NETWORKING ee NTWHAT IS A NETWORK? ~ A network is simply two or more computers that are linked together. ~ The most common types of networks are: - Local Area Networks (LANS) and ~ Wide Area Networks (WANS). ~ The primary difference between the two is that a LAN is generally confined to a limited geographical area, whereas a WAN covers a large geographical area. Most WANs are made up of several connected LANs.TYPES OF NETWORKS ~ Intranet-— An intranet is a private LAN designed for use by everyone within an organization. An intranet might consist of an internal e-mail system, a message board and one or more Web site portals that contain company news, forms, and personnel information. Access to an intranet’s web site is restricted by.a go V71e ~ Extranet—a network that connects people within your company with people who are outside your company--all within a secure, password-protected network that can be accessed from i hl , ~~ 4 PERS ne eee ecTYPES OF NETWORKS ~ Intranet-— An intranet is a private LAN designed for use by everyone within an organization. An intranet might consist of an internal e-mail system, a message board and one or more Web site portals that contain company news, forms, and personnel information. Access to an intranet’s web site is restricted by.a go V71e ~ Extranet—a network that connects people within your company with people who are outside your company--all within a secure, password-protected network that can be accessed from i hl , ~~ 4 PERS ne eee eca 1 See) | NETWORK Information sharing: Authorized users can use other computers on the network to access and share information and data. This could include special group projects, databases, etc. EOI} sharing: (oli el Mle -meolali-e cre OMe such as a printer or scanner, can be shared by many users: Software cereale Instead of purchasing and installing a software program on each computer, it can be installed on the server. All of the users can then access the program from a single location. Collaborative environment: Users can work together on group projects by combining the power and capabilities of diverse CeO Ambrose, Bergerud, Busche, Morrison, and Wells-Pusins: IC3 BASICS, Thomson Course TedRISKS OF NETWORK COMPUTING » The security of a computer network is challenged everyday by: e Equipment malfunctions e System failures ~ Note: equipment malfunctions and system failures may be caused by natural disasters such as floods, storms, or fires, and electrical disturbances e Computer hackers e Virus attacks Ambrose, Bergerud, Busche, Morrison, and Wells-Pusins: IC3 BASICS, Thomson Course TechnologCOMMUNICATIONS Sod PAY Bae ere OU yE e To transfer data from one computer to another requires some type of link through which.the data can be transmitted. This link is known as the communications channel. e To send data through the channel. requires some type of transmission media, which may be either physical or wireless.oI PHYSICAL MEDIA Twisted-pair cable — consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around each other (least expensive type of cable—the kind that is used in many telephone systems) Coaxial cable — consists of an insulated center wire grounded by a shield of braided wire (the primary type of cabling used by the cable television industry; it is more expensive than twisted pair) Fiber-optic cable — contains hundreds of clear fiberglass or plastic fibers (threads) (made trom thin, flexible glass tubing; bandwidth is greater, so it can carry more data; it is lighter than metal wires and is less susceptible to interference; it is fragile and ol TSI) ISDN line — a special digital telephone line that transmits and receives information at very high speeds Faller, Floyd, Computers: Understanding Technology; EMC Paradigm, 2003,WIRELESS MEDIA Microwave system — transmits data via high- frequency radio signals through the atmosphere Satellite system — receive transmitted signals, amplify them, and then transmit the signals to the appropriate locations Cellular technology — uses antennae resembling telephone towers to pick up radio signals within a specific area (cell) Infrared technology — transmits data as infrared light waves from one device to another, providing wireless links between PCs and peripherals Note: The type selected is determined by the type of network, the size of the network, and the cost. ~~ Se |HOW ARE NETWORKS CATEGORIZED? ~ Networks are usually classified using three properties: ~ Topology am cel(elee)| y Architecture yeNETWORK TOPOLOGIES ~ Network Topology (or layout) — refers to the way computers and peripherals are configured to form MeL} e Bus topology — all computers are linked by a single line of cable e Star topology — multiple computers and peripheral devices are linked to a central computer, called a host e Ring topology — each computer or workstation is. connected to two other computers, with the entire network forming a circle e Hybrid topology — combine network layout types to meet their needs ~~ 4NETWORK/COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS » Aprotocol is simply an agreed-on set of rules and procedures for transmitting data between two or more devices. » Features determined by the protocol are: e How the sending device indicates it has finished sending the message. e How the receiving device indicates it has received the message. ay e The type of error checking to be used. Ce eee ence Sore etersNETWORK/COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS ~ Most networks use Ethernet, but some network may use /BM’s Token Ring protocol. ~ On the Internet, the major protocol. is TCP/IP (an acronym for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). 