WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

CODE OF PRACTICE
Code of practice for Formwork
Date 22 June 1998

Foreword
This Industry Code of Practice has been produced by WorkCover NSW to provide employers, self-employed and employees with
practical advice on preventing injury to persons engaged in erecting and dismantling formwork and associated equipment.
This code has been developed by a tri-partite industry working party and has involved extensive consultation with industry and
other special interest groups.

1. Introduction
1.1 Title
This code of practice is the Code of practice - Formwork, 1998

1.2 Purpose
This code of practice provides