For level ceilings, the following shall apply: NFPA72-2010 (Page
96)
(1) For ceilings with beam depths of less than 10 percent of
the ceiling height (0.1 H), smooth ceiling spacing shall be
permitted. Spot-type smoke detectors shall be permitted
to be located on ceilings or on the bottom of beams.
(2) For ceilings with beam depths equal to or greater than
10 percent of the ceiling height (0.1 H), the following
shall apply:
(a) Where beam spacing is equal to or greater than 40 percent
of the ceiling height (0.4 H), spot-type detectors
shall be located on the ceiling in each beam pocket.
(b) Where beam spacing is less than 40 percent of the
ceiling height (0.4 H), the following shall be permitted
for spot detectors:
i. Smooth ceiling spacing in the direction parallel to
the beams and at one-half smooth ceiling spacing
in the direction perpendicular to the beams
ii. Location of detectors either on the ceiling or on
the bottom of the beams
Location and Spacing. Page- 94 onwards NFPA72-2010
17.6.3.1 Smooth Ceiling.
17.6.3.1.1* Spacing. One of the following requirements shall
apply:
(1) The distance between detectors shall not exceed their
listed spacing, and there shall be detectors within a distance
of one-half the listed spacing, measured at right
angles from all walls or partitions extending upward to
within the top 15 percent of the ceiling height.
(2) All points on the ceiling shall have a detector within a
distance equal to or less than 0.7 times the listed spacing
(0.7S).
17.6.3.1.2 Irregular Areas. For irregularly shaped areas, the
spacing between detectors shall be permitted to be greater
than the listed spacing, provided that the maximum spacing
from a detector to the farthest point of a sidewall or corner
within its zone of protection is not greater than 0.7 times the
listed spacing.
17.6.3.1.3 Location.
17.6.3.1.3.1* Unless otherwise modified by 17.6.3.2.2, 17.6.3.3.2,
or 17.6.3.7, spot-type heat-sensing fire detectors shall be located
on the ceiling not less than 4 in. (100 mm) from the sidewall or
on the sidewalls between 4 in. and 12 in. (100 mm and 300 mm)
from the ceiling.
17.6.3.1.3.2 Unless otherwise modified by 17.6.3.2.2, 17.6.3.3.2,
or 17.6.3.7, line-type heat detectors shall be located on the ceiling
or on the sidewalls not more than 20 in. (510 mm) from the
ceiling.
17.6.3.2* Solid Joist Construction.
17.6.3.2.1 Spacing. The spacing of heat detectors, where measured
at right angles to the solid joists, shall not exceed 50 percent
of the listed spacing.
17.6.3.2.2 Location. Detectors shall be mounted at the bottom
of the joists.
17.6.3.3* Beam Construction.
17.6.3.3.1 Spacing.
17.6.3.3.1.1 A ceiling shall be treated as a smooth ceiling if
the beams project no more than 4 in. (100 mm) below the
ceiling.
17.6.3.3.1.2 Where the beams project more than 4 in.
(100 mm) below the ceiling, the spacing of spot-type heat detectors
at right angles to the direction of beam travel shall be
not more than two-thirds of the listed spacing.
17.6.3.3.1.3 Where the beams project more than 18 in.
(460 mm) below the ceiling and are more than 96 in. (2.44 m)
on center, each bay formed by the beams shall be treated as a
separate area.
17.6.3.3.2 Location. Where beams are less than 12 in. (300mm)
in depth and less than 96 in. (2.44 m) on center, detectors shall
be permitted to be installed on the bottom of beams.
17.6.3.4* Sloping Ceilings (Peaked and Shed).
17.6.3.4.1 Spacing.
17.6.3.4.1.1 Ceiling Slope Less Than 30 Degrees. For a ceiling
slope of less than 30 degrees, all detectors shall be spaced
using the height at the peak.
17.6.3.4.1.2 Ceiling Slopes of 30 Degrees or Greater. All detectors,
other than those located in the peak, shall be spaced
using the average slope height or the height of the peak.
17.6.3.4.1.3 Spacing shall be measured along a horizontal
projection of the ceiling in accordance with the type of ceiling
construction.
17.6.3.4.2 Location.
17.6.3.4.2.1 A row of detectors shall first be located at or
within 36 in. (910 mm) of the peak of the ceiling.
17.6.3.4.2.2 Additional detectors shall be located as determined
in 17.6.3.4.1.
17.6.3.5 High Ceilings.
17.6.3.5.1* On ceilings 10 ft to 30 ft (3.0mto 9.1 m) high, heat
detector spacing shall be reduced in accordance with Table
17.6.3.5.1 prior to any additional reductions for beams, joists,
or slope, where applicable.
Exception: Table 17.6.3.5.1 shall not apply to the following detectors,
which rely on the integration effect:
(1) Line-type electrical conductivity detectors (see 3.3.59.10)
(2) Pneumatic rate-of-rise tubing heat detectors (see 3.3.59.14)
In these cases, the manufacturer’s published instructions shall be
followed
for appropriate alarm point and spacing.
17.6.3.5.2* Spacing Minimum. The minimum spacing of heat
detectors shall not be required to be less than 0.4 times the
height of the ceiling.
17.6.3.6* Integral Heat Sensors on Combination and Multi-
Sensor Detectors. A heat-sensing detector integrally mounted
on a smoke detector shall be listed for not less than 50 ft (15.2 m)
spacing.
17.6.3.7 Other Applications. Where a detector is used in an
application other than open area protection, the manufacturer’s
published instructions shall be followed.
17.6.3.8 Alternative Design Methods. Annex B shall be permitted
to be used as one alternative design method for determining
detector spacing.
Table 17.6.3.5.1 Heat Detector Spacing Reduction Based on
Ceiling Height
Ceiling Height
Above
Up to
and Including Multiply
Listed
ft m ft m Spacing by
0 0 10 3.0 1.00
10 3.0 12 3.7 0.91
12 3.7 14 4.3 0.84
14 4.3 16 4.9 0.77
16 4.9 18 5.5 0.71
18 5.5 20 6.1 0.64
20 6.1 22 6.7 0.58
22 6.7 24 7.3 0.52
24 7.3 26 7.9 0.46
26 7.9 28 8.5 0.40
28 8.5 30 9.1 0.34
INITIATING DEVICES 72–91
2010 Edition
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2) Ref (IS2189 page 16)
Similarly,ceiling obstructions, such as structural
beams, deeper than 10 percent of the overall
ceiling height shall be construed as walls for
the purpose of siting the detectors,
3) Sitting of manual call point (IS2189 21)
Manual call points shall be so located that, to give an
alarm, no person in the premises has to travel distance
of more than 30 m to reach them.
When manual call
points are also installed external to the building, the
travel distance shall be 45 m.
Manual call point shall be located preferably near entry
to staircases at various levels.
Compensation to the Spacing ofDetectors
(Ref is2189:2008, Page 17)
a) Height consideration
Spacing of 7.5 m for smoke detectors is valid up to a height of 7 m only
and that of 5.3 m for heat detectors is valid only up to a height of 5 m.
Beyond these heights, spacing between the detectors shall be adjusted
as follows:
I) Smoke detectors for heights between 7 m
and 10 m - 5 m spacing Beyond 10m height - Only beam
detectors or aspirating type detection systems
2) Heat detectors for heights between 5 m and 7 m - 3.5 m spacing
Beyond 7m height- Not allowed to install heat detectors.
b) High air movement consideration
I) Spacing between detectors shall be suitably reduced in areas where
high air movement or where high air changes prevail. Modified values
of spacing are given in the Table 2.
2) Detectors shall not be located in the vicinity of supply air diffusers.
Minimum distance between the detector and the air inlets/diffusers
shall be at least 1.5 m.
3) Detectors shall be so mounted as to favour the air flow towards
return air openings.
4) The above provisions shall not disturb the normal population (count)
of detectors,which is provided assuming that airhandling
Systems are off.
5) After designing the detector spacing,
it shall be cross-checked to ensure that there is at least one smoke
detector for every 100 m2 or one heat detector for every 50 m' of the
compartment area.
Every enclosure (that is, room or cabin) shall have a detector at ceiling
level and also under false ceiling, if provided.
NFPA A.17.7.4.1 Detectors should not be located in a direct airflow
or closer than 36 in. (910 mm) from an air supply diffuser or
return air opening.
17.7.6.3.2 Location. Smoke detectors shall not be located directly
in the airstream of supply registers.
Air Movement
Minutes per
Air Change
Air
Changes
per Hour
Spacing per Detector
ft2 m2
1 60 125 12
2 30 250 23
3 20 375 35
4 15 500 46
5 12 625 58
6 10 750 70
7 8.6 875 81
8 7.5 900 84
9 6.7 900 84
10 6 900 84
t) Voids as in false ceiling/flooring more than 800 mm shall be
protected with detectors with spacing like in normal installation.
However,voids as in false ceiling/flooring less than 800 mm height need
not necessarily have independent coverage unless the void is such that
the spread of fire products between the rooms or compartments take
place through it.
Bathroom, lavatories, WC, etc, however, need
not be protected.
h) Detector siting shall be such that a clear
space of 500 mm is maintained below each
detector.
5.2.1.1 Heat detectors are not suitable for detecting
fire in slow burning/air-conditioned premises where
temperatures required to operate them may only be
reached after the smoke density in the escape route/
circulation areas has reached to the critical level.
5.2.1.2 Heat detectors are suitable in compartments
where heat producing equipment (for example, kitchen
and pantry, etc) are used in closets or other
unsupervised spaces compact areas with low value
contents.
r)Every enclosure (that is, room or cabin) shall
have a detector at ceiling level and also under
false ceiling, if provided.
s) Where there is more than one such enclosure
per floor, a response indicator shall be installed
at the entrance to such enclosures to indicate
where the detector has actuated. This
arrangement shall also be followed in case of
all concealed detectors in false floors, plenums,
shafts, tunnels, etc.
