 (B)  (C) (  1,  ) (D) [1,  )
(C) 0 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha 2x
76. Qyu f ( x)  dk ifjlj gksxk%&
1 1  x2
66. Qyu f ( x )  dk izkUr gS%&
x (A) R (B) [ 1, 1]
(A) (0, ) (B) [0, ) (C) ( 1, 1) (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(C) (, 0) (D) (, 0]
 x2  2 x  1 
 x2  77. x ds fdl eku ds fy, Qyu  x 2  3x  2  vifjHkkf"kr
f ( x )   
67. Qyu   dk izkUr gS%&
 x  gS
(A) R (B) R  {0} (A) 1, 2 (B) 1, 2

(C) [0, ) (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (C) 2 (D) lHkh x ds fy,
1
x 78. Qyu f ( x)  ( x  2) (1  x) dk izkUr gS%&
68. Qyu f ( x)  dk izkUr gS%&
2x  5
(A) R (B) R  {0} (A) (1, 2) (B) [1, 2] (C) (1, 2] (D) [1, 2)

 5 
(C) R  {5} (D) R   
2

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JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 52
x2 85. ;fn f ( x)  x 2  3x  1 rFkk g ( x ) 
1
rks Qyu
79. Qyu f ( x)  4 dk ifjlj gS ( x  2)
x 1
 1  1 ( f  g ) ( x ) izkUr gS
(A)  0,  (B) 0, (C) [0, ] (D) [0, 2]
 2  2  (A) R (B) R ~ {2}

80. Qyu f : N  Z , f ( x)  ( 1) x 1 dk ifjlj gS%& (C) R  (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

(A) {0, 1} (B) {0, 1} 86. f ( x) o g ( x) ds izkUr Øe'k% D f o Dg gks rks
(C) {1, 1} (D) {0,  1, 1} Qyu ( f  g )( x) dk izkUr gksxk%&

81. Qyu f ( x)  2  2 x  x 2 dk izkUr gS%& (A) D f  Dg

(B) D f  Dg
(A)  3  x  3
(B) 2  x  2 (C) D f  Dg ~ {x : g ( x )  0}
(D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(C) 1  3  x   1  3
1
(D) 2  3  x   2  3 87. Qyu f ( x)  1  cos x dk izkUr gS%&
82. Qyu f ( x)  log 2 (sin 1 x) dk izkUr gksxk%& (A) R
(B) R ~ 
   
(A)  0, (B) 0,  (C) R ~ (2n  1)  tgk¡ n I
 2  2 
(D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(C) ] 0, 1 ] (D) [0, 1]
88. Qyu f ( x )  1  x dk izkUr gksxk%&
83. Qyu f ( x)  sin 1 x dk xzkQ gS
y (A) [ 1, 1] (B) ]  1, 1 [ (C) R ~ {1} (D) ( 1, 4)
(1,  / 2 )
1
x 89. Qyu y  log (3  x)  x  2 dk izkUr gS%&
O 10
(A)
(A) ( 3, 2)~{2, 5} (B) [ 2, 3]
(1,   / 2)
(1,  / 2 ) (C) [ 2, 3) ~ {2} (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
y
90. f : R  R, f ( x )  e  x gks] rks f dk ifjlj gksxk%&
x (A) R (B) R 0 (C) R  (D) R 
O
(B ) 91. fdlh vkPNknd Qyu dk izkUr o ifjlj leku gS rks og gS%&
(A) rRled Qyu (B) vUrj Qyu
(1,   / 2) (C) vUr{ksZih Qyu (D) ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu
y ( / 2 , 1)
92. ;fn fdlh Qyu dk lgizkUr mlds ifjlj ds cjkcj gks] rks
og gksxk%&
x (A) ,dSdh (B) vkPNknd
(C) O (C) cgq,dSdh (D) vUr{ksZih
93. ;fn f : A  B ds fy, f ( a)  f (b)  a  b rks f
(  / 2,  1)
(D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha gksxk%&
(A) ,dSdh (B) vkPNknd (C) cgq,dSdh (D) vUr{ksZih
84. Qyu f ( x)   x 2  6 x  9 dk izkUr gksxk
94. f : R  R, f ( x)  sin 2 x  cos 2 x gS rks f
(A) {3} (A) ,dSdh ugha ysfdu vkPNknd(B) ,dSdh vkPNknd
(B) lHkh izkd`frd la[;k,¡ (C) ,dSdh fdUrq vkPNknd ugha (D) u ,dSdh u vkPNknd
(C) lHkh okLrfod /ku la[;k,¡ 95. fuEu esa ls dkSulk Qyu vkPNknd gSa tks f : R  R esa
(D) lHkh okLrfod _.k la[;k,¡
ifjHkkf"kr gS%&
(A) f ( x )  sin x (B) f ( x )  x3

(C) f ( x )  e x (D) f ( x)  x

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JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 53
96. fuEu esa ls dkSulk Qyu gS tks R  R esa ifjHkkf"kr gS 107. ;fn  rc f gS%&
2
f : R  R , f ( x)  x
vkSj vUr{ksZih Hkh gS%&
(A) vkPNknd (B) vUr{ksZih
(A) f ( x )  sin x (B) f ( x )  3 x  1
(C) ,dSdh vUr{ksZih (D) ,dSdh vkPNknd
3
(C) f ( x)  x (D) f ( x )  x x 108. f : A, B, f ( x)  x  1 rc f gS ;gk¡
97. R ls R esa ifjHkkf"kr fuEu Qyuksa esa ls dkSulk Qyu A  {1, 3, 5, 7.....}, B  {2, 4, 6, 8......} %&
vkPNknd gS%& (A) cgq,dSdh (B) vUr{ksZih
(A) f ( x)  x (B) f ( x)  e  x (C) ,dSdh vUr{ksZih (D) ,dSdh vkPNknd
(C) f ( x )  x  x (D) f ( x )  x3  1
109. I ls I es a ifjHkkf"kr fuEu Qyuks
a esa ls dkSulk Qyu ,dSdh
vkPNknd gS%&
98. Qyu f : N  N , f ( x)  3x  5, rc f gS%&
(A) x3 (B) 2 x  1
(A) ,dSdh vkPNknd
(C) mijksDr nksuksa (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(B) vkPNknd ysfdu ,dSdh ugha
(C) ,dSdh ysfdu vkPNknd ugha 110. Qyu f ( x )  x 4 ,dSdh gS%&
(D) u ,dSdh u vkPNknd (A) R ls R esa (B) R0 ls R  esa
99. Qyu f : R  R, f ( x)  x , rc f gS
2
(C) R  ls R 0 esa (D) Z ls Z esa
(A) ,dSdh vkPNknd (B) ,dSdh vUr{ksZih
111. ;fn f : Q  Q, f ( x )  2 x  3 rc f gS%&
(C) cgq,dSdh vUr{ksZih (D) cgq,dSdh vkPNknd
(A) ,dSdh vUr{ksZih (B) ,dSdh vkPNknd
100. Qyu f : R  R, f ( x)  x gS%&
(C) cgq,dSdh vUr{ksZih (D) cgq,dSdh vkPNknd
(A) ,dSdh vkPNknd 112. Qyu f : C  C , f ( z )  z gS%&
(B) u ,dSdh u vkPNknd
(A) dsoy ,dSdh (B) dsoy vkPNknd
(C) ,dSdh ysfdu vkPNknd ugh
(C) ,dSdh vkPNknd (D) cgq,dSdh vUr{ksZih
(D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
113. f : [0, ]  R, f ( x )  cos x gS%&
101. Qyu f : R  R, f ( x)  x 3 gS%&
(A) ,dSdh (B) vUr{ksZih
(A) ,dSdh vkPNknd (C) vkPNknd (D) ,dSdh vUr{ksZih
(B) u ,dSdh u vkPNknd
(C) ,dSdh ysfdu vkPNknd ugha   3 
114. Qyu f :  ,   [ 1, 1], f ( x)  cos x gS%&
(D) vkPNknd ysfdu ,dSdh ugha 2 2 
102. ekuk A  {a, b, c}, B  {1, 2, 3, 4} rFkk f : A  B (A) ,dSdh (B) vkPNknd
(C) ,dSdh vkPNknd (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
tgk¡ f ( a)  4, f (b)  2, f (c)  1 rc f gS%&
(A) ,dSdh (B) vkPNknd   3 
115. Qyu f :  ,  R, f ( x)  tan x gS%&
(C) ,dSdh vkPNknd (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha  2 2 
103. f : Z  Z : f ( x)  x 3  1 rc f gS%& (A) ,dSdh (B) cgq ,dSdh
(A) ,dSdh vkPNknd (C) ,dSdh vkPNknd (D) Qyu fo|eku ugha gS
(B) ,dSdh ysfdu vkPNknd ugha 116. Qyu f : R  R, f ( x)  [ x] gS%&
(C) vkPNknd ysfdu ,dSdh ugha (A) ,dSdh (B) cgq,dSdh vkPNknd
(D) u ,dSdh u vkPNknd (C) ,dSdh vkPNknd (D) cgq,dSdh vUr{ksZih
x 117. Qyu f : R  R, f ( x )  x 3  7 gS%&
104. f : [ 1, 1]  [1, 1], f ( x )  sin rc f gS%&
2 (A) ,dSdh vkPNknd (B) cgq,dSdh vkPNknd
(A) ,dSdh vkPNknd (B) ,dSdh vUr{ksZih (C) ,dSdh vUr{ksZih (D) cgq,dSdh vUr{ksZih
(C) cgq,dSdh vkPNknd (D) cgq ,dSdh vUr{ksZih 118. R ls R es a ifjHkkf"kr fuEu esa ls dkSulk Qyu vkPNknd gS%&
105. f :[ 1, 1]  [ 1, 1], f ( x )  sin x rc f gS%& (A) x 2 (B) x (C) x3 (D) x 4
(A) dsoy ,dSdh (B) dsoy vkPNknd
119. fuEu esa ls dkSuls leqPp; esa f ( x )  sin x ,dSdh gksxk%&
(C) ,dSdh o vkPNknd (D) u ,dSdh u vkPNknd
(A) ( , ) (B) (0, )
1
106. f : R0  R0 , f ( x)  tgk¡ R0 v'kUw; okLrfod la[;kvksa
x   3    
(C)  , (D)  ,
dk leqPp; gS rc f gS  2 2   2 
(A) dsoy ,dSdh (B) dsoy vkPNknd
(C) ,dSdh o vkPNknd (D) u ,dSdh u vkPNknd

