Sonnet 18
(William Shakespeare)
SONNET 18 PARAPHRASES
Shall I compare thee to a summer's Shall I compare you to a summer's day?
day?
Thou art more lovely and more You are more lovely and more constant
temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds Rough winds shake the beloved buds of
of May, May
And summer's lease hath all too short a And summer is far too short:
date:
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven At times the sun is too hot,
shines
And often is his gold complexion Or often goes behind the clouds;
dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime And everything beautiful sometime will
declines, lose its beauty,
By chance, or nature's changing course, By misfortune or by nature's planned out
untrimm'd; course.
But thy eternal summer shall not fade But your youth shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou Nor will you lose the beauty that you
ow'st; possess;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in Nor will death claim you for his own
his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou Because in my eternal verse you will
grow'st; live forever.
So long as men can breathe or eyes ,
can see, So long as there are people on this
earth,
So long lives this and this gives life to So long will this poem live on, making
thee. you immortal.
Summary
The speaker begins by asking whether he should or will compare "thee" to a summer
day. He says that his beloved is more lovely and more even-tempered. He then runs
off a list of reasons why summer isn’t all that great: winds shake the buds that
emerged in Spring, summer ends too quickly, and the sun can get too hot or be
obscured by clouds.
He goes on, saying that everything beautiful eventually fades by chance or by
nature’s inevitable changes. Coming back to the beloved, though, he argues that his
or her summer (or happy, beautiful years) won’t go away, nor will his or her beauty
fade away. Moreover, death will never be able to take the beloved, since the beloved
exists in eternal lines (meaning poetry). The speaker concludes that as long as
humans exist and can see (so as to read), the poem he’s writing will live on, allowing
the beloved to keep living as well.
Analysis
Lines 1-2
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
The speaker starts by asking or wondering out loud whether he ought to
compare whomever he’s speaking to with a summer’s day.
Instead of musing on that further, he jumps right in, and gives us a thesis of
sorts. The object of his description is more "lovely" and more "temperate" than
a summer’s day.
"Lovely" is easy enough, but how about that "temperate"? The meaning that
comes to mind first is just "even-keeled" or "restrained," but "temperate" also
introduces, by way of a double meaning, the theme of internal and external
"weather." "Temperate," as you might have heard on the Weather Channel,
refers to an area with mild temperatures, but also, in Shakespeare’s time,
would have referred to a balance of the "humours."
No need to explain this in great detail, but basically doctors since Ancient
Greece had believed that human behavior was dictated by the relative amount
of particular kinds of fluids in the body (if you must know, they were blood,
yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Yummy, no?).
By the early 1600s, this theory was being strongly challenged, but people in
Shakespeare’s audience would have known that "temperate" meant that
someone had the right amount of those different fluids.
The other important (and less disgusting) issue these lines bring up is the
question of "thee." Normally, we’d just assume that the object of the poem is
his lover, and leave it at that. But with Shakespeare, these things are always
complicated.
What can we tell about the relationship between the speaker and his
addressee from the way he addresses "thee"?
For the moment, all we can really tell is this: the speaker doesn’t seem to care
much what "thee" thinks. He does ask whether he ought to make this
comparison, but he certainly doesn’t wait long (or at all) for an answer.
So is he just wondering out loud here, pretending "thee" is present?
Even better, and this is important, could "thee" also be us readers? Is it just
us, or does some small part of you imagine that Shakespeare might be
asking you, the reader, whether you want him to compare you to a summer’s
day? Keep that on the back burner as you go through the poem.
Finally, just a note on the meter here:
Go ahead and read those first two lines out loud. Notice how they’re kind of
bouncy? That’s the iambic pentameter: "compare thee to a summer’s day."
So do you want to see a cool bit of foreshadowing? The pronoun "I" is a
stressed syllable in the first line, but the pronoun "Thou" is unstressed in the
second line. Guess who’s going to be the real subject of this poem.
