10.
1.
12.
13.
14.
cone SS US 5
cms pom weg
are they ux principle that focuses on the efficiency of use,
| Mention one IMteracy Ay
digital ae an overview of graphic design ina 5 hy
‘ Oo ani messages? Is for j * Tole, ‘i
name two widely used sorware 10018 TOF IMAGE editing ang brie ‘y
a ®)
Se concepts in image editing, and how do ag ™
vontrast and brightness impact the overall visual appeal lustrenty es
Define the term “pixel” in the context of digital images, and explain 4
graphic design. ts "eta
fit of using vector
Can you outline one major benefit of using Graphics j
how yon Itdiffer from raster graphics in terms of Scalability? IN graphic desig, ‘
What is the significance of file formats in graphic design, and how do
usability and quality of design assets? {hey impact
000OE
Contrast Alignment
Repetition Proximity Whitespace Text
ure
DIGITAL CONTENT TooLs
AND TECHNIQUES
4.1 HTML BASICS
The backbone of the World Wide Web is made of HTML files, which are specially-
formatted documents that can contain links, as well as images and other media.
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language
todesign Web Pages.
A webpage is a web document that is accessible through the internet using a web browser
like intemet explorer. A webpage is accessed by entering a URL (Uniform Resource Locator-
‘mechanism used to locate a webpage on the internet.) addresses in the Address, field of web
browser. webpage may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to other web pages and
files,
i location
A website ig composed of a group of web pages linked together. It is a central
t conta
ntains more than one web page.
i language.
HTML (Hypertext M: arkup Language), as its name suggests, is a markup langu as
HTML documents) are |
, 5 es (|
Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pag vou are using hypertes So,
‘gether. When you click a link in a Web in
Ypertext is simply a piece of text that works as a link.
aanguage is a
Within documents, °
Note: HTML
HTML w
HTML spe
documents are al Pages :
Iso called wep
aS Created by Bemers-Lee in late 199] but "
aS Published in 1995,
ersi
Though HTML 4.01 Version j.
HTML 2
Cification y hich wy,
, —
-O" Was the first Standen
HTML 4.01 was a ™ajor version of HTML and it Was publishe
din late 1999,
S widely used but currently we are having HT
Which is an extension to HTML
ML-5 Version,
4.01, and this version Was publis|
4.1.1 HTML Tags
A webpage can contain
'ext, graphics, audio, video and
such contents to indicate
animations. We
how they should appear over a
can mark up
web page. To mark up the
rs or TAGS
contents, we can use various commands, called Markup Indicato
Se, HTML Tags are basically H TMLb
ased commands or key wort
brackets like
ds surrounded by angle
Every tag consists of a tag name, sometimes followe
d by an optional list of tag, attributes
OF properties, all place
2 sii t tag is
d between opening and closing brackets (< and >). The simples ‘ 8
cl an
than a name @ppropriately enclosed in brackets, such as , , , or eve
no difference
equivalent.
Note: HTML tags are not case sensitive. :
contents
4.1.2 HTML elements a
7 1 Ag,
rything from the start tag to the end tag
element is every
An HTML e
ccgxample:
(Content)
2 WELCOME To ALL OF op,
(Start Tag) eon
(End Tag)
Fla. 4.1 (Tt gy ment
Most HTML elements can be Nested i.e, they can Contain other HTML i
ML elements
Example:
WELCOME 79 ALL OF yoy,
In this exam ple,
* The element, defines the
bold effect over the text.)
HTML elements wy 1th no content are called Empty elements,
Example:
ig an empty element without a closing tag (the
tag defines a line break).
Note: Adding a slash inside the stan tag, like
or etc,
(i) Declaration: £ ach declaration consists of a Property and a value. The property is the
Style attribute you want to change. Each property has a value. A CSS declaration
always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by curly
brackets,
S
Yntax of Cog style rule is as follows:
selector (property: value}
Sample.
Declaration Declaration
ein We nersee ee)
Property Value Property Valueie,
rage | 4.12 Digital Content Tools ang
Te
ech,
To make the CSS more readable, you ca" put one declaration on each line, lik, ™~
7 HKe this.
P,H1 ns
{
color: red;
text-align: center;
}
You can also apply a sty
given in the following example:
Je to many selectors. Just separate the selectors with a c
‘ommMa as
H1, H2, H3
{
color: blue;
font-weight: normal;
text-transform: lowercase,
}
Example:
atvy an Tools and Techniques
a giPHEADING 21S AFFECTED BY STYLE
aTMl>
fter the execution of above code, the output would be look like:
A
Pea a ats
ae eat view History Bookmarks — Tools Help
r ents MM/HTML}CSS/SS.HTML |b
fi ee +)
events and Settings/Punt/Desktop/E_COMMIMTMLICSSIS5.+ > O-
2
\ (Bi ost Visted @ Getting Started Customize Links Free Hotmail __| Windows Marketplace
HEADING-2 IS AFFECTED BY STYLE.