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JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 54
120. f : [ 1, 1]  [ 1, 1], f ( x )  x x rc f gS%& 130. ;fn f ( x)  x 3 rFkk f dk izkUr (0, 1, 2, 3) gS rc
(A) ,dSdh vkPNknd (B) ,dSdh vUr{ksZih
f 1 dk izkUr gksxk%&
(C) cgq,dSdh vkPNknd (D) cgq,dSdh vUr{ksZih
(A) {0, 1, 2, 3} (B) {0,  1,  2,  3}
121. f : R  R, f ( x)  x  x rc f gS%&
(C) {0, 1, 8, 27} (D) {0,  1,  8,  27}
(A) ,dSdh vkPNknd (B) ,dSdh vUr{ksZih
(C) cgq,dSdh vkPNknd (D) cgq,dSdh vUr{ksZih 131. ;fn f : R  R Qyu f ( x)  2 x 2  5 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS
122. [ 1, 1] ls [ 1, 1] esa ifjHkkf"kr Qyuksa esa ls dkSulk ,dSdh rks f 1 (45) gksxk%&
vkPNknd gS%&
(A) { 2 5} (B) { 5}
(A) f ( x)  sin x (B) f ( x)  cos x
(C) { 5} (D)  40
(C) f ( x)  x x (D) mijksDr rhuksa
123. fuEu esa ls dkSulk Qyu ,dSdh vkPNknd ugha gS%& 132. ;fn f : R  R, f ( x )  x 2  3 rks f 1 ( x ) cjkcj gS%&

(A) f : R  R  , f ( x)  x (A) x3 (B) x  3

1 (C) x 3 (D) x 2  3
(B) f : R0  R0 , f ( x ) 
x 133. f ( x )  sin x  cos x
(C) f : R  R, f ( x)  ax  b; a, b  R, a  0 (A) le Qyu
(D) lHkh ,dSdh vkPNknd gS (B) fo"ke Qyu
(C) u le] u fo"ke
124. ;fn f ( x)  tan x rks f ( x  y ) cjkcj gS%&
(D) le o fo"ke nksuksa gh izfrcU/kksa ds vuqlkj
f ( x)  f ( y) f ( x)  f ( y ) 134. fuEu esa ls dkSulk Qyu chth; gS%&
(A) (B)
1  f ( x) f ( y ) 1  f ( x) f ( y) (A) log (1  x) (B) 2x  3
f ( x)  f ( y ) f ( x)  f ( y) (C) 5 x (D) sin x
(C) (D)
1  f ( x) f ( y ) 1  f ( x) f ( y) 135. ,d Qyu le Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn bldk ys[kkfp= lefer
125. gof fo|eku gksxk ;fn
gS%&
(A) x  v{k ds lkis{k (B) y  v{k ds lkis{k
(A) f dk izkUr  g dk izkUr (C) y  x ds lkis{k (D) ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k
(B) f dk lgizkUr  g dk izkUr 136. ,d Qyu fo"ke Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn bldk ys[kkfp=
(C) f dk izkUr  g dk lgizkUr lefer gS%&
(A) x  v{k ds lkis{k (B) y  v{k ds lkis{k
(D) f dk lgizkUr  g dk lgizkUr
(C) y  x ds lkis{k (D) ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k
126. ;fn f , g , h fdlh leqPp; ij ifjHkkf"kr rhu Qyuk gSa rks 137. cos 2x dk vkorZdky (Periode) gS
vlR; dFku gS%& (A) (B) 
2
(A) ( f 0 g )0 h  f 0 ( g 0 h) (B) ( f 0 g ) 1  g 10 f 1 (C) 1 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

(C) ( f 0 g ) 1  f 1 0 g 1 (D) g 0 f  f 0 g 138. Qyu cos 2x dk vkoZrukad (Periode) gS

127. ;fn f : A  B, g : B  C nks ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu gSa  

(A)  (B) (C) 2 (D)
rc gof : A  C gksxk%& 2 4
(A) ,dSdh (B) vkPNknd 139. Qyu tan 4x dk vkorZdky gS%&
(C) ,dSdh vkPNknd (D) u ,dSdh u vkPNknd
 
128. ;fn (A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 4 
4 2
2
f : R  R, f ( x)  x  1; g : R  R0 , g ( x )  3x  2
x
rc gof (4) cjkcj gS%& 140. sin dk vkorZdky gS%U
3
(A) 13 (B) 49 (C) 99 (D) 101
2 
129. ;fn f : R  R, f ( x )  cos x vkSj (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) (D)
3 3
g : R  R, g ( x )  x3 gks rks ( gof ) ( x) cjkcj gS%&
141. cos x dk vkorZdky gS%&
(A) cos x3 (B) cos3 x

(C) cos3 x3 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (A)  (B)
2
(C) 2 (D) 4

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 55
142. Qyu f ( x )  x 2 dk xzkQ gS%& 144. ;fn 2
f ( x)  x  3 gks rFkk g ( x )  x  1 gks rks
y fog ( x ) cjkcj gksxk%&
y
(A) x2  4 (B) ( x 2  3) x  1
x x (C) ( x 2  1) x  3 (D) ( x  4)
(A) O (B) O
145. ;fn f ( x )  e3 x rFkk g ( x)  log x, x  0 rks f 0 g ( x )
cjkcj gS%&
y
(A) x3 (B) e log 3x
(C) 3x3 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
x
(C) O (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
146. Qyu f ( x)  sin 2 x dk vkorZukad gS%&
(A)  (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
143. vkorhZ Qyu dk oØ gS%& x x x
147. Qyu f ( x)  sin  2cos  tan dk vkorZukad
y 2 3 4
y gS%&
(A) 8 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 12
x (B) x
(A) O

148. Qyu f ( x)  log cos 2 x  tan 4 x dk vkorZukad gS%&

y  2
(A) (B)  (C) 2 (D)
2 5
149. Qyu f ( x)  sin x  cos x dk vkorZukad gS%&
x
(C) (D) mijksDr lHkh   3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 
2 4 4
150. ;fn A  {1, 2, 3, 4} gks rc A ls A ij ifjHkkf"kr
vkpNknd Qyuksa dh la[;k gksxh%&
(A) 4 (B) 16 (C) 24 (D) 256