4 wa" RR ee ee ey> ON ed Se) Nt ae BUS ~ Ethernet LANs use a bus topology. ~ All stations are connected to a single long cable. ~ Any station can send a signal along the cable, which all other stations will receive. Unlike ring topologies, the cable doesn't close a loop. Networks for Beginners: http:/compnetworking about.com!TOKEN RING NETWORK ~ Atoken passing ring LAN isa group of computers connected in aloop. The group uses a token passing access mechanism. ~ Acomputer wishing to send data should first receive permission. When it gets control of the network it may transmit a frame. Each frame transmitted on the ring is transmitted from one computer to the next, until it ultimately returns to the initiator of SUR CCU Rene ea aCe mae geetInternet protocol suite OSI - seven layers model — ARP, RARP- Reve acne couac rine sitetNETWORKING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE Hub — electronic device (with a number of ports) used in-a LAN to link groups of computers Repeaters (also called amplifiers) — electronic ole m lee e tee mace R one) them along the network Routers - electronic devices used to ensure furl le [Ie lg) OR Am ele (ce kee) Gateway — consists of hardware and/or software that allows communications between dissimilar networks Bridge — consists of hardware and/or software that allows communication between two Tela el ae ~~ 4The original Ethernet LANs relied on certain physical characteristics of the cable carrying the network data (usually coaxial cable). New Ethernet technologies introduced new cable types that we unable to fulfill the original physical requirements. New devices - hubs - were introduced to simulate those characteristics. Simply put, the hub's major function is to replicate data it receives from one device attached to it to all others. eee ae mt Mec ten eset RlREPEATERS Acommon problem in the networking world is that of weakening electrical signals. Electrical signals traveling through wires (such as copper wires used in most networks), weaken due to the wire's electrical resistance. This effect limits the lengths of the cable that can be used. A repeater will overcome this limit, when there is a need to connect two computers at a larger distance. Arepeater is connected to two cable segments. Any electrical signal reaching the repeater from one segment, will be amplified and retransmitted to the other segment. OMe Become oli’ Dee eee enca hte aan aCe Roem Ue camera eu hce ae acts Reece ae ne eee Unk net~ Routers connect two or more networks and forward data packets between them. When data arrives from one of the segments, the router decides, according to it's routing table, to which segment to forward that data. De en Cea eu ae eeGATEWAY Gateway "Gateway" is a term that was once used to refer to a routing device. Today, in the TCP/IP world, the term "router" is used to (ol Syoli ls) ese Meh] The term gateway now refers to special-purpose devices, that perform protocol conversions. Gateways implement application layer conversions of information received from various protocols. Examples of gateways found on today's markets are: * VocalTec Gateway: A gateway that converts human speech traveling on Err ene Ma ler ee a reco Ae eh ec © RadVision Gateway: Converts video from digital phone lines into local area network protocol data, and visa-versa. Ree aa Cee one uneMODEMS ~ ‘Transmission speed Modems are available in different transmission speeds, which are measured in BPS (bits per second) also called BAUD rate. Standard modems speeds: 9600 baud, 14400 baud, 28800 baud, 33600 baud, 56800 baud. ~ Internal/External Tal CTta tele ue -e(rent cola emer Ue Tele (TS installed in one of the computer's expansion slot. External modems are fully functioning external devices. The external modem is connected to a computer using a serial cable to one of the computer's serial ports, and draws power from an external power source. Ree mc haeMODEMS ~ ‘Transmission speed Modems are available in different transmission speeds, which are measured in BPS (bits per second) also called BAUD rate. Standard modems speeds: 9600 baud, 14400 baud, 28800 baud, 33600 baud, 56800 baud. ~ Internal/External Tal CTta tele ue -e(rent cola emer Ue Tele (TS installed in one of the computer's expansion slot. External modems are fully functioning external devices. The external modem is connected to a computer using a serial cable to one of the computer's serial ports, and draws power from an external power source. Ree mc haeEXAMPLE OF FIREWALL ~ Firewalls are systems that establish access control policies among networks. They can block information from entering a network or from getting out of that network, they can permit different users to perform different kinds of operations, according to the user's authorizations. Ne ad SC Ce ee oulae etre sit temNETWORK ARCHITECTURE am 1 ela 1CLg lek eee AEM AMUN! network is designed and built. The two major types are: e Peer-to-peer architecture - Computers connect with each other in a workgroup to share files, printers, and Internet access. This is used to connect a small number of computers. Cel Tame eee eee Ane Maat eMC) AA a client computer to a server, which then relays the information back to the client computer, or to other computers on the network Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/ A —COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS File transfer protocol (FTP) — used to transmit files. Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) — used to transmit e-mail messages. Post office protocol (POP) — allows the recipient to TAA CoM LALCIStsy=\0 (oto Wireless application protocol — enables wireless devices to access and use the Internet using a client/server network. 802.11 — protocol for wireless LAN technology 4 wa"DATA TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS ~ Bandwidth (rate of transmission) ~ Analog or Digital (type of signal) e Analog transmission — takes the form of continuous waves transmitted over a medium at a certain frequency rage e Digital transmission — sends data in the form of bits ~ Serial or Parallel (order of bits) e Serial transmission — all of the data bits are transmitted one bit after another in a continuous line e Parallel transmission — data bits are sent at y | same time along multiple pathsCOMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE ~ E-Mail Software — used to send and receive electronic messages using the Internet ~ Web Browser - allows users to access and view Web pages ~ Groupware — allows groups of people on a network to share information and to collaborate on various projects