»
HEADING-3 IS AFFECTED BY STYLE.
THIS PARAGRAPH IS AFFECTED BY STYLE
|x
42.4 Css Properties
Css Provides number of properties to change the look and feel of web pages. Here are
Some basic css prope
Tties to work with:
Values
RGB, hex, keyword
al, num
Sets the. distance between lines.
- ength
Increase or decrease the space between | normal, ‘leng
_ Sharacters. | -page | 4.14
text-align
text-
decoration
text-indent
text-transform
Aligns the text in an element.
+ - 7
Adds decoration to text.
Indents the first line of text in an element
' Controls the letters in an element
(2) Fo Font Properties
ei: ety
font-family
font-size
font-style
font-variant
font-weight
(3) List Properties
| Property
list-style
list-style mage
Description
Specifies the font family for tex!
Specifies the font size of text
Specifies the font style for text
specifies whether or not 2 text shou
displayed in a small-caps 10"
Specifies the weight of & font
Description
Sets all the properti
es for a list in ¢
declaration
specifies an image 4° the list-item marker
place the listitem marker
list-style Specities where f
position
[ tyle-tyPe Specifies the type of list m marker
jist-style* |
(4) Border properties ;
77 Description
|lett, tight center, justify.
none, underline
through
length, %
none, capitalize,
Uppercase,
lowercase
Values
family-name, generic-family
xxsmall, \-small, small, medium
large \-large, \-large, smaller,
tle
1ormal plique
! ps
a r, lighter
Values
/ se. listestyte-position
ist-s ‘
URL, none
nside, outside
fe, square
none, aise circle, >4
values
,, porder
widll porder-st¥
jer-wldJools and Techniques ie,
——T.. — ee - snl
On Gets all the bottom border properties in one border, 415
oe declaration. ie btm, =
| sie bore .
a ts the color of the bottom border. 12 border-bottom coor
| border-color
soe
ait 1 Hh
i = 446 the style of the bottom borde
joer | Sets . r border-style
wet - = +$———____
pottom- Sets the width of the bottom border. border-width ~
-bot ia
ponder”
wit |
mor sets the color of the four borders color_name,her_numbe,
pordet —hame, hex_number,
a _ rgb_number, transparent, inherit
srder left Sets all the left border properties in one border-left-width bordereftstle,
declaration border-left-color
“yder lett Sets the color of the left border. border-color
color _ _ | ee
“prderlett- Sets the stvle of the lett border. border-style
style ee
border-left- Sets the width of the left border. border-width
width
toderright Sets all the right border properties in one border-right-width, border-right:
style, border-ightolor
declaration.
border-right- | Sets the color of the right border
‘color sl
«| - ; a
net Sets the stvle of the right border. border-style
: | _——_j
—~ ;
: border-width
border-color
torderrons. -
vith night |e the width of the right border
' den dtd dase
f none, hidden, dotted.
Sets the style of the four borders: re ie ee a
border style
outset, inherit
one porder-top-width, pordertoP*
porder-top-color _
ol
Sets all the top border propertie> in
~~ __ | declaration. —Page 14.16 Dig Contnt Tot and Teh,
border-top- | Sets the color of the top border. border-color
color ff
border-top- a the style of the top border. | border-style ——————~_]
style |
ye | — |
border-top- Sets the width of the top border. border-width -
width | ft
thin, medium, thick, length, inherit |
[border-width [sets the width of the fourborde. |
4.2.5 CSS - Id and Class Selectors
In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to specify your own
selectors called "id" and "class".
(a) Id Selector
You can define the style rules based on the Id attribute of the HTML elements. All the
nts having that Id will be formatted according to the defined rule. The /d selector uses
d is defined with a
elemer
the Id attribute of the HTML element, an symbol.
Example:
ind Techniques
t Tools al
conten
ne execution of above code, the Output would be
t
after
look like:
) Mozilla Firefox
Edit
File View — History Bookmarks. Tools Help
file:///D:/Documents MIHTMLicssicis, HTML
€ % (Desktop/e COMMIT ICSSjc)
ce. Q-
Customize Links *
sie | t
Free Hotmail
ALIGNED HEADING
CENTER-ALIGNED PARAGRAPH
ry Most Visited @ Getting Started {
CENTER-
»
You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a Class
selector,
Example:
SHEAD>
‘STYLES
Peis
(
“ALIGN: CENTER;
STYLES
HEADS
Bony,
Sha ,
T YI 2>
? Cha: CLs" THIS HEADING IS NOT AFFECTED BY STYLE.
