1.

Mention any two scientific invention in

primitive age
Fire and wheel

2. How is social science related to

science
Social science is one of the branches of
science, devoted to the study of
societies and the relationships among
individuals within those societies. The
term was formerly used to refer to the
field of sociology, the original "science
of society", established in the 18th
century

Give any two uses of mathematics in

day to day life
1.Cooking: When we follow a recipe, we
measure ingredients like flour and
sugar. We also use math to adjust the
recipe if we want to make more or less

2.Travel and Navigation: Planning

routes, estimating travel time, and
converting distances all involve basic
arithmetic and geometry.

2. State two objectives of teaching

mathematics in school education

*Knowledge and Understanding

Objectives

• To develop the concept of numbers,

units of measurements, counting etc.
•To give knowledge of arithmetical
terms, symbols for fundamental
operations.

•To develop the concept of size and

shape, concept of direction and distance
and concept of fractions.

• To give knowledge of fundamental

operations, percentage simple interest,
aseas, profit and loss, solids, income
and expenditure, decimal notations.

. To give knowledge of the meaning and

significance of zero, concepts like LCM
and HCF.

• To give knowledge of different tables.

3. State two characteristics of discipline

The term discipline originates from the Latin word

discipulus, which means pupil, and disciplina, which
means teaching
according to oxford Dictionary,
Discipline is defined as a branch of learning Or
scholarly instruction,
Two characteristics of discipline are
1. Discipline have a particular object of research eg
law ,society politics) , though the object of
research may be shared with another discipline.
2. Discipline have theories and concepts that can
organized the accumulated specialist knowledge
effectively
3. Discipline's have developed specific research
methods according to their specific research
requirements
4. Name the phases of language
development

1. Pre-linguistic stage: This stage

occurs from birth to approximately 12
months of age. During this stage,
 infants communicate through
nonverbal means such as crying,
facial expressions, and body
language.
They also begin to make cooing and
babbling sounds as they experiment
with their vocal cords and develop
the muscles required for speech.
2. Holophrastic or one-word stage:
This stage typically occurs between
12 and 18 months of age.
Children begin to use single words to
convey entire ideas or concepts,
such as “mama” or “dada.” They also
begin to understand the meanings of
many more words than they are able
to say.
3. Two-word stage: This stage
typically occurs between 18 and 24
months of age. Children begin to
 combine words to form simple
sentences, such as “me go” or “more
juice.”
4. Telegraphic stage: This stage
typically occurs between 24 and 30
months of age. Children begin to use
short, simple sentences that include
only essential words, such as
“doggie go outside.
5. Language explosion stage: This
stage typically occurs around age 3,
when children begin to rapidly
acquire new vocabulary and
grammatical structures.
6. School-age stage: This stage
begins around age 5, when children
begin to refine their language skills
and learn more complex grammar
rules.
“Science is the body of knowledge”
explain
Science is a body of knowledge which
includes facts , concepts and theories
that are subject to change. It is true that
science is a body of accumulated
knowledge but the knowledge is not
fixed
As written earlier, the body of scientific
knowledge can be classified into facts,
concepts, generalizations, theories and
laws
1. Facts :- facts are the basis of all
knowledge. They are said to be the
grassroots for any theory or law. The
 process of the scientific Enterprises
continuously replenished by new
facts and discoveries . The scientific
facts and principles are never
absolutely true
2. Concepts:- a concept is a
generalized idea suggested to the
individual by object symbol or
situation. It is understanding of
almost indefinable something.
Concepts about anything of the
people depend on the experience and
age of the people
3. Generalisation:- generalizations are
very helpful in deriving useful
conclusions regarding the ‘scientific
facts’. The facts give rise to concepts
and when the facts and concepts are
properly Classified on the basis of
 various scientific process, they give
rise to generalizations
4. Theory:- theory is a tool of science.
The definition of theory As given by
Groot is “ when a scientist endeavors
to fit the available broad
interrelations and general principles
into orderly, logically constructed
system such a system is called a
Theory
5. Laws :- Law is broad generalization
which means the same for all the
people irrespective of their age and
experience and holds good in
different situations
6. How is philosophy related with
education
Ans. Relation between Philosophy and
Education is shown at below-

(i) Philosophy and education are two

sides of the same coin where the former
is the contemplative while the latter is
the active side.