Lines 3-4
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:
Here the speaker begins to personify nature. In other words, some of the
smack talking he’s doing about summer sounds like he’s talking about a
person.
Basically, strong summer winds threaten those new flower buds that popped
up in May, and summer just doesn’t last very long.
The way he describes the short summer, though, is what’s interesting.
Summer has a "lease" on the weather, just as your family might have a lease
on your car; like a person, summer can enter into, and must abide by,
agreements.
The point here is clear enough: the summer is fated to end.
But check this out: isn’t summer also fated to begin every year once again?
Can the summer possibly have "too short a date," if it happens an infinite
number of times? Isn’t it, in a meaningful sense, immortal?
Keep this in mind as you read on.
Lines 5-6
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
Here comes the major personification of nature. Put simply, the speaker’s
saying sometimes the sun is too hot, and other times you can’t even see it at
all (hidden, we assume, by clouds).
But instead of being boring, he calls the sun the "eye of heaven," refers to it
using the word "his," and gives it a "complexion," which generally means
refers to the skin of the face.
Check out how much more information about the summer we’re getting than
we are about the beloved. Indeed, the speaker is carefully describing the
summer individually, and even in human terms, while he only describes "thee"
in one line and only relative to the summer.
"Complexion," in particular, is especially interesting, as it brings back the
whole "humours" theme we saw in "temperate."
"Complexion" used to be used to describe someone’s health, specifically with
regard to their balance of humours. Thus, we see here again that the speaker
is combining descriptions of external weather phenomena with internal
balance.
Lines 7-8
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature’s changing course untrimm’d;
With these lines, the speaker gets even broader in his philosophy, declaring
that everything beautiful must eventually fade away and lose its charm, either
by chance or by the natural flow of time. Kind of like teen pop stars.
Now what exactly does "untrimm’d" refer to?
We might read it as what happens to "fair" or beautiful things. By that reading,
things that are beautiful eventually lose their trimmings, or their decorations,
and thus fade from beauty.
On the other hand, "untrimm’d" is also a term from sailing, as you "trim," or
adjust, the sails to take advantage of the wind. This gives "untrimm’d" a
completely opposite meaning; instead of "made ugly and plain by natural
changes," it means "unchanged in the face of nature’s natural changes."
Here, then, we are subtly prepped for the turn we’re about to see in…
Lines 9-10
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
The turn! Check out the "Form and Meter" section for more on line 9 in
sonnets, but here’s a classic example of a "turn."
Suddenly (though it was foreshadowed a bit in line 8), the tone and direction
of the poem changes dramatically. Moving on from bashing summer and the
limitations inherent in nature, the speaker pronounces that the beloved he’s
speaking to isn’t subject to all of these rules he’s laid out.
The speaker argues that, unlike the real summer, his beloved’s summer (by
which he means beautiful, happy years) will never go away, nor will the
beloved lose his/her beauty.
But remember what we mentioned in line 4? The summer in real life actually
is an "eternal summer," since it comes back every year for all eternity. Just
like we saw with all of the personifications of nature in the previous lines, we
begin to notice here that "thee" and the "summer’s day" are really quite
similar.
Both can fade away or, depending on how you look at it, be eternal, and both
can be personified. That’s why here, at line 9, the poet switches direction –
both the beloved and nature are threatened mainly by time, and it is only
through this third force (poetry), that they can live on.
It’s also worth picking up on that word "ow’st." That apostrophe might be
contracting "ownest" or "owest," and both work nicely. Either the beloved
won’t lose the beauty he/she possesses ("owns"), or won’t have to return the
beauty he/she borrowed from nature and now owes back.
These readings both resonate well with line 4, in which the speaker described
the summer months as a "lease," or a temporary ownership that had to be
returned.
Lines 11-12
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st;
In another bit of personification (so far we’ve had summer and the sun), the
speaker introduces death.
Death, the speaker claims, won’t get a chance to claim the beloved in the
valley of the shadow of death (this death’s shadow idea is from Psalm 23:4),
since he/she is immortal.