CLs" >THIS PARAGRAPH IS AFFECTED BY STYLE.
“Poy,Digital Content Toots ang
Tectia
Page | 4.20
After the execution of above code, the output would be look like:
Dod a ae
| File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help
| File:/{{D:/Documents. /HTML/CSS/CLS2.HTML it
}
| & iments and Settings Punit/Desktop/E_COMMIHTML/CS5/CL:
CO: vans eg
le .
|(Bj Most visted @ Getting Started {) Customze Links. Free Hotmail Windows Marketplace
| THIS HEADING IS NOT AFFECTED BY STYLE.
THIS PARAGRAPH IS AFFECTED BY STYLE
4.3 DESIGNING FOR DIFFERENT SCREEN SIZES AND DEVICES
In today's digital landscape, people access websites and applications via a wide variety
th and visually
of devices, each with a different screen size and resolutions. Creating a smoo
ectrum is both a problem and an opportunity
arious displays is critical to
appealing user experience throughout this sp
explore the
for designers. The capacity to adapt and optimize interfaces for V
ensuring usability, accessibility, and user happiness In this section, we will
strategies and best practices for designing for different screen sizes and resolutions.
1. Responsive Design
Responsive design is a design strategy in which interfaces adapt to different screen S128
alter dynamically based
proacl ptimel |
flexible layouts fluid |
rioritizes #
just |
and device types. Responsive design allows the interface layout to :
on the device screen size. Responsive design is a web design P| h ensuring ©
user experience across various devices and screen sizes. It employs
grids, and media queries to adapt content presentation. Responsive design P 4
codebase that 4
seamless transition from mobile to desktop, emphasizing a single
cesA
~~ tools and Techniques
Pam baz,
? using CSS techniques and flexible images, it ensures Content read, b
’ eadabitie
ically: Oe na rt-phones, tablets, and desktops. This APPTOAch fosters Accessibilis,
ity one diverse ways, users access digital cont
es tl . .
A odat ent, In essence, responsive design Provi
7 vardless of the device, promoting accessi
ce -
iil landscape.
olvint
a
First
s uobile
le First” is a design strategy that emphasizes be,
" ile :
Mobile devices before
5 ON
anc
tent, enhancing OVeral}
Satisfaction
ides a Consistent ang e
ficient web
bility ang User-centricity
in the ever.
‘inning the
expanding to larger screens, Mobil
ice restrictions, such as smaller Screens and slower int
device res
soile
design Process with a
le-first design considers
iternet connections, and
ffering a simple and easy-to-use interface. This APProach recognizes the
on oj
cues
f mobile usage and ensures that the essential conter
lence 0! smaller screens. By starting with mobile desigi
ponte v loading times, and touch-friendly Interfaces, This
a ba also sets a foundation for scal
scssbility and user satisf.
Nt and functionality are
Nn, developers Pnoritize
Not only improves mobile
lable and adaptive
designs, enhancing overall
action across the entire spectrum of d
eVICES.
4.Grid System
A grid system divides the layout into columns and to
famework that helps
dimensions. Each e
different scre
harmony but
Ws, creating a structured
and alignment across various screen
lement is placed within this grid, allowing for easy sarin
en sizes through responsive design. The grid system not only enianets “se
also streamlines the development process by Providing a systematic app1
- cture, ensuring that
layout cteation. It aids in maintaining a balanced and organized struc
Content is displayed cohe:
the
. interface, optimizing
mbile Screens. This systematic arrangement fosters a user-friendly inter! P'
Perience acy
Oss the digital landscape.
:
maintain consistency
sivel C1 V m large de: tors to smaller
ly i e desktop monit
ively across devices, from | 8 Pp
4
Scalable Vector Graphics
le
or down whil
lable Vector 8raphics (SVGs) are image formats that can be sald i daly GF
nN Guality Because SVGs can be easily enlarged a 1b multiple sereen
™ ., they are ideal for creating interfaces that must be adapte
% “SV S Can, also by
Satin, i
' hen
. a d creativity W
imated, giving designers additional freedom ani
e anim a
Mterfacesoo”
Page | 4.22 Dial Content Tote an
Unlike traditional image formats, SVGs are lightweight and can be easily man;
with CSS and JavaScript. They support interactivity and animations, ethan ud
engagement. Designers can create logos, icons, and illustrations using SVG, cing Use
consistent visual appeal across devices. By utilizing SVGs in responsive design, y ‘Uri
and applications achieve a balance between visual quality and adaptability, proven
smooth and crisp user experience on devices ranging from large desktop Iding a
. Monitors 4,
smaller mobile screens.