Answer Key (Function)

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans B C C D B B A C C A B C A D C
Qus. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans D C C C D A A C C C D B A D C
Qus. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans C B C C C D C C A B C A D C A
Qus. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans C C C A C B A A B C D A D A A
Qus. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Ans B A C B C C B D B B D C A C D
Qus. 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans B B A B C C C B A B C C A C C
Qus. 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ans D B A D B A D C C B A A B A B
Qus. 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Ans C C D D C B C D D C D A C C A
Qus. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135
Ans D C A A B C C B B C C A C B B
Qus. 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
Ans D C B A B A B A D A A D B A C

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 56

Qyu (Functions)
iwoZ ijh{kkvksa esa iqNs x;s iz'u (Previous year Examination Questions)
01. og izkUr Kkr djsa ftlds fy;s Qyu f (x) = x – x + 3
2
 1 1   
vkSj g(x) = 2x2 – 3 cjkcj gS& H-TET 2008 07. Qyu f :   2 , 2     2 , 2  ifjHkkf"kr gS f (x) =
   
Find the domain for which the functions
2 2 sin (3x – 4x ) ;g gS&
–1 3
H-TET 2008
f (x) = x – x + 3 and g(x) = 2x – 3 are equal
(1) (2, –3) (2) [2, –3]  1 1   
The function f :  ,   , defined by
(3) {2, –3} (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha  2 2   2 2 
02. A = {1, 2,3 , ...., n}; n  2, ls B = {a, b} ij vkPNknd f (x) = sin–1 (3x – 4x3) is
Qyuksa dh la[;k gS& H-TET 2008 (1) ,dSdh vkPNknu Bijection
The number of onto functions from (2) ,dSdh ij vkPNknd ugha
A = {1, 2,3 , ...., n}; n  2, to B = {a, b} is Injection but not a surjection
(1) n2 – 2 (2) 2n2 – 2 (3) vkPNknd ij ,dSdh ugha
(3) 2n – 1 (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha Surjection but not an injection
03. A ,oa B nks bl izdkj ds leqPp; gSa fd O(A) = m rFkk (4) u rks ,dSdh u gh vkPNknd
O(B) = n, m  n. A ls B ij leLr ,dSdh izfrfp=.kksa Neither Injection nor a surjection
dh la[;k gksxh& H-TET 2008, 2009 log 0.3 ( x  1)
Let A and B are two sets such that O(A) = m and 08. Qyu f ( x)  dk izkUr gS&
x 2  3x  18
O(B) = n, m  n. then number of total injective map-
pings from A to B is
H-TET 2008

n! m! log 0.3 ( x  1)
(1) mn (2) nm (3) (n  m)! (4) (n  m)! The domain of the function f ( x)  is
x 2  3x  18
(1) [2, 6] (2) [2, 6) (3) (2, 6] (4) (2, 6)
04. A ,oa B Øe'k% m rFkk n vo;o j[kus okys lhfer
leqPp; gSa rks A ls B ij leLr izfrfp=.kksa dh la[;k gS& 1
09. Qyu f ( x)  2  cos3x dk ijkl ¼jsat½ gS&
Let A and B be two finite sets having m and n ele-
ments respectively. Then the total number of map- H-TET 2008
pings from A to B is H-TET 2008 1
(1) n m
(2) m n
(3) 2mn
(4) 2mn –2 The range of the function f ( x )  is
2  cos3x
05. ekuk f : R  R, g : R  R nks Qyu gSa tks
f (x) = 2x – 3 rFkk g(x) = x3 + 5 }kjk fn;s x;s gSa rks  1 
(1)   , 0 (2) R
(fog)–1 x cjkcj gS&  3 
Let f : R  R, g : R  R be two function given by f 1 
(x) = 2x – 3 and g(x) = x3 + 5 . then (fog)–1 x is equal (3)  , 1 (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
3 
to H-TET 2008

 x7
1/3
 7
1/3 10.  2
f (x) = loge x  x  1 gS&  H-TET 2008
(1)   (2)  x  
 2   2
f (x) = loge x  x2  1  is
1/3 1/ 3
 x2  x  7 (1) ,d fo"ke Qyu an odd function
(3)  (4) 
 7 
  2  (2) ,d vkorhZ Qyu a periodic function
06. ;fn O(A) = 3 rFkk O(B) = 4 rks leLr ,dSdh izfrfp=.kksa (3) ,d le Qyu an even function
dh la[;k tks A ls B ij ifjHkkf"kr fd;s tk ldrs gSa] (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha None of these
gksxh H-TET 2008
If O(A) = 3 and O(B) = 4, then the total number of
injections that can be defined fromA to B is
(1) 12 (2) 144 (3) 24 (4) 42

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 57
x 17. Qyu y = f (x) dk vkys[k js[kk x = 2 ds lkis{k lefer
11. Qyu f ( x) | cos x |  sin 2 vkorZdky gS& gS] rks
The graph of the function y = f (x) is symmetrical
H-TET 2008
about the line x = 2 then H-TET 2008
x (1) f (x + 2) = f (x – 2)
The period of the function f ( x ) | cos x |  sin is
2 (2) f (x + 2) = f (–2 – x)
(1) 2 (2)  (3) f (x) = f (–x)
(3) 4 (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
18. Qyu f (x) = |sin x| + |cos x| dk vkorZdky gS&
 1 
12. ;fn af ( x  1)  bf    x , x  1, a  b rks The period of the function f (x) = |sin x| + |cos x| is
 x 1  H-TET 2008
f (2) cjkcj gS& (1)  (2) /2
 1  (3)  (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
If af ( x  1)  bf    x , x  1, a  b then f (2) 19. Qyu f (x) = sin 3x + cos4 3x dk vkorZdky gS&
4
 x 1 
is equal to H-TET 2008 The period of the function f (x) = sin43x + cos4 3x is
H-TET 2008
a 2a  b
(1) (2) (1) /2 (2) /3
a 2  b2 2( a 2  b2 )
(3) /6 (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
a  2b 20. izkpy  dk eku ftlds fy;s Qyu f (x) = 1 + x,
(3) (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
2( a 2  b 2 ) a  0 Loizfrykse gS& H-TET 2008
The value of parameter  for which the function f
1 1 | x |  (x) = 1 + x, a  0 is the inverse of itself is
13. Qyu f ( x)  sec  2  dk izkUr gS&
  (1) –2 (2) –1 (3) 1 (4) 2
H-TET 2008 21. Qyu f (x) = [sin 3x] + |cos 6x|) tgk¡ [x] egÙke iw.kkZad
Qyu fu:fir djrk gS] dk vkorZdky gS
x | 1 1 |
The domain of the function f ( x )  sec   is The period of the function f (x) = [sin 3x] + |cos 6x|)
 2  where [x] stands for the greatest integer function, is
(1) (– , –3]  [3, ) (2) [3, ) S. TET 2009
(3)  (4) R (1)  (2) 2/3 (3) 2 (4) /2
14. Qyu f (x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2|, x  [–1, 3] dk ijkl ¼jsat½ 22. ;fn f (x) = cos [ ] x + cos [– ]x tgk¡ [x] egÙke
2 2

gS& H-TET 2008 iw.kkZad Qyu fu:fir drk gS] rks

The range of the function f (x) |x – 1| + |x – 2|, If f (x) = cos [2] x + cos [–2]x where [x] stands
x  [–1, 3] is for greatest integer function, then S. TET 2009
(1) [1, 3] (2) [–1, 3] (3) [1, 5] (4) [3, 5] (1) f (/2) = 1 (2) f () = 1
15. ;fn Qyu f (x) = sin x + cos ax vkorhZ gS] rks & (3) f (–) = 0 (4) f (/4) = 2
H-TET 2008  3200 
If the function f (x) = sin x + cos ax is periodic then 23. ;fn {x}, x dk va'k Hkkx fu:fir djrk gS rks  8  
 