(ii) Philosophy will continue influencing

and determining both the matter and the
method of education. It will continue
making a unique contribution to the
development of educational theory and
practice.

(iii) Education may be rightly called

applied philosophy. Philosophy is
wisdom; education transmits that
wisdom from one generation to the
other.

(iv) Philosophy gives ideals, values and

principles. Education works out those
ideals, values and principles.

(v) Philosophy sets the goal of life;

education provides the means for its
achievement.

7.What language policy is followed in

Secondary Education
Three language formula
8. Mention the elements of language

● Morphology (the way words are

formed).Morphology is the study of the smallest
meaningful units in speech and writing.
Morpheme relates to the smallest unit of meaning.
● Phonology (basic sounds). Phonology relates to
the relationship between letters and sound.
Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound.
● Syntax (grammar), which is a set of rules that are
used to describe and explain the ways in which
words are related in a sentence.
● Semantics (the way language conveys meaning)
● Pragmatics (appropriate word choice). The study
of the relationships between signs in the context
and the text

10.What is interdisciplinary study? write

two objectives of it ?
Interdisciplinarity involves the
combining of two or more academic
disciplines into one activity. It is about
creating something new by crossing
boundaries, and thinking across them

1. **Connect Different Subjects**:

Bringing together ideas from different
school subjects to help students see
how they are related.

2. **Solve Complex Problems**: Using

knowledge from various subjects to
understand and solve real-world
problems more effectively.

11. Mention two roles of language in

intellectual development of children

■The main areas of intellectual

development are:
(i) Language development helps us to
organise thoughts and make sense of
the world around us

(ii) Cognitive development is about how

we use our minds and organises
thinking to understand the world around
us.

(iii) Intellectual development is all about

learning. In the era of globalization, by
learning many more languages or any
second language can provide
developmental and social benefits. Many
people grow up hearing and using two
languages, and by learning two
languages has many benefits.
Intellectual development includes:
(a) Imagination being able to picture
things when they are not in front of you.

(b) Problem solving the ability to solve

simple and difficult problems.

(c) Creativity being able to express

imaginative ideas in a unique

way. (d) Concepts putting information

into an understandable form.

(e) Memory, the ability to store and recall

information, ideas and events.

(f) Concentration, ability to pay attention.

Children concentrate more if they are
interested in the task/activity. They need
to concentrate to be able to store and
sort information
(g) Reasoning, understanding that
actions have a cause and effect.

12. What is linked language

A semi-technical term for a language

that allows communication between
groups with no other common language
Eg:- English is the link language in India
because India has multilingual and
multicultural country.
13. Give two relationship between
mathematics and social science
• Correlation: While mathematics is not
traditionally categorized as a social
science, it plays a role in social sciences
like economics and psychology.
• Interconnection:
● Mathematical models are used in
economics to analyze and predict
economic trends.
● In psychology, statistical methods
are employed to analyze research
data and draw conclusions.
● History need mathematics to
calculate the time frame of the human
artifacts and scriptures

14 what is three language formula

15. What is the relevance of language

teaching in school curriculum?
Language is a cornerstone of
communication and comprehension,
which plays an important role in every
aspect of our lives. The integration of
language across the curriculum has
gained huge popularity for its significant
impact on students’ cognitive
development, critical thinking skills, and
overall academic success.
1. Enriching Communication Skills:-
Language gives us the ability to
communicate effectively, which is
paramount in every facet of life. It is the
medium through which ideas are
expressed and integrating it across all
subjects enables students to hone their
communication skills.

16 . Name any two mathematicians

Aryabhata and ramanujan brahmagupta
5marks

Unit 1
discuss the philosophy of social
science,

Explain the emergence of various

disciplines from education.

Ans. Various Disciplines are emerged

from the subject education:

(i) The first claim requires a historical

assessment. History, as a discipline,
seeks to make sense of the human past.
A claim such as 'education became
more progressive in the 1970s' is a
historical claim. The only way in which
we can establish the truth of this claim
is to use the tools of the historian. This
means looking at the archival record and
drawing on the available source
material.

