Assignment No.

: 1
Q.1 Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is Web Services?
Ans. Web Service is a standardized protocol used for communication between software applications over the
internet. This enables systems—of various platforms and programs—to interact with and share information
between themselves with ease. In short, a web service operates on a web-based platform and utilizes common
protocols (such as HTTP) and common data formats (such as XML or JSON) to transfer data between systems.
Key Features of Web Services:
Interoperability — Web services allow communication across multiple platforms. For instance, a client written
in Java can talk to a server written in Python or. NET-based server.
Standardized Protocols: It eliminates ambiguity — common web protocols are in place (HTTP, SOAP, REST,
etc.)

Self-describing: Web services typically describe themselves, by giving definitions (WSDL for SOAP, for
example) for operations and data.

Types of Web Services:

• SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol):

Protocol-based web service.

The transport message is in the form of Xml.
It is highly curated and systematic.
Transactions are enterprise-grade and safe
WSDL (Web Services Description Language) needed
• REST (Representational State Transfer):

Not a protocol but rather Architectural style

Uses standard HTTP methods GET, POST, PUT, DELETE
Why REST? Most GET responses are in JSON or XML, but JSON is more popular today because of its
simplicity.
More lightweight and faster than SOAP.
Best for web and mobile applications.
How Web Services Work:
Client hits a particular endpoint (generally, a URL ).
Server processes the request using the server-side logic (for example PHP, Python, Node. js).
This is where data gets fetched or processed, typically interacting with a database.
Formulate responses with data in a standard format (JSON/XML)

Examples of Web Services:

Comments on Weather API: Retrieves current weather data depending on location.
Payment Gateway APIs: With Payment Gateway API, we can process online transactions (for e.g. Stripe,
PayPal)
 User Profiles, Posts etc: Access through social media APIs(for e.g. Facebook Graph API)

2. Write down types of Different Scripting Language

Ans. Scripting languages are the backbone of many modern applications — from websites to system automation. These
languages are typically interpreted (not compiled), and are used to automate tasks, build dynamic content, and
manage system operations.
Let’s break down the major types of scripting languages based on where and how they are used:

1. Server-Side Scripting Languages

These scripts run on the web server and are responsible for handling backend logic — like database communication, user
authentication, and server-side data processing.
Examples:
PHP – Popular in WordPress, used for web apps.
Python – Powers Django and Flask; clean and versatile.
Ruby – Known for Ruby on Rails, ideal for startups.
Node.js (JavaScript) – JavaScript running on the server, great for full-stack apps.
Java – Used in enterprise-grade applications (Spring Framework).

2. Client-Side Scripting Languages

These scripts run in the user’s browser and are used for creating interactive and dynamic interfaces without needing to
reload the page.
Examples:
JavaScript – The king of client-side scripting; used in almost every website.
HTML – Not a scripting language per se, but essential for page structure.
CSS – Used for styling (again, not scripting technically, but works alongside).
TypeScript – A superset of JavaScript with types; compiles to JS.

3. System/Automation Scripting Languages

These are used to automate system tasks, like file manipulation, batch processing, or system monitoring.
Examples:
Bash – Used in Linux/Unix shell scripting.
PowerShell – Microsoft’s scripting language for Windows automation.
Perl – Great for text processing and system admin tasks.
Python – Again here! It’s great for automation and scripting tasks across platforms.

4. Application Scripting Languages

These are embedded within software applications to customize or automate tasks inside those applications.
Examples:
VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) – Used in Microsoft Excel and Word for macros.
Lua – Used in games and embedded systems.
Tcl – Used in embedded and rapid prototyping environments.

5. Scripting for DevOps & Cloud

Used for managing infrastructure as code (IaC), deploying apps, and automating CI/CD pipelines.
Examples:
YAML – Used in Kubernetes and CI tools like GitHub Actions.
Groovy – Used in Jenkins for pipeline scripting.
 Python – Once again, it’s everywhere — used for writing Ansible scripts, AWS automation, etc.