5. Navigation
When creating designs for various devices like computers and phones, we consider
navigation—how users move around a website or app. Navigation involves Organizing
menus, buttons, and links in a way that's easy to understand and use. For different screens,
we may adjust the placement and style of navigation elements to ensure they're accessible
and user-friendly. Clear and intuitive navigation is crucial for guiding users to different
parts of a site. Responsive design techniques, such as collapsible menus or simplified
navigation for smaller screens, enhance the user experience. By carefully planning and
adapting navigation for diverse devices, designers aim to provide a seamless journey ior
users, helping them find information or complete tasks effortlessly, regardless of the device
they're using.
6. Typography
Typography, the art of arranging and styling text, significantly influences met
experience. Responsive typography involves selecting fonts and adjusting sizes and spacing
to ensure readability on various screens. Typography should also be tuned for multiple
device types, ensuring that the interface is legible on mobile and desktop devices alike.
‘ rant tO
When designing for different devices like computers, tablets, or phones, it's import in
c
think about how the words on the screen look. That's where typography com
Typography is like the design of words - how they're arranged and how they Iook-
. : ‘re not 10°
For different screens, fonts are chosen, and the words are adjusted s0 they
d letters
small or too big. There's also attention to having enough space between lines . ‘hand
it's easy to read. When designing for all these different devices, fonts are pie e ‘on a
i re
words are set up in a way that makes them easy to read, no matter if you
d
5 look g0°
computer screen or a small phone screen. It's all about making the words loo
easy on the eyes for everyone.
rey
a
Page | 4.23
seizing cle" and adaptable typography, designers enhance the a
rior
py P eal of content across a spectrum of devices,
etic 7
Fo digital! interfaces
ith
1,colot : ial when designing for di
sidering color is ezucis wl en lesigning for iverse Screens and devices. Colors not
Co tribute to aesthetics but also impact user experience. It's essential to choose a color
onl one remains legible and visually appealing across various screen Tesolutions. High
ee petween text and background improves readability, especially “eon
cont
a ccessibility and
‘ostering a Positive user interaction
on smaller screens,
pesponsive design may involve adjusting color choices to accommodate different display
technologies: Additionally, considering color psychology and cultural associations ensures
that the chosen color scheme aligns with the intended message and resonates Positively
with users. Striking the right balance in color selection enhances accessib:
and overall user satisfaction across the spectrum of devices.
, readability,
8. Touch and Gesture Controls
Touch interfaces on smart-phones and tablets rely on gestures like swiping, tapping, and
pinching. Designers need to optimize interactive elements for touch, ensuring they are
‘ppropriately sized and spaced for fingers. Gesture controls, such as swiping left or right,
add a layer of interactivity. Responsive design should consider touch-friendly navigation
and O i
neractive components to accommodate users on touch-enabled devices. Incorporating
Visual cues for ge
desi
tte create intuitive and engaging interfaces, catering to the preferences of users
ractit S
Sabiigs with various devices through tactile input methods. This approach improves
i .
Yand responsiveness, fostering positive interactions across the digital landscape.
Xm
. sting
across devices
Testin,
“nsisten
stures enhances user guidance. By prioritizing touch and gesture controls,
° ross devices is a vital step in designing for various screen sizes, ensuring :
‘rms, on ©ptimal user experience. It involves assessing how a website or applion
browser g,. “ifferent devices such as smartphones, tablets, and desktops. Emulators 2m
* Goentigy OPE tools can provide initial insights, but real-world testing on actual devie*
~ surg THs process helps identify potential layout issues, responsiveness challenges
Sq
5 thas. " «dors variations
. . : 5 Si jers V:
TEEN te, at interactive elements function as intended. Testing also consid!
Solut. . we
a “tions, operating systems, and browser compatibility.Di
Page | 4.24 igitay lig ov
10. Breakpoints for Design Adaptation orn i
Breakpoints are specific points in the design where layouts and 5
a di screen dimensions. These are typically defined usin © ad
suit different ; , dify the 1 8 CSS Media. tt
instance, a breakpoint might be set to modilly the layout for small Screens j) fe
another for medium-sized screens like tablets, and another for lar, ger screens Ike on
Breakpoints allow designers to create responsive designs that Smoothly tray tke dt
these defined states, optimizing content Presentation and user experience rt bety,
placing, breakpoints, designers ensure that the design adapts Bracefully to y Strategic,
ivering a consistent and visually appealing layout across the spectrum sa
vices
tyles ap,
sizes, deli
44) MULTIMEDIA - AN INTRODUCTION
Newspaper and television are the common medium of mass Communication. Hoy,
they differ in the way they present information to the user. The information ina neg .
is presented as a combination of text, image, and graphics. This has a different impact om
user than the information presented on the television as a combination of image, phot
video, sound and music. Similarly, talking over a telephone (using sound) has a differen
impact on the user, than, talking using the Internet telephone with a web camera (sound
and photo) attached to it. In other words, the same information when presented using
different media has a different impact on the user. Or, you can say that the media used hr
presenting the information affects the way the user perceives and understands the
information.