(1) a izkd`frd la[;k gS a is natural number
(2) a ,d iw.kkZad gS a is an integer 200
 3 
If {x}, denotes the fractional part of x then  
(3) a ,d ifjes; la[;k gS a is rational number  8 
(4) a ,d vifjes; la[;k gS a is irrational number
S. TET 2009
e x  e x (1) 1/8 (2) 3/8
16. Qyu f ( x)  dk izfrykse Qyu gS&
e e x x (3)  (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
The inverse function of the function 24. ;fn A vkSj B nks leqPp; Øe'k% 5 vkSj 2 vo;o j[krs
e x  e x gkas] rks A ls B ij ifjHkkf"kr gksus okys vkPNknd Qyuksa
f ( x)  is H-TET 2008 dh la[;k gS& S. TET 2009
e x  e x
If A and B are two sets containing 5 and 2 elements
1 1 x 1 2 x resepctively then number of onto functions defined
(1) log (2) log
2 1 x 2 2 x from A to B is
1 1 x (1) 30 (2) 2
(3) log (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (3) 10 (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
2 1 x
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 58
25. egÙke vUrjky ftlesa Qyu S. TET 2009 x
31. ;fn f ( x)  rks (f o f o f)(x) gksxk
 
2  1  x2
f ( x )  3sin   x 2  eku xzg.k djrk gS
 16  SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010

The largest interval in which the function x

If f ( x)  then (f o f o f(x) is
1  x2
 2 
f ( x )  3sin   x 2  assumes value is 3x x
 16  (1) 2 (2)
1 x 1  3x2
 3   3 3 
(1) 0,  (2)   ,  3x x3
 2  2 2 (3) (4)
1  x2 1  x2
(3) [–3, 3] (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
32. f dh ifjHkk"kk bl iz d kj dh xbZ gS
26. ;fn [x] vf/kdre iw.kkZad  x dks fu:fir djrk gS rks
 5 x  1 ¸kfn x3
4  x2 
Qyu f ( x )  oxZ ifjHkk"kk dk Mksesu gS f ( x )   x 2  1 ¸kfn 2  x  3 rks
( x)  2
 2 x  1 ¸kfn x  2
If [x] denotes the greatest integer  x, the domain of 

4  x2 f (3)  f (1)  f (5) dk eku gS&

defination of function f ( x )  is
( x)  2 f (2)
S. TET 2009
(1) (–, – 2)  [–1, 2] (2) [0, 2]
(3) [–1, 2] (4) (0, 2) 5 x  1 if x3
 2
27. Qyu f : N  N, f (x) = 2x + 3 gS& f is defined as f ( x )   x  1 if 2  x  3 then
RAS (Mains) 2009 2 x  1 if x  2

Function f : N  N, f (x) = 2x + 3 is
(1) ,dSdh o vkPNknd one-one onto the value of f (3)  f (1)  f (5) is
(2) ,dSdh o vUr{ksZih one-one into f (2)
(3) cgq,dSdh o vkPNknd many one onto
SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
(4) cgq,dSdh o vUr{ksZih many one into
31 32 19 33
x2 (1)
3
(2)
3
(3)
3
(4)
3
28. Let f : R  R be a function such that f ( x)  .
1  x2 33. f (x) = |x – 5| + 6 dk ifjlj gS&
Then range of f is RAS Mains 2009 SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
(1) R (2) R – {1}(3) [0, 1] (4) [0, 1)
The range of f (x) = |x – 5| + 6 is
29. ;fn gj Nk= dks ,d dqlhZ feys vkSj dksbZ dqlhZ [kkyh u
(1) (–5, ) (2) (–, )
jgs] rks ;g ,d fLFkfr gS&SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010 (3) (–6, 6] (4) [6, )
If every student gets a separate chair and no chair is
left vacant, then this is a case of x 1
34. f ( x)  , x  2 }kjk fn;k x;k f dk izfrykse
(1) ,dSdh Qyu dh one-to-one function x2
(2) ,dSdh vkSj vkPNknd Qyu dh Qyu gS& SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
one-to-one and onto function The inverse function of f given by
(3) bu&Vw Qyu dh into function x 1
f ( x)  , x  2 is
(4) cgq&,d Qyu dh many-to-one function x2
30. eku ysa A = {x  C : x3 – 1 = 0} vkSj x 1
1
B = {y  C : y6 – 1 = 0} rks B ls A rc ,dSdh izfrfp=ksa (1) f ( x ) 
1  2x
dh la[;k gS&
1 x2
Let A = {x  C : x3 – 1 = 0} and (2) f ( x )  , ;fn x  – 1
B = {y  C : y6 – 1 = 0}. Then the number of one- x 1
one maps from B to A is 1 x 1 x  2
(3) f ( x)  ,
SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010 x  2 x 1
(1) 120 (2) 6 (3) 3 (4) 18 1 1  2x
(4) f ( x)  , ;fn x  1
x 1
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 59
1  5x  x2 
35. f : R  R }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu f ( x)  2 gS 40. Qyu f ( x )  loge   dk izkUr gS%&
1 x
 4 
SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
1  5x  x2 
The function f : R  R is defined by f ( x)  The domain of the function f ( x )  log e
1  x2
is  4 
 
(1) ,dSdh one-one is I Grade RPSC 2012
(2) ,dSdh vkPNknd bijection (1) [1, 4] (2) (0, 5 ) (3) [0, 5] (4) [1, 5]
(3) vkWuVw ¼vkPNknu½ onto 41. ekuk R okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gS] rks Qyu
(4) u ,dSdh vkSj u gh vkWuVw ¼vkPNknd½
f : R  R tgk¡ f ( x )  x 2  x  x  R gS%&
neither one-one nor onto
I Grade RPSC 2012
36. ;fn A = {x, y, z}, B = {u, v, w} vkSj f : A  B dh Let R be the set of real numbers. Thena function
ifjHkk"kk f (x) = u, f (y) = v, f (z) = v }kjk dh tkrh gS]
f : R  R defined by f ( x )  x 2  x  x  R is
rks f gS SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
(1) ,dSdh one-one
If A = {x, y, z}, B = {u, v, w} and f : A  B be
(2) vkPNknd onto
defined by f (x) = u, f (y) = v, f (z) = v. Then f is (3) ,dSdh vkSj vkPNknd one-one and onto
(1) vkPNknh fdUrq ,dSdh ugha (4) u ,dSdh u vkPNknd Neither one-one nor onto
surjective but not injective 42. ;fn f : R  R ,d Qyu bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd
(2) ,dSdh fdUrq vkPNknh ugha
injective but not surjective f ( x)  2 x  3, rc f 1 ( x ) gS%&
(3) ,dSdh vkPNknh bijective If f : R  R is a function defined as f ( x)  2 x  3,
(4) cgq&,d ¼eSu Vq ou½ many to one then f 1 ( x ) is: M.Sc. Entrence 2012
1 x3
37. ;fn a f (x) + b f  x  = x – 1, x  0 vkSj a  b, rks f (2) (1) (2) x  3
  2
cjkcj gS& SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010
x3 x2
(3) (4)
1 2 3
If a f (x) + b f   = x – 1, x  0 and a  b, then f
 x 43. f : R  R bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd f (x) = 1, x  Q
(2) is equal to o f (x) – 1, x  Q tcfd Q ifjes; jkf'k;ksa dk leqPp;
a a  2b gSA bl fp=.k ls R dk izfrfcac leqPp; gS&
(1) (2)
2
a b 2 2( a 2  b2 ) RPSC (ACF) 2012
f : R  R defined as f (x) = –1, x  Q and f (x) 1,
2a  b b x  Q where Q is the set of rational numbers. With
(3) (4)
2( a 2  b 2 ) a  b2
2
this mapping image set of R is
38. x ds fdu ekuksa ds fy, laca/k {(8, 11), (34, 5), (6, 17), (1) { } (2) {1} (3) {–1} (4) {1, –1}
(x, 22)} ,d Qyu ugha gks ldrk\ 44. ;fn Qyu f (x) = 2x2 – 1 o g(x) = 1 – 3x leku Qyu
SSC INVESTIGATOR 2010 gks rks f o g dk izkUr gS& RPSC (ACF) 2012
2
For what values of x the relation {(8, 11), (34, 5), If the functions f (x) = 2x – 1 and g(x) = 1 – 3x are
(6, 17), (x, 22)} cannot be a function? equal functions then domain of f and g is
(1) 11, 5, 17, 22 (2) 11, 5, 17
 1
(3) 8, 34, 6 (4) 2, 3, 4 (1) { } (2)  
 2
39. ;fn f : R  R, f ( x)  2 x  3 rks Qyu fof ( x) cjkcj
gS%& II GRADE RPSC DEC. 2011  1
(3) 2,   (4) bueas ls dksbZ ugha
If f : R  R, f ( x)  2 x  3 then function fof ( x) is  2
equal to
(1) (2 x  3)2 (2) 4 x 2  9
(3) 2 x  6 (4) 4 x  9