3. What is MVC Architecture?

Ans. MVC stands for Model-View-Controller — it's a popular design pattern used in web development to organize code
better and make applications easier to manage and scale. Think of it as a way to separate the logic, UI, and control flow of
your application.
Let’s break it down like a real-life example

Model – The Brain

The Model is responsible for all the data and business logic. It’s like the brain of the application.

• It handles how data is created, read, updated, and deleted (CRUD operations).

• It talks to the database or external APIs.

• It doesn’t care how data is shown to the user — it just processes and
provides it.
Example: In an online bookstore, the Model would manage books, prices, stock,
and orders.

View – The Face

The View is what the user sees — the interface, the visuals, the HTML, or the
front-end templates.

• It displays the data that comes from the Model.

• It doesn’t contain any logic or data-processing power — just presentation.

Example: The page where users browse books, see images, titles, and add them to the cart.

Controller – The Middleman

The Controller is the link between the user and the system. It handles user input and decides what to do with it.

• It receives input from the user (like clicking a button).

• It processes that input, talks to the Model, and tells the View what to show.

• Acts like a traffic cop between Model and View.

Example: When a user clicks “Buy Now”, the Controller tells the Model to update stock, and then asks the View to show a
confirmation.

How They Work Together (Flow)

1. User clicks a button (View).
2. Controller receives the action and decides what to do.
3. Model is updated with the new data or fetched for info.
4. View is updated to show the result to the user.

Where MVC is Used?

• Django (Python)

• Ruby on Rails
• ASP.NET MVC

• Laravel (PHP)

• Spring MVC (Java)

Why Use MVC?

• Separation of concerns: Code is cleaner and more organized.

• Easy to maintain and scale.

• Reusable components.

• Developers can work independently — one on View, one on Model, etc.

4. Explain CMS.
Ans. A CMS, or Content Management System, is software that makes it easy for anyone — even without technical
skills — to create, manage, and publish content on a website.

🧠 Think of it like this:

Imagine building a website like a blog or a news portal. Without a CMS, you’d have to write HTML, CSS, or code
for every single page you create. But with a CMS, you can just log in to a dashboard, type your content like in MS
Word, hit “Publish,” and boom — it’s live!

🔧 What Can a CMS Do?

• 📝 Create and edit pages, blog posts, articles, etc.

• 🖼️ Upload and manage images, videos, and documents.

• 🔐 Control who can do what with role-based access (like admin, editor, viewer).

• 🎨 Customize design using themes and templates.

• 🔌 Add new features using plugins/extensions (e.g., SEO tools, contact forms).

💡 Real-Life Examples:

CMS Name Description

WordPress Most popular CMS; used for blogs & websites

Joomla Flexible and powerful for complex websites

Drupal Very secure and scalable; used in enterprise

Wix / Squarespace Drag-and-drop CMS for beginners

🎯 Why Use a CMS?

• ✅ No coding required for most tasks

• 🧩 Extensible with plugins and modules

• 🌐 Collaborative – multiple people can manage the site

• 🛠️ SEO-friendly, often with built-in tools

• 📱 Responsive design with modern themes

👨‍💻 Behind the Scenes (Tech Talk):

CMS platforms use:
• Server-side scripting languages like PHP or Python
• Databases like MySQL to store content
• Templating engines to display the content dynamically
Example:
When you publish a blog post, the CMS saves your content in a database, and then dynamically displays it through
a web template every time someone visits your site.

📌 In Simple Words:
A CMS is like a website builder and manager in one — it handles all the heavy lifting behind the scenes, so you
can focus on writing content, uploading images, and growing your website.

5. How Web application works explain with Example.

Ans. A Web Application is software that runs in your web browser and interacts with a web server over the Internet. It’s different from static
websites because it responds to user input, handles data, and performs actions — all dynamically.