(ii) Sociology, like history, is another

well-established discipline. It seeks to
understand the nature of human society
and the relationship between individual
humans and the structures of that
society. As a discipline, it has a set of
techniques it uses to answer those
questions, and is broad in the range of
quantitative and qualitative tools it has
available.
(iii) Psychology is the study of the
human mind. Learning - particularly in a
cognitive sense is an important object of
study for psychologists. The tools of
cognitive psychology often involve
creating experimental situations though
social psychologists might make use of
more natural settings, sharing some
ground here with sociology.

(iv) Philosophy as a discipline concerns

itself with the nature of reality
(metaphysics) and knowledge of that
reality (epistemology), and in some ways
this makes it a meta discipline.
Philosophy also encompasses ethics
which I would broadly define as the
study of whether and how one ought to
act.
(v) Technology plays a pivotal role in
education, influencing teaching,
learning, and management practices,
integrating knowledge from various
disciplines.

13. Discuss the place of science in

school curriculum
Lower primary stage
● at the lower Primary Stage, the child
should be engaged in joyfully
exploring the world around and
harmonizing with it. The objectives at
this stage are to nurture the curiosity
of the child about the world to have
the child engaged in exploratory and
hands-on activities for acquiring the
basic cognitive and psychomotor
 skills through observation,
classification, inference, etc.

Upper primary stage

● At the Upper Primary Stage, the child

should be engaged in learning the
principles of science through familiar
experiences, working with hands to
design simple technological units
and modules and continuing to learn
more about the environment and
health through activities and
surveys. Scientific Concepts are to
be arrived at mainly from activities
and experiments. Group activities,
discussions with peers and teachers,
surveys, organization of data and
their display through exhibitions
 should be important components of
pedagogy
Secondary stage
● • At the Secondary Stage, students
should be engaged in learning
Science as a composite discipline, in
working with hands and tools to
design more Advanced Technological
Modules than at the Upper Primary
Stage, and in activities and analyses
on issues concerning the
environment and health Systematic
Experimentation as a tool to
discover/verify theoretical principles,
and working on locally significant
projects involving science and
technology are to be important part.

● At the Higher Secondary Stage,

Science should be introduced as å
 separate discipline, with emphasis on
experiments/technology and problem
solving.

14.Discuss the place of mathematics in

school curriculum

15. What do you mean by social

science? Discuss the place of social
science in school curriculum

16 . Discuss the role of language in

effective communication
- **Clear Expression of Ideas**:
Language enables clear communication
of thoughts and ideas.

- **Choosing Words and Phrases**:

Effective communication involves
selecting words and phrases that
accurately convey messages.

- **Context and Audience**: Considering

context and audience ensures messages
are understood appropriately.

- **Emotional Expression**: Language

facilitates the expression of emotions,
aiding in building relationships.

- **Collaborative Problem Solving**: It

helps in solving problems and making
decisions together.
- **Influence and Persuasion**:
Language plays a role in influencing
others and persuading them to take
action.

- **Cultural Reflection**: It reflects

cultural values and norms, crucial for
cross-cultural communication.

- **Bridge Between Individuals**:

Language connects people, fostering
meaningful interactions.

18 How can you explain the Centrality of

language in education
- Language is central to education
because it is the primary tool for
communication and learning.
● It allows students to:
○ - Understand and express ideas
○ - Ask questions
○ - Engage in discussions

● - Through language, teachers:

- Convey information
- Explain concepts
- Guide students' learning processes

● - Language is used in all subjects

(e.g., math, history) to:
- Read instructions
- Write essays
- Solve problems
● - Good language skills help students:
- Follow lessons
 - Understand textbooks
- Complete assignments accurately
● - Language enables critical thinking
by:
- Analyzing texts
- Forming arguments
- Presenting ideas clearly

- Language plays a crucial role in social

development by:
- Helping students interact with peers
- Collaborating on projects
- Building relationships

● - In a multicultural classroom,
language fosters:
○ - Inclusivity
○ - Understanding among diverse
groups
 ● Overall, strong language skills are
essential for:
○ - Academic success
○ - Personal growth
Language is a vital component of
education.