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 60
2x  3  1 x   2x 
45. ;fn f : Q – {1}  Q bl izdkj gS fd f ( x)  rc 50. ;fn f ( x)  log   rks f   cjkcj gS&
x 1  1 x   1  x2 
Qyu f gS] tcfd Q ifjes; jkf'k;ksa dk leqPp; gS& RPSC (ACF) 2012
2x  3 1 x   2x 
If f : Q – {1}  Q such that f ( x )  then
x 1 If f ( x)  log   then f   equals
 1 x   1  x2 
functioin f is, when Q is a set of rational numbers
(1) 2f (2x) (2) 2f (x)
RPSC (ACF) 2012
(3) f (2x) (4) [f (x)]2
(1) ,dSdh ijUrq vkPNknd ugha one-one but not onto
(2) ,dSdh o vkPNknd one-one and onto 51. Qyu f ( x)  log( x 2  6 x  6) dk izkUr gS
(3) vUr{ksZih into The domain of the function
(4) cgq,dSdh many one
f ( x)  log( x 2  6 x  6) is H.TET 2013
46. ;fn f : R  R bl izdkj gS fd f (x) = x3 – 8
rks f –1 (19) gS& RPSC (ACF) 2012 (1) (, 3  3)  (3  3, )
If f : R  R such that f (x) = x – 8 then f –1 (19) is=
3
(2) (, 1]  [5, )
(1) 2 (2) 3
(3) (0, )
(3) 11 (4) vfLrRo esa ugha gS
47. Qyu f : Z  Z tcfd f (x) = x2 + x tgk¡ Z iw.kkZadksa dk (4) ( , )
leqPP; gS RPSC (ACF) 2012  x
Function f : Z  Z such that f (x) = x2 + x where Z 52. Qyu sin  sin 3  dk vkorZdky gS\
 
is a set of integers then f is
(1) ,dSdh vkPNknd one-one onto  x
The period of the function sin  sin  is :
(2) vkPNknd onto  3
(3) cgq,dh vUr{ksZih many one into H.TET 2013
(4) cgq,dh vkPNknd many one onto (1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 4  (4) 2
48. ;fn f : R  R : f (x) = f (x) = x2 + 2 o g : R  R : 53. ;fn f ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu gks] rks f 1 gS%
1
g (x) = 1 + rc (fog) (x) (x  1)gS& If f is bijection, then f 1 is: M.Sc. Entrence 2013
x 1
(1) vUr{ksZih into
If f : R  R : f (x) = f (x) = x2 + 2 and g : R  R :
(2) cgq,dSdh many one
1 (3) ,dSdh vkPNknd bijection
g (x) = 1 + then (fog) (x) is(x  1)
x 1 (4) mi;qZDr esa ls dksbZ ugha None of the above
RPSC (ACF) 2012
54. ;fn f (x) = ax + b, us cuk;k gqvk f = {(–1, –5), (1, –
2 2
3x  4 x  2 3x  4 x  2 1), (3, 3)} Qyu gS] rks a vkSj b dk ewY; gSPGT 2014
(1) (2)
(1  x ) 2 (1  x) 2 If f = {(–1, –5), (1, –1), (3, 3)} is a function described
by f (x) = ax + b, then the values of a and b are
3x 2  4 x 3x 2  4 x  2 (1) –3, –1 (2) 2, –3 (3) 0, 2 (4) 2, 3
(3) (4)
( x  1) 2 ( x  1) 2 55. ;fn [x] – 5[x] + 6 = 0 gSa] tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu
2

49. f o g fp=.k f : R  R : f (x) x + 3 o

2
lwfpr djrk gS] rks
g : R  R : g(x) = x2 – 7 ls fn;s tkrs gks rks (gof) If [x]2 – 5[x] + 6 = 0 , where [.] denote the greatest
(x)gS& RPSC (ACF) 2012 integer function, then
If f and g mapping are given by (1) x  [2, 4) (2) x  [2, 3]
f : R  R : f (x) x2 + 3 and (3) x  [2, 4] (4) x  [2, 3)
g : R  R : g(x) = x2 – 7 then (gof) (x) is 56. Qyu f : R  R tks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS
(1) x4 + 6x2 + 2 (2) x4 – 6x2 + 2 f ( x)  x 2  3x  2 mldk izkUr gS PGT 2014
(3) x4 – 6x2 – 2 (4) x4 + 6x2 – 2 The domain of the function f : R  R defined by

f ( x)  x 2  3x  2 is
(1) (– ) (2) (1, 2)
(3) (–, 1] [2, ) (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
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JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 61
57. ekuk fd f : [0, 1]  [0, 1] ftls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS 3x  2 3
62. ;fn f ( x)  , x rks[I Grade July 2014]
5x  3 5
 x, ¸kfn x ifjes; gS
f ( x)  
s gS rc (fof )(x) gS&
3x  2 3
 1  x, ¸kfn x vifje; If f ( x )  , x  then
5x  3 5
Let f : [0, 1]  [0, 1]
1 1
(1) f ( x )   f ( x ) (2) (fof) (x) = –x
 x, if x is rational 19
f ( x)   then (fof )(x) is
 1  x, if x is irrational (3) f 1 ( x)   f ( x ) (4) f 1 ( x)  f ( x)
PGT 2014  2 x, 0  x  2

(1) fLFkj constan (2) 1 + x 63. ekuk f ( x )   2 rFkk
 x , 2  x  3
(3) x (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
58. ekukfd f : R  R ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS  x , 0  x 1

g ( x)   x , rks fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk
 2 x ¸kfn x3  , 1 x  4
 2 2
f ( x)   x ¸kfn 1  x  3 rc f (–1) + f (4) gS&
 3 x ¸kfn x 1
dFku lR; gS\ [II Grade 2014]

 2 x, 0  x  2
Let f : R  R be defined by Let f ( x )   2 and
 x , 2  x  3
2 x if x 3
  x , 0  x 1
f ( x)   x 2 if 1  x  3 then f (–1) + f (4) is 
g ( x)   x , then which of the following
3x if x 1 , 1  x  4
 
2
PGT 2014 statement is true?
(1) 14 (2) 5 (3) 8 (4) 9 x
59. ekfu, fd f : R  R ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] (1) gof ( x)  ; 0  x  1 ds fy,
2
f (x) = x2 + 1 rc] 17 dh iwoZ /kkj.kk gS (2) gof (x) = x ; 1 x  2 ds fy,
PGT 2014, H-TET 2014
x2
Let f : R  R be defined by f (x) = x2 + 1. Then pre- (3) gof ( x)  ; 2  x  3 ds fy,
image of 17 is 2
(1) {4, –4} (2) {3, –4} 2
x
(3) {2, –2} (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (4) gof ( x )    ; 2  x  4 ds fy,
2
60. ;fn f : R  R ,d izfrfp=.k gS tks fd f (x) = x3 + 64. ekuk Q ifjes; la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gSA ekuk ,d Qyu
5 ls ifjHkkf"kr gS] rks f 1 ( x ) cjkcj gS\
2x  3
Let f : R  R be a mapping defined by f (x) = x3 + f : Q – {3}  Q, tgk¡ f ( x)  ,  x Q  {3} gS]
x3
5, then f 1 ( x ) is equal to H-TET 2014 rks
(1) (5 – x)1/3 (2) (5 + x)1/3 Let Q be the set of rational numbers and let a func-
(3) 5 – x (4) (x – 5)1/3 tion f : Q – {3}  Q, be defined by
1 2x  3
61. Qyu f ( x )  izkUr gS f ( x)   x  Q  {3} then
| x | x x 3
M.Sc. Entrence 2015
1
The domain of the function f ( x )  (1) f ,dSdh vkSj vkPNknd f is one-one and onto
| x | x (2) f ,dSdh ijUrq vkPNknd ugha
H-TAT 2014, 2015, 2016, K.V. Dec. 2018 f is one-one but not onto
(1) (– 0) (2) (–, 0] (3) f vkPNknd gS ijUrq ,dSdh ugha
(3) [0, ) (4) (0, ) f is onto but not one-one
(4) f u ,dSdh u vkPNknd gS
f is neither one-one nor onto