⚙️ Basic Workflow of a Web Application

Let’s break it down step-by-step:

🔄 Step-by-Step Flow:

1. User Sends a Request:

o The user opens their browser and types in a URL like www.example.com/login.

o This sends a request to the server (via HTTP or

HTTPS).
2. Web Server Receives the Request:

o The server receives that request and passes it to the

backend script (written in PHP, Python, Node.js, etc.).
3. Backend Logic Executes:

o The backend script may check user credentials from a

database, process some logic, and prepare a
response.

o It may use server-side frameworks like Django (Python), Laravel (PHP), or Express (Node.js).
4. Database Interaction (if needed):

o The script may connect to a database (e.g., MySQL, MongoDB) to get or store data like user info, messages, or products.
5. Server Sends Response:

o Once the data is processed, the server sends back a webpage (HTML) or data (JSON) to the browser.
6. Browser Displays Output:
 o The browser takes the response and renders the content.

o You might see a welcome message, your profile, a dashboard, etc.

🧑‍💻 Example – Login to Instagram

Let’s say you log in to Instagram:

• You enter your username and password.

• The browser sends this info to Instagram's server.

• The server checks if your details are correct by querying the database.

• If valid, it sends back your profile page.

• If not, it returns an error message: “Incorrect password.”

🧩 Technologies Involved

Layer Technologies Used

Frontend HTML, CSS, JavaScript

Backend PHP, Python (Django/Flask), Node.js

Database MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB

Communication HTTP, HTTPS, APIs

Server Apache, Nginx, or cloud services like AWS

🌐 In Simple Words:

A web application works like a smart waiter. You place an order (request), the waiter (server) goes to the kitchen (database), gets your food
(data), and serves it back on your table (browser).

6. What is Frontend and Backend in terms of Web application

Ans. A web application is like a restaurant — it has two main parts:
• What the customer sees and interacts with (Frontend)
• What happens behind the scenes in the kitchen (Backend)

🖥️ Frontend (Client-Side)
The Frontend is everything the user sees and interacts with directly in their browser. It's the visual part of the
web application.
🔹 Includes:
• HTML – Structure of the page
• CSS – Styling, layout, and colors
• JavaScript – Makes the page interactive (like buttons, animations, etc.)
🔹 Examples:
• Login forms
• Buttons, menus
• Newsfeed layout on Facebook
 • Charts on dashboards
🧠 Think of it as:
“The presentation layer that users see and use.”

🛠️ Backend (Server-Side)
The Backend is the hidden part of the web app. It contains the logic, database connection, authentication,
and server operations. The frontend communicates with it to fetch or update data.
🔹 Includes:
• Server-side languages: Python, PHP, Java, Node.js
• Databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB
• APIs: Communication between frontend and backend
• Authentication and authorization logic
🔹 Examples:
• Checking if login credentials are valid
• Storing form submissions in the database
• Fetching user profile info
🧠 Think of it as:
“The brain of the web app that processes and stores data behind the scenes.”
🧩 Analogy: ATM Machine
• Frontend: The screen and buttons you interact with
• Backend: The bank’s server that checks your account and gives you money
🤝 How They Work Together:
• User enters email on the frontend
• Frontend sends the data to backend
• Backend verifies the email in the database
• Backend responds with success/failure
• Frontend shows “Welcome back!” or “Email not found”

7. What is Set() datatype in Python?

Ans. In Python, a set is a built-in data type used to store a collection of unique elements. It is unordered,
meaning the items do not have a defined order, and it automatically removes duplicates. Sets are created using the
set() constructor or with curly braces {}. For example, my_set = {1, 2, 3, 2} results in {1, 2, 3}.
Sets are mutable, so you can add or remove elements using methods like add(), remove(), or discard(). Common set
operations include union (|), intersection (&), difference (-), and symmetric difference (^), which are useful for
comparing data.
They are particularly helpful when you need to filter duplicates from a list or check if an element exists, as lookups are
fast. However, since they are unordered, indexing and slicing like in lists are not possible. Overall, sets are great for
efficient data management and comparison tasks.