10 marks
Q1. Education is an interdisciplinary
field of study. explain
Meaning :
Interdisciplinarity involves the
combining of two or more academic
disciplines into one activity. It is about
creating something new by crossing
boundaries, and thinking Across them
Q2. Judge the essentiality of language in
education.

Language is undeniably essential in

education for several reasons:

1. Communication: Language is the

primary medium through which
teachers impart knowledge and
students express their
understanding. Effective
communication in the classroom is
crucial for learning to occur.
2. Understanding Content: Without
language skills, students would
struggle to comprehend textbooks,
lectures, and other educational
 materials. Language facilitates the
transmission and reception of
knowledge.
3. Critical Thinking: Language allows
students to articulate their thoughts,
ask questions, and engage in
discussions. This process is vital for
developing critical thinking skills and
deeper understanding of concepts.
4. Social Interaction: Education is not
just about academic learning but also
about social development. Language
enables students to interact with
peers and teachers
5. Cultural Transmission: Language
carries cultural values, norms, and
heritage. Through language, students
learn about their own culture and the
diversity of others, promoting
tolerance and global understanding.
 6. Literacy: Language is foundational
for literacy — the ability to read and
write. Literacy skills are fundamental
for accessing information
independently and succeeding in
academic and professional contexts.
7. Career Opportunities: Proficiency in
language opens doors to
employment and higher education
opportunities. In today's globalized
world, multilingualism is often seen
as an asset.
In summary, language is not just a tool
for communication but a cornerstone of
education itself. It shapes how
knowledge is acquired, shared, and
applied, making it indispensable in the
educational process.
Q3. Discuss , in detail , the aims and
objectives of teaching different
languages in school curriculum

4. Discuss the place of scientific

knowledge in school curriculum?

Scientific knowledge holds a central

place in school curricula due to its role
in
● fostering critical thinking,
problem-solving skills, and
understanding of the natural world.
● It provides foundational principles
that help students navigate a
technology-driven society and make
informed decisions.
 ● Scientific education cultivates
curiosity and encourages
exploration, promoting
environmental awareness and
sustainability.
● Equips students with practical skills
and a mindset of inquiry and
discovery.
● Empowers students to make
informed decisions and contribute
positively to society.

This knowledge is essential for

addressing global challenges, from
climate change to public health crises,
ensuring future generations are
well-equipped to tackle complex issues
with innovative solutions. Thus,
scientific education not only shapes
academic outcomes but also empowers
students to become informed citizens
capable of contributing positively to
society.
1. Disciplinary:

○ Definition: The disciplinary approach focuses on a specific

academic discipline or field of study.
○ Key Features: In this approach, experts move deeply into a single
discipline, following its established methods, theories, and principles.
○ Example: A physicist specializing in quantum mechanics who
primarily works within the boundaries of physics.
2. Interdisciplinary:

○ Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches involve integrating insights

and methods from two or more disciplines to address complex
problems or questions.
○ Key Features: Experts from different disciplines collaborate,
bringing their unique perspectives to create a more comprehensive
understanding.
○ Example: A research project that combines insights from biology,
chemistry, and engineering to develop new medical technologies.
3. Multidisciplinary:

○ Definition: Multidisciplinary approaches involve individuals from

various disciplines working independently on different aspects of a
problem or project.
○ Key Features: Different disciplines contribute separate pieces of
expertise without necessarily integrating them deeply.
○ Example: A project addressing environmental sustainability might
involve biologists studying ecosystems, economists analyzing
financial implications, and engineers designing eco-friendly
technologies.
4. Transdisciplinary:

○ Definition: Transdisciplinary approaches go beyond interdisciplinary

collaboration by blending and transcending disciplinary boundaries,
aiming for a holistic and integrated understanding.
○ Key Features: Experts work together to create a shared framework
that incorporates insights from multiple disciplines. The goal is to
develop a unified approach to address complex issues.
○ Example: A transdisciplinary team addressing a public health crisis
may include medical professionals, sociologists, policymakers, and
community representatives, all contributing to a comprehensive
solution.