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JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 62
65. ;fn leqPP; A esa m vo;o o leqPp; B esa n vo;o gSa] 1
rks A ls B esa ifjHkkf"kr ,dSdh Qyuksa dh la[;k gS 71. ;fn f ( x)  , g ( x) = f [f (x)], h(x) = f [g (x)] gS
1 x
If set A contains m elements and set B contains n rc f (x) g(x) h(x) dk eku gS
elements, then total number of one-one function from
A to B is HARAYANATET 2015 1
If f ( x )  , g ( x) = f [f (x)], h(x) = f [g (x)] then
1 x
n
(1) n  m ; m  n (2) 0; m > n what is the value of f (x) g(x) h(x)
POLYTIC 2016
(3) 1 o 2 nksuksa (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (1) –1 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) 2
sin x  sin 3x  sin 5 x  sin 7 x 72. ;fn f : R  R, f (x) = (3 – x ) ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
3 1/3

66. Qy u f ( x)  dk gS] rks fof (x) gksxk%

cos x  cos3x  cos5 x  cos 7 x
vkorZdky gS HARAYANATET 2015 If f : R  R, be given by f (x) = (3 – x3)1/3, then fof
The period of teh function (x) is H. TET FEB. 2016
(1) x1/3 (2) x3 (3) x (4) (3 – x3)
sin x  sin 3x  sin 5 x  sin 7 x 73. ;fn f : R  R, f (x) = x4 ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr gS] rks &
f ( x)  is
cos x  cos3x  cos5 x  cos 7 x H. TET FEB. 2016
    If f : R  R, be defined as f (x) = x4, then
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 3 4 2 (1) f ,dSdh vkPNknd gS f is one-one onto
67. ;fn Qyu f : RR, f (x) = x ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr gS]
2
(2) f cgq,dh vkPNknd gS f is many-one onto
rc Qyu f gS I Grade July, 2016 (3) f ,dSdh vukPNknd gS f is one-one but not onto
If function f : R  R defined as f (x) = x2 , then (4) f uk ,dSdh uk vkPNknd gS
function f is f is neither one-one nor onto
(1) ,dSdh ij vkPNknd ugha One-one but not onto 74. fn;k gS loga x > loga y, rks x < y, ;fn % H-TAT 2017
(2) vkPNknd ij ,dSdh ugha onto but not one-one Given loga x > loga y, then x < y if:
(3) ,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd one-one and onto (1) a  1 (2) a > 1
(4) uk rks ,dSdh] uk gh vkPNknd (3) 0 < a  1 (4) 0 < a  1
neither one-one nor onto 75. ;fn f (x) = ax + b rFkk g(x) = cx + d, rks f (g(x)) =
68. leqPP; {–4, –3, 0, 2} esa ls fdruh la[;k,¡ izfrca/kksa g(f (x) fdlds rqY; gS\ H-TAT 2017
|y – 4| < 6 vkSj |y + 4| < 5 dks larq"V djrh gS\ If f (x) = ax + b and g(x) = cx + d, then f (g(x)) = g(f
Nodaya 2016 (x) is equivalent to
How many numbers in the set {–4, –3, 0, 2} satisfy (1) f (a) = g (c) (2) f (b) = g (b)
the conditions |y – 4| < 6 and |y + 4| < 5? (3) f (d) = g (b) (4) f (c) = g (a)
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 1 x  2 1
76. Qyu f ( x)  dk izkUr gS& H-TAT 2017
x 1 log10 (1  x)
69.  dks x ds fy, gy dhft,
2x 1 4
x  2 1
x 1 The domain of the function f ( x)  is
Solve for x,  Nodaya 2016 log10 (1  x)
2x 1 4
(1) x  (–  , –1) (1) (–3, 0)  (0, 1) (2) [–2, 0)  (0, 1)
(2) x  (1, ) (3) [–2, 0)  (0, 1) (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugh
77. ;fn R okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gS vkSj Qyu f :
1   1 R  R, f (x) = ex }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS] rks f gS&
(3) x   ,     ,  
2   2 RPSC II Grade 30 July, 2017
If R be the set of real number and f : R  R f : R 
 1 1  R, is defined by f (x) = ex then f is
(4) x   – ,     ,  
 2 2  (1) dsoy ,dSdh injective only
70. 2
ekuk f (x) = x vkSj g (x) = 2x – 1 gS rc f og gS (2) u rks vkPNknd] u gh ,dSdh
Let f (x) = x2 and g (x) = 2x – 1 then the value of f og Neither surjective nor injective
is POLYTIC 2016 (3) dsoy vkPNknd Surjective only
2 2
(1) 2x + 1 (2) 4x + 4x + 1 (4) ,dSdh vkPNknd bijective
(3) 4x2 – 4x – 1 (4) 4x2 – 4x + 1

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JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 63
| x 5| 84. ekuk S leqPp; A ls leqPP; A rd ifjHkkf"kr lHkh
78. Qyu dk ifjlj gS K.V. 2017 Qyuksa dk leqPp; gSA ;fn n(A) = k, k  0 gS rc n(S)
x 5
gS K.V. 2017
| x 5|
The range of the function is: Let S be the set of all functions defined from set A to
x 5
set A. If n(A) = k, k  0, then n(S) is:
(1) {1, 2} (2) {5, –5} (3) {3, –3} (4) {1, – 1}
(1) 2k (2) kk (3) 2k–1 (4) k!
79. ;fn |x + 3|  10 gS] rks x fuEu varjky esa gS%
85. ;fn |2x – 3| < |x + 5| rks x lEcfU/kr gS&
If |x + 3|  10, then x lies in the interval :K.V. 2017
If |2x – 3| < |x + 5| then x belongs to :
(1) (–13, 7) (2) (– , –13)  (7, )
RPSC II Grade 2018
(3) (– , –13)  [7, ) (4) [–13, 7]
(1) (–3, 5) (2) (5, 9)
80. Qyu f (x) = 1 – |x – 2|, x  0 dk ifjlj gS%%
K.V. 2017  2   2
(3)   , 8  (4)  8, 
The range of the function f (x) = 1 – |x – 2|, x  0 is:  3   3
(1) (–, 0] (2) (–, 0) 86. izfrfp=ksa f : R  R, f (x) sin x vkSj
(3) (–, 1] (4) (–, 1) g : R  R, g (x) = x2 ds la;qDr izfrfp=.k f o g dk
81. ;fn f (x) = x2 + 2 vkSj g(x) = 3x – 2 gS] rks (fog) (x) eku gS& U.P. II Grade 29 July, 2018
gS% K.V. 2017 The composite mapping f o g of the maps f : R  R,
2 f (x) sin x and g : R  R, g (x) = x2 is
If f (x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 3x – 2, then the value of
(1) sin x + x2 (2) sin(x2)
(fog) (x) is:
sin x
(1) 3(3x2 – 4x + 2) (2) (3x – 2) (x2+ 2) (3) (sin x)2 (4)
(3) 6x2 + 4 (4) 3x2 + 6 x2
82. | |x – 1| – 1| 1 dks larq"V djus okys x ds okLrfod ekuksa 87. log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 3) ds gyksa dh la[;k gS&
U.P. II Grade 29 July, 2018
dk leqPp; gS% K.V. 2017
The number of solutions of log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 2)
The set of reral values of x satisfying | |x – 1| – 1| 1
is
is: (1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) 0
(1) [–2, 2] (2) [–1, 1]
88. ;fn Qyu f : R  R, f (x) = x + x ls ifjHkkf"kr gS] rks
2
(3) [–1, 3] (4) [–1, 1]
Qyu f gS& U.P. II Grade 29 July, 2018
83. izkd`r la[;kvksa ds leqPp; ls iw.kkZad la[;kvksa ds fy, If the function f : R  R, is defined by f (x) = x2 + x
dks b Z Qy u f bl iz d kj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd then the function f is
(1) ,dSdh ij vkPNknd ugha one-one but not onto
 n 1
 2 , tc n fo"ke l[a ¸kk gks (2) vkPNknd ij ,dSdh ugha onto but not one-one
f (n )   (3) ,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd nksuksa both one-one and onto
  n , tc n le l[ rks Qyu
a ¸kk gks (4) u rks ,dSdh] u gh vkPNknd
 2
neither one-one nor onto
gksxk& RPSC II Grade 2018  1
 3 1
A function f from the set of natural numbers to inte- 89. ;fn f  x  x   x  x3 , rc f (1) dk eku gS&
 
n 1 U.P. II Grade 29 July, 2018
 2 , W hen n is odd
f (n )    1 1
gers is defined by If f  x    x3  3 , then the value of f (1) is
  n , W hen n is even  x x
 2
(1) –2 (2) –1 (3) 0 (4) 4
then function is : 90. ;fn f (x) = cos|x| vkSj g(x) = sin |x|, rks
(1) ,dSdh ij vkPNknd ugha One-one but not onto U.P. II Grade 29 July, 2018
(2) vkPNknd ij ,dSdh ugha Onto but not one-one If f (x) = cos|x| and g(x) = sin |x|, then
(3) ,dSdh o vkPNknd nksuksa One-one and onto both (1) f vkSj g nksuksa le Qyu gS,a
(4) uk rks ,dSdh uk gh vkPNknd both f and g are even functions
neither one-one nor onto (2) f vkSj g nksuksa fo"ke Qyu gSaA
both f and g are odd functions
(3) f ,d le Qyu rFkk g ,d fo"ke Qyu gS
f is an even function and g is an odd function
(4) f ,d fo"ke Qyu rFkk g ,d le Qyu gS
f is an odd function and g is an even function
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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 64
log 2 ( x  3) 96. ;fn |x + 3|  10 gS] rks H. TET 2019
91. Qyu f ( x)  dk izkUr gS& If |x + 3|  10 , then
x 2  3x  2
U.P. II Grade 29 July, 2018 (1) x  (–13, 7)
(2) x  (–13, 10)
log 2 ( x  3) (3) x  (–, –13]  [7, )
The domain of the function f ( x )  is
x 2  3x  2 (4) x  (–7, 7]
(1) R – {–1, –2} (2) (–2, )
(3) R – {–1, –2, –3} (4) (–3, ) – (–1, –2) 97. ekfu, fd f : R  R Qyu dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS
5  x  3x  7 1
92. la[;k js[kk ij vlfedk fudk; 11  5 x  1 dk gy f (x)  lHkh ds fy, x  R ,sls esa f dk ifjlj

2  cos x
gS&
gS& K.V. Dec. 2018
Let f : R  R be the function defined by
On the number line, the solution of system of inequali-
1
5  x  3x  7 f (x)  be the function defined by then the
ties  is represented by :
2  cos x
 11  5 x  1 range of f is H. TET 2019
(1) 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 
(1) [–1, 1 ] (2)  , 1
3 
(2) 2 3 4 5 6 (3) (–) (4) R – {0}
(3) 2 3 4 5 6
98. eku yhft, f (x) = (x + 1)2 – 1, (x  –1) rks leqPp;
S = {x : f (x) = f –1(x)}gS%
(4) 2 3 4 5 6 Let f (x) = (x + 1)2 – 1, (x  –1), then the set
1 S = {x : f (x) = f –1(x)} is: H-TAT 2019
93. Qyu f ( x)  , (x  R) dk ifjlj gS&
4  sin 2 x (1) fjDr Empty
K.V. Dec. 2018 (2) {0, –1}
(3) {0, 1, –1}
1
The range of function f ( x )  , (x  R) is:  3  i 3 3  i 3 
4  sin 2 x
(4) 0, 1, 2
,
2

 
1 1 
(1) [1, 2] (2)  ,  99. fuEu lehdj.k ds okLrfod gyksa dh la[;k
3 2
1 
1 1 tan–1 x( x  1)  sin ( x 2  x  1) 
(3)  ,  (4) [2, 3] 2
5 3 H-TAT 2019
94. eku yhft, f (x) = x rFkk g(x) = |x| izR;sd x  R, rks The number of real solutions of the following equa-
[(x) – f (x)]2 + [(x) – g(x)]2 = 0 1 
tion is : tan–1 x( x  1)  sin ( x 2  x  1) 
dks larq"V djus okyk Qyu (x) = 2
Let f (x) = x and g(x) = |x| for all x  R, then the (1) 'kwU; Zero (2) ,d One
function (x) satisfying [(x) – f (x)]2 + [(x) – (3) nks Two (4) vuUr Infinite
g(x)]2 = 0 is H-TAT 2019 100. ;fn u = g(t) ,oa t = f (x) vkSj g ,oa f nksuksa ,sdsdh rFkk
(1) (x) = x + |x|, x  R vkPNknd Qyu gks rks lR; dFku gS&
(2) (x) = x, x  R
RPSC II Grade (Sansktri Dept.)2019
(3) (x) = –x, x  (–, 0]
(4) (x) = x, x  [0, ) Let u = g(t) and t = f (x), and g and f both are one-
95. ;fn log0.3(x – 1) < log0.09(x – 1), rks x fdl vUrjky one and onto functions, then true statement is:
esa fLFkr gS& (1) (gof)(x) = x
If log0.3(x – 1) < log0.09(x – 1), then x lies in the (2) (gof)–1u = u
(3) (f –1og–1) (u) = x
interval: H. TET 2019
(4) (gof)–1 = g–1of–1
(1) (–2, –1) (2) (–1, 1)
(3) (1, 2) (4) (2, )

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Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 65
101. lehdj.k |x|2 – 3|x| + 2 = 0 ds okLrfod gyksa dh fxurh x
gS& Chandigarh (TGT)2019 107. ;fn Qyu f : R  R, f(x) = 2
, x  R }kjk ifjHkkf"kr
x 1
the number of real solutions of the equation gS] rc f gS&
|x|2 – 3|x| + 2 = 0 is College Lecturer Tech. Edu. 18.03.2021
(1) 4 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 2
x
102. x ds okLrfod ewY; irk yxk, tks If the function f : R  R, is defined as f(x) = 2
,
x 1
(x – 1) (x2 – 5x + 7) < (x – 1) vlekurk dks larq"V djsa& x  R, then f is
Chandigarh (TGT)2019 (1) ,dSdh Injective
Find the real values of x which satisfy the inequality (2) vkPNknd Surjective
(x – 1) (x2 – 5x + 7) < (x – 1)
(3) ,dSdh vkSj vkPNknd Injective and Surjective
(1) (1, 2) (2) (–, 3 ) (4) u rks ,dSdh vkSj u gh vkPNknd
(3) (3, ) (4) (–, 1)  (2, 3)
Neither Injective nor Surjective
103. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk laca/k] iz{ks= {1, 2, 3, 4} ds lkFk 108. eku yhft;s dh f (x) = 8x }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu
,d Qyu gS& NVS PGT 2019 f : R  R gSA lgh mÙkj pqfu,[DSSB F 10-07-2021]
Which of the following relations is a function with
(1) f cgq,d vkPNknd gS
domain {1, 2, 3, 4}?
(1) {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 2), (3, 3)} (2) f ,dSdh gS ijUrq vkPNknd ugha
(2) {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1)} (3) f u rks ,dSdh gS vkSj uk gh vkPNknd
(3) {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 3), (4, 1)}
(4) f ,dSdh vkPNknd gS
(4) {(1, 1), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 4)}
109. ;fn f : R  R, f (x) = x2 – 3x + 2, }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS rks
 1 
104. ;fn af ( x  1)  bf    x , x  1, a  b f (f (x)) = [DSSB F 10-07-2021]
 x 1 
(1) x4 + 6x3 + 10x2 + 3x
rks f (2) cjkcj gS&
(2) x4 – 6x3 – 13x2 + 3x
 1  (3) x4 + 6x3 – 13x2 + 3x
If af ( x  1)  bf    x x  1, a  b then f (2)
 x 1  (4) x4 – 6x3 + 10x2 – 3x
is equal to I Grade RPSC 2020 110. ;fn f : R  R }kjk f (x) = 4x + 3 fn;k x;k gS] rks f dk
a 2a  b izfrykse gksxk& [DSSB F 10-07-2021]
(1) (2)
2
a b 2 2( a 2  b2 ) 1 y4 1 3 y
(1) f  (2) f 
a  2b 3 4
(3) (4) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
2( a 2  b 2 ) 4 y y3
1 1
105. f (x) = [x] }kjk iznÙk egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu f : R  R, (3) f  (4) f 
3 4
(tgk¡ [x] egÙke iw.kkZad dks fu:fir djrk gS& 111. ;fn f : R  R vkSj g : R  R vkSj f (x) = cos x, vkSj
[DSSB F 10-07-2021] g(x) = 3x2 }kjk fn;k tkrk gS] rks& [DSSB F 2021]
(1) ,dSdh ijUrq vkPNknd ugha (1) gof  fog
(2) ,dSdh] vkPNknd (2) r; ugha fd;k tk ldrk
(3) vkPNknd ij ,dSdh ugha (3) gof vkSj fog nksuksa ekStwn ugha gSa
(4) uk rks ,dSdh vkSj uk gh vkPNknd (4) gof = fog
106. f (x) = sin 1 (log 2 x) ds fy, izkUr gS& 112. ;fn f : A  B vkSj g : B  C nksuksa dSdh gS] rks
gof : A  C gS& [DSSB F 10-07-2021]
College Lecturer Tech. Edu. 18.03.2021
(1) ,dSdh vkSj vkPNknd nksuks
Domain for f (x) = sin 1 (log 2 x) is
(2) ,dSdh
(1) x  (1, 2) (2) x  [1, 2]
(3) x  (1, 2] (4) x  [1, 2) (3) vkPNknd
(4) uk gh ,dSdh vkSj uk gh vkPNknd