8. Write about Rules of creating a variable in Python.

Ans. Rules for Creating a Variable in Python
In Python, variables are used to store data. While creating variables, there are several
important rules and conventions to follow:
1.Variable names must start with a letter (a–z or A–Z) or an underscore _.
✅ name, _value
❌ 1value (invalid)
2.The name can only contain letters, digits, and underscores.
✅ user_name, age1
❌ user-name, user name (invalid)
3.Keywords cannot be used as variable names (e.g., if, class, def).
4.Variable names are case-sensitive, meaning Name and name are different.
5.Python uses dynamic typing, so there's no need to declare the type.
Example: x = 10
name = "Alice"
6. It’s a good practice to use meaningful variable names (e.g., student_age instead of sa).

9. What is Function in Python ?

Ans. In Python, a function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task. Functions help organize
code, make it modular, and reduce repetition. Python provides many built-in functions (like print() and len()), and
you can also create your own, called user-defined functions.
To define a function, use the def keyword, followed by the function name and parentheses. Here's an
Example: def greet():
print("Hello, joy")
You can call the function by writing its name followed by parentheses:
greet() # Output: Hello, joy
Functions can also take parameters and return values:
def add(a, b):
return a + b
Calling add(2, 3) will return 5.

Functions improve readability, make debugging easier, and are essential for modular programming in Python.
They also support concepts like recursion and default arguments.
10. What is Tuple() datatype in python?
Ans. In Python, a tuple is a built-in data type used to store a collection of items. It is ordered and immutable,
meaning once created, the elements inside a tuple cannot be changed or modified.
Tuples are defined using parentheses () or the tuple() constructor. Example:
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, "Python")
Tuples can hold items of different data types such as integers, strings, or even other tuples.
Since they are immutable, tuples are generally faster and safer than lists when you want to store fixed data. You
can still access elements using indexing, just like lists:
print(my_tuple[0]) # Output: 1
Tuples support slicing, nested elements, and can be used as dictionary keys (unlike lists).
In summary, tuples are useful when you want to store a collection of related items that shouldn’t change
throughout the program.

11. Write arithmetic operators in python

Ans. Arithmetic operators in Python are used to perform basic mathematical operations.
Here are the commonly used ones:
Operator Symbol Description Example Result
Addition + Adds two numbers 5+3 8
Subtraction - Subtracts right from left 10 - 4 6
Multiplication * Multiplies two numbers 6*2 12
Division / Divides left by right (float) 8/2 4.0
Floor Division // Divides and rounds down 9 // 2 4
Modulus % Returns remainder 10 % 3 1
Exponentiation ** Raises power 2 ** 3 8
These operators are used in mathematical expressions, loops, conditions, and many real-world
Python applications.

12. How to add items in List

Ans. In Python, a list is a mutable (changeable) data structure used to store multiple items. You can easily add
items to a list using several methods:

✅ 1. append() – Adds an item to the end of the list:

fruits = ["apple", "banana"]
 fruits.append("mango")
print(fruits) # ['apple', 'banana', 'mango']

✅ 2. insert() – Adds an item at a specific index:

fruits.insert(1, "orange")
print(fruits) # ['apple', 'orange', 'banana', 'mango']

✅ 3. extend() – Adds multiple items from another list:

fruits.extend(["grape", "pineapple"])
print(fruits) # ['apple', 'orange', 'banana', 'mango', 'grape', 'pineapple']

These methods are very useful when you're dynamically updating lists during loops, user input, or data processing
tasks in Python.

Q.2 Long Answer Type Questions

1. Explain MVT Architecture of Django Framework.

Ans. The MVT (Model-View-Template) architecture is a software design pattern used by the Django framework,
specifically tailored for web development. It separates the business logic, user interface, and data storage layers,
allowing for clean and maintainable code.

• Model: The Model handles all the data-related logic. It defines the structure of the database using Python
classes. Each class represents a table, and each attribute represents a field. Models manage database
queries and operations.

• View: Views are Python functions or classes that handle user requests. They act as a bridge between models
and templates. Views pull data from models and pass it to templates to be rendered. They do not directly
interact with HTML but control what is shown and how it's fetched.

• Template: Templates are HTML files mixed with Django Template Language (DTL). They display data to the
user in a readable and styled format. They receive dynamic data from views and present it using placeholder
tags like {{ data }}.
Example Workflow:
1. A user visits /students/.