Multimedia is the combination of two or more media. The media in multimedia comes
different forms: graphics, photography, text, audio, video, and animation. It can be delet
as a combination of graphics, audio, text, animation, and video using the computer.
ally requires @ pow
ality monitor e st
pecial softwares
In order to work with multimedia, a personal computer typic
microprocessor, large memory and storage capabilities, a high 4
speakers or head phones and CDROM/DVDROM drive as well a5 °
utilize many of these devices, seat ac
Multimedia may be broadly divided into linear and non-linear categories Oat
content Progresses without any navigation control for the vie
Presentation. Non-linear content offers user interactivity to control
computer game or used in self-paced computer based training: N
known as hypermedia content.
as
wer such wilt?
as )
ogress a
pros} : content is
on-lineaer 70 and Tech
Animation
Fig. 4.3 (Multimedia System)
Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded
interactivity via a navigation system. A live multimedia
interactivity via interaction with the Presenter or performer,
Presentation may allow
Presentation may allow
44.1 Characteristics of Multimedia
Amultimedia system has following characteristics or features:
* Amultimedia System must be computerized.
* Multimedia Systems must be integrated ice. collaboration of various multimedia tools
audio, video, animation etc.
The information handle
* Multimedia Presentations may be viewed by person on stage, projected, transmitted
®t played locally with a media player.
Multi
. : i th
‘ltimedia 8ames and simulations may be used in a physical environment "
. y offline
SPecial effects, with multiple users in an online network, or locally with an offl
“mMputer
” 8ame system, or simulator. vis
valtimedia System is interactive. The user is active and can manipulate wh .
8 Communicated, Multimedia allows two-way communication. The a -
S like keyboard, trackball or joystick to interact with the multimedia s)="
Ulti
». People are more
in Media system gains and holds more attention among people. Peop!
eres
: ses.
ed in multimedia messages rather than simple text messages.
lke: text, graphics,
d by a multimedia system must be represented digitally
Vice,Page | 4.26 Digital Content Tools a1
nd Technique,
4.4.2 Multimedia Eiements
Multimedia is mainly concerne
graphics, drawings, still or moving images (video),
of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally.
tion consists any CT all of the following components:
d with the computer-controlled integration of ¢
4 . a
animation and audio where every tin
pe
Any multimedia applica
t role in almost all multimedia applications. The desig,
n
Text: Text plays an importan
and content of multimedia texts are 50 different from other type of texts such a5
text. With the recent explosion of the
newspaper texts, magazine texts and book
‘come more important than ever. With
Internet and World Wide Web, text has be
multimedia technology, text can be combined with other media in a powerful and
meaningful way to present information and express moods.
¢ Images/Graphics: Images whether represented analog or digital plays a vital role in
a multimedia. It is expressed in the form of still picture, painting or a photograph
taken through a digital camera. In order to make a multimedia presentation look
graceful and complete, it is necessary to spend sufficient amount of time to design
the graphics and the layouts.
Sound/Audio: Sound or Audio is one of the important elements of any exciting and
successful multimedia presentation. It comprises the spoken word, voice, music and
even noise. The main reason for using digital audio in computer is to be able to use
multimedia in its full potential. The most common requirement is to be able to input
sound such as a spoken commentary on an image or a document. The microphone
(which is normally used for recording) converts the voice into electrical signal or
analog signal. Then, the analog signal is passed into the audio input of sound card of
the computer, which converts the analog audio signal into digital form and stores it
as computer data file. Playing back a digital audio data file is just the reverse process
of converting analog to digital.
Video: Video is the most powerful tool of multimedia. It brings computer users
ts of multimedia,
rid. Video makes use of all of the elemen' 3
but at a high cost. Video in multimedia '§
roject. The advantage of
to effectively convey
your
and
.
closer to the real wo
bringing your products and services alive,
used to show real time moving pictures in a multimedia Pp
acity
integrating video into a multimedia presentation is the cap
th video elements In
a great deal of information in the least amount of time. Wi
force your story,
d rein
project, you can effectively present your messages an‘