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JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 66
 1 1 120. ;fn f(x)= tan–1 x vkSj g(x) = sin x, rks (gof) (x) cjkcj gS&
x
2 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu f : R  
113. f (x) =  , gS& [UP TGT 08.08.21]
1 x  2 2 
If f(x)= tan–1 x and g(x) = sin x, then (gof) (x) is equal to
DSSSB (M) 31.07.21
x
(1) ,dSdh fdUrq vkPNknd ugha (1) x 1  x2 (2)
1  x2
(2) uk gh ,dSdh vkSj uk gh vkPNknd
(3) O;qRØe.kh; 1  x2
(3) (4) 1
(4) vkPNknd fdUrq ,dSdh ugha x
114. Let A be a set of n elements and B be a set of m
 1 1
elements, then the total number of mapping from A to 121. ;fn f  x    x 3  3 , rks
 x x
f  3 cjkcj gS & If
B is DSSSB (M) 31.07.21
(1) m n n
(2) Cm (3) nm (4) mn  1 1
115. Let f : A  B and g : B  C be both injective map-
f  x    x 3  3 , then f
 x  x  3 equal to

ping such that gof : A  C is injective, then [UP TGT 08.08.21]

DSSSB (M) 31.07.21 (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 3 3
(1) Both f and g are not injective 122. ;fn N izkd`r la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gS] rks izfrfp=.k
(2) Both f and g are injective f : N  N, gS tks fd ifjHkkf"kr gks
(3) f is injective but g need not be
(4) g is injective but f need not be  x  1 ¸kfn x fo"ke gS
f (x) =  , gS [UP PGT 18.08.21]
116. If f : R  R, defined by f (x) = x2, x  R then f is  x  1 ¸kfn x le gS
DSSSB (M) 31.07.21 If N is the set of natural numbers then the mapping
(1) Not Bijective (2) Bijective f : N  N, defined by
(3) Surjective (4) Injective
 x  1 If x is odd
x 1 f (x) =  is [UP PGT 18.08.21]
117. eku yhft;s f (x) = , x  R – {1} }kjk ifjHkkf"kr  x  1 If x is even
x 1
(1) ,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd One-one and onto
f : R – {1}  R – {1} gS& DSSSB (M) 31.07.21 (2) cgq,d ,oa vkPNknd many to one and onto
Given that (3) ,dSdh ,oa vukPNknd one-one and into
x 1 (4) cgq,d ,oa vukPNknd many to one and into
(1) f –1 (x) = ,x  R
x 1 123. Qyu f : R  R, f (x) = sin x;
g : R  R, g (x) = x2, ls ifjHkkf"kr gS] rks Qyuksa dk la;kstu
x 1
(2) f –1 (x) = , x  R – {1} fog(x) gS& [UP PGT 18.08.21]
x 1
The composite mapping fog (x) of the maps
–1
x 1 f : R  R, f (x) = sin x; g : R  R, g (x) = x2, is
(3) f (x) = ,x  R
x 1 (1) sin x + x2 (2) (sin x)2
x 1 (3) sin x2 (4) x2 sin x
(4) f –1 (x) = , x  R – {1}
x 1
118. Let A be a set of 4 elements and B a set of 3 eelements,
then the total number of surjective mappings from A
to B is DSSSB (M) 31.07.21
(1) 36 (2) 144 (3) 12 (4) 72
119. eku yhft;s f (x) = 2x, x  Z }kjk ifjHkkf"kr f : Z  Q
gS] rks f gS& DSSSB (M) 31.07.21
(1) vkPNknh fdUrq ,dSdh ugha
(2) uk rks ,dSdh uk gh vkPNknd
(3) ,dSdh o vkPNknd nksuksa gh
(4) ,dSdh fdUrq vkPNknd ugha

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JAM(IIT) and all other Competitive Exams.with exhaustive Study Material. Umesh Mathur. Mo.: 94140 70088, 94139 70088.
Study Material for II Grade MATHEMATICS Sets, Relations and Functions 67

Answer Key (Function)

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans 3 4 3 1 4 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 3 3
Qus. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans 1 4 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 4 2 1
Qus. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 1 4 1 4 4 1
Qus. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans 2 3 4 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 1 3
Qus. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Ans 2 4 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 1 3 4 4 3
Qus. 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans 2 1 4 4 3 1 3 3 2 3 2 1 4 4 1
Qus. 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ans 4 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 1 4 2 2 4
Qus. 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Ans 2 1 4 4 4 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 4 2
Qus. 121 122 123
Ans 1 1 3

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About the Faculty
UMESH MATHUR
. GOLD MEDAL in M.Sc. Mathematics.
M.S.J.College, Bharatpur. (Rajasthan University).
Author
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lEiw.kZ xf.kr ds “izf'k{kd””ftuds v/;kiu dh fof/k ,sl h gS fd fo|kFkhZ fo"k; esa Lo;a dks vk'oLr vkSj lq [ kn fLFkfr esa eglwl djrs
gSaA ;s xf.kr dh tfVy leL;kvksa dks lk/kkj.k vkSj ljy rjhdksa ls gy djus dh vk'p;Ztud izfrHkk ds /kuh gaSA fo"k; dh xgu vkSj
=qfV jfgr tkudkjh ds lkFk oLrqfu"B iz'uks a dks gy djus ds fy;s fofHkUu fVIl] fVª Dl vkSj 'kkVZdV rjhdksa ds vk/kkj ij bUgks aus xf.kr
fo"k; ds v/;kiu ds {ks= es a viuk fo'ks" k LFkku cuk j[kk gSA buesa fo"k; ds ew yHkwr rF;ksa vkSj fl/nkrkSsa dks ljy vkSj Li"V rjhds ls vius
fo|kfFkZ; ksa esa lEiszf"kr djus dh vlk/kkj.k ;ksX;rk gSA buds ekxZn'kZu vkSj v/;kiu ls vusdksa fo|kFkhZ IIT-JEE, AIEEE lfgr vU;
bathuh;fjax izos'k ijh{kkvkas ,oa RPSC dh Ist Grade, IInd Grade ijh{kkvks esa p;fur gks pq ds gaSA SSC, UPSC dh ijh{kkvksa esa Hkh
buds cgq r ls fo|kfFkZ;ks a dk vPNh jSad ds lkFk p;u gqvk gSA ;s IIT-JEE, AIEEE, B.Sc. vkSj SSC, RPSC, UPSC vkfn ds izfrf"Br
laLFkkvksa ls Hkh tqM+s jgs gSaA
;s fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fgrksa ds fy;s lnSo rRij jgrs gSa vkSj feyulkj izo`fr ds gSaA ;s u dsoy fo"k; dks lq/ kkjus dh {kerk j[krs gaS cfYd fo|kFkhZ
ds O;fDrRo ij Hkh LFkk;h izHkko NksM+rs gaSA

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