2. The URL is mapped to a view (student_list()).

3. The view fetches data from the model
(Student.objects.all()).
4. The view renders the student_list.html template,
passing the student data.

5. The template displays the list in HTML format.

This separation allows for modular development. Designers can work on templates, developers on views/models, and
database admins on models without overlap.
2. Write Python script to print prime number form m to n. where m<n
Ans. def is_prime(num):
if num <= 1:
return False
for i in range(2, int(num**0.5)+1):
if num % i == 0:
return False
return True

def print_primes(m, n):

print(f"Prime numbers between {m} and {n} are:")
for number in range(m, n+1):
if is_prime(number):
print(number, end=' ')

# Example usage:
m = int(input("Enter the starting number (m): "))
n = int(input("Enter the ending number (n): "))
if m < n:
print_primes(m, n)
else:
print("Ensure that m is less than n.")

3. Explain Server Side Scripting with Real time Example.

Ans. Server-side scripting refers to scripts that run on the web server instead of the user's browser. These scripts
generate dynamic web pages based on user requests or actions. Unlike client-side scripts (like JavaScript), server-
side scripts work behind the scenes and usually interact with databases.
Common server-side languages include PHP, Python, Ruby, Node.js, and Java.
How it Works:
 • A user fills a form on a website and clicks
"Submit".
• The browser sends the data to the server.
• A server-side script (e.g., Python in Django)
processes the data.
• It validates input, performs database operations
(like storing or fetching data).
• It then sends a response back to the user’s
browser (e.g., "Login successful").
Real-Time Example:
A login system:
• When a user enters their username and password and hits "Login", the server-side script checks the database
for a match.
• If credentials are correct, the user is logged in and redirected to their dashboard.
• If not, the user is shown an error message.
This logic is securely handled on the server, protecting sensitive data from being exposed to the client. Server-side
scripting is essential for any application requiring secure, dynamic, and data-driven content.

4. Explain Loops in Python.

Ans. Loops in Python are used to execute a block of code multiple times, depending on a
condition or the size of a collection (like a list or range). Python supports two main types of loops:
for and while.
1. for Loop:
Used to iterate over a sequence like lists, strings, or ranges.
for i in range(5):
print(i)
This will print numbers from 0 to 4.
2. while Loop:
Executes a block of code as long as the condition is True.
x=1
while x <= 5:
print(x)
x += 1
This will print numbers 1 to 5.
Loop Control Statements:
• break – exits the loop.
• continue – skips the current iteration.
• pass – placeholder for future code.
Example:
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
Loops are essential for tasks like data processing, file reading, iterating over user inputs, etc.

5. Explain Class and Object with example in detail

Ans. Classes and Objects are the foundations of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in
Python.
• A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects.
• An object is an instance of a class that contains actual data and functionality.
Class Structure:
class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, color):
self.brand = brand
self.color = color

def start(self):
print(f"The {self.color} {self.brand} car has started.")
• __init__ is a special method called a constructor. It initializes object properties.
• self refers to the current object.
Creating an Object:
my_car = Car("Tesla", "Red")
my_car.start()
Output:
The Red Tesla car has started.
Benefits:
• Code reusability
• Data encapsulation
• Organized structure for complex applications
OOP is widely used in frameworks like Django, game development, and real-world modeling in
Python programs.
6. Explain List with any four Methods.
Ans. A list in Python is a built-in data type used to store a collection of items. Lists are ordered,
mutable, and can hold items of mixed data types.
my_list = [1, 2, 3, "hello"]
Four Useful List Methods:
1. append(item): Adds an item to the end of the list.
my_list.append(5) # [1, 2, 3, "hello", 5]
2. insert(index, item): Inserts an item at a specific index.
my_list.insert(2, "new") # Inserts "new" at index 2
3. remove(item): Removes the first occurrence of an item.
my_list.remove(2) # Removes 2 from the list
4. sort(): Sorts the list (only works for comparable items).
numbers = [4, 2, 7]
numbers.sort() # [2, 4, 7]
Lists are one of the most used data structures in Python for storing and processing collections of
data such as user inputs, database records, etc.