17.7.1.8 (NFPA 72 Page: 95)
Unless specifically designed and listed for the expected
conditions, smoke detectors shall not be installed if
any of the following ambient conditions exist:
(1) Temperature below 32°F (0°C)
(2) Temperature above 100°F (38°C)
(3) Relative humidity above 93 percent
(4) Air velocity greater than 300 ft/min (1.5 m/sec)
17.7.5.2.1(NFPA 72 Page: 95)
Detectors that are installed in the air duct system
in accordance with 17.7.5.1(2) shall not be used as a substitute
for open area protection.
“17.7.3.2.3.1* In the absence of specific performance-based design criteria, smooth ceiling smoke
detector spacing shall be a nominal 30 ft (9.1 m).”
Multi-Sensor Detectors. (NFPA 72 Page: 102)
17.9.4.1 A multi-sensor detector shall be listed for each sensor.
17.9.4.2 Because of the device-specific, software-driven solution
of multi-sensor detectors to reduce unwanted alarms and
improve detector response to a nonspecific fire source, location
and spacing criteria included with the detector installation
instructions shall be followed.
To ensure that audible private mode signals are clearly
18.4.4.1*
heard, they shall have a sound level at least 10 dB above the
average
ambient sound level or 5 dB above the maximum sound level
having a duration of at least 60 seconds, whichever is greater,
measured 5 ft (1.5 m) above the floor in the area required to be
served by the system using the A-weighted scale (dBA).
18.4.4.3.1 Asystem arranged to stop or reduce ambient noise
shall be permitted to produce a sound level at least 10 dB
above the reduced average ambient sound level or 5 dB above
the maximum sound level having a duration of at least 60
seconds
after reduction of the ambient noise level, whichever is
greater, measured 5 ft (1.5 m) above the floor, using the
A-weighted scale (dBA).
Sleeping Area Requirements.
18.4.5.1* Where audible appliances are installed to provide
signals for sleeping areas, they shall have a sound level of at
least 15 dB above the average ambient sound level or 5 dB
above the maximum sound level having a duration of at least
60 seconds or a sound level of at least 75 dBA, whichever is
greater, measured at the pillow level in the area required to be
served by the system using the A-weighted scale (dBA).
18.4.5.2 If any barrier, such as a door, curtain, or retractable
partition, is located between the notification appliance and
the pillow, the sound pressure level shall be measured with the
barrier placed between the appliance and the pillow.
18.4.5.3* Effective January 1, 2014, where audible appliances
are provided to produce signals for sleeping areas, they shall
produce a low frequency alarm signal that complies with the
following:
(1) The alarm signal shall be a square wave or provide equivalent
awakening ability.
(2) The wave shall have a fundamental frequency of 520 Hz
± 10 percent.
18.5.4.4.5* Visible notification appliances shall be located
not
more than 15 ft (4.57 m) from the end of the corridor with
a
separation not greater than 100 ft (30.5 m) between
appliances.
PA standards
BS5839-8:2008
16.4 Amplifiers rated power output should be atleast 20% greater than
initial design for the loudspeaker load.
21.1 The sound pressure level of attention drawing signal & of a non
speech alarm broadcast should be:
a) Generally throughout all accessible area of the building (other
than in enclosure of less than 1 m² but this may reduced to 60
dBA in:
Stairways
Enclosure of area less than 60 m² ( e.g cellular office)
Small area of limited extent within the enclosure, for a instance
area behind the pillars.
b) Where the sound pressure level of background noise is greater
than 60 dBA, 5 dB above the sound pressure level of background
noise.
Note 1: Other background noise that is unlikely to persist for longer
than 30s may be ignored
Note 2: This recommendation does not apply to noise created by
running water in bathrooms & shower rooms.
IEC60849 (Page 17)
Where any part of system is installed in the area with hazardous
or explosive atmosphere, the relevant safety requirement of IEC
60079 shall be met.
Call points shall be fixed at a height of 1.4 m above
the surrounding floor level, at easily accessible, well illuminated
and conspicuous positions, which are free
of obstructions. (Ref is2189:2008, Page 21)
NFPA 17.5.2* Partitions. Where partitions extend to within 15 percent
of the ceiling height, the spaces separated by the partitions
shall be considered as separate rooms.
NFPA 18.5.4.4.5* Visible notification appliances shall be located not
more than 15 ft (4.57 m) from the end of the corridor with a
separation not greater than 100 ft (30.5 m) between appliances.
17.5.3* Detector Coverage.
17.5.3.1 Total (Complete) Coverage. Where required by
other governing laws, codes, or standards, and unless otherwise
modified by 17.5.3.1.1 through 17.5.3.1.5, total coverage
shall include all rooms, halls, storage areas, basements, attics,
lofts, spaces above suspended ceilings, and other subdivisions
and accessible spaces, as well as the inside of all closets, elevator
shafts, enclosed stairways, dumbwaiter shafts, and chutes.
[ROP-232a]