The general meaning of line 12 (you’re eternal) is actually easier to see if you
read the line as a metaphor. As a metaphor, "lines to time" definitely refers to
a poem, since they are lines set to a meter, or time.
Here, then, the poet is making two bold claims: first, that his poem is "eternal,"
and second, that it nourishes and develops "thee," as it is where he/she is
able to "grow."
Now this willingness to discuss the fact that he’s writing a poem within the
poem itself is pretty cool stuff.
One fancy way of describing this kind of artistic tactic is called "breaking the
fourth wall." That’s a metaphor itself, and you can think of it as a stage: in a
normal play, any indoor action goes on as if the front edge of the stage were
an imaginary wall. The actors, in other words, are supposed to pretend they’re
in a real world with four walls and no audience watching them. If the actors,
however, recognize that there’s an audience out there, they’re considered to
be "breaking" through that fourth wall, as they try to do away with the
artificiality of pretending they’re just living out a normal life up there on stage.
Well that’s exactly what’s starting to go on here. If you were thinking this
poem was a love letter to a beloved, you can forget it. This is a poem written
to be read by an audience, and that audience, by continuing to read the
poem, will try to make the beloved grow into a character, and in turn make
him/her immortal.
Lines 13-14
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
The couplet, in the end, is really just a fuller admission of what the speaker
points toward in line 12.
He has completely shattered the fourth wall, and (successfully, we should
add) predicted that this poem will continue to be read, and the beloved will
continue to be analyzed and re-analyzed for all time.
In other words, by allowing us to try to give life to "thee" (figuring out who
he/she was), the speaker and the poem itself give "thee" life.
In other words: as long as men live and can read, this poem will continue to
live, and so keep "thee" alive.
But let's examine the language more closely. First of all, we’ve got some more
personification: technically, eyes don’t really "see," and poems certainly don’t
"live."
Also, it’s worth noting the incredible arrogance here: why should we believe
that as long as humankind exists, this poem will continue to live? Can’t we
imagine a world in which every copy of this poem were burned, and so "thee"
would stop living?
And even if people are still reading the poem, what kind of "life" is it that the
beloved will be leading? This definitely doesn’t sound like heaven. The
beloved can’t make any choices for his or her self, isn’t conscious, and can
only be recognized as the poet described him or her.
In fact, we ought to wonder whether it is "thee" who will be alive, or rather the
poet’s (very limited) representation of "thee."
Plus, remember how in line 9 we noted that summer could also be eternal?
Well, the end of this poem kind of makes you wonder. So why, again, is the
beloved eternal but not summer? Just like summer, the beloved is going to
fade away in real life, and just like summer, the beloved has been written
about and preserved in a poem. How come, by the end of the poem, it’s only
"thee" who lives on and not nature?
Finally, remember how back in line 1 we were already wondering if "thee"
might not just be the speaker’s lover, but also us readers? Well now the
speaker has broken through the fourth wall, and revealed himself as not just a
lover, but also as a writer of poetry.
So check this out (this should be fun for you math kids out there): the speaker
is talking to "thee," and that speaker is actually the poet. Now who do poets
write for? That’s right, for us readers.
So we have three conditions here: the speaker speaks only to "thee," the
writer speaks only to us, and the speaker and writer are the same thing.
Doesn’t that mean, then, that "thee," is the same as "us"? Trippy.
Frankly, we think that’s a pretty cool reading. Basically, the speaker here is
speaking to all of mankind. All of us feel this pressure of mortality, but here
Shakespeare crystallizes that anxiety in a poem, so that this idea of mankind
will live on forever.
The last lines, then, can be read as circular: "so long as mankind lives,
mankind will continue to live."
Cool? Too weird? You decide.
In any case, these last two lines hammer home something we suspected from
those very first pronouns: this speaker seems more interested in himself and
his abilities as a poet than the qualities of his addressee.
References:
http://www.shmoop.com/sonnet-18/love-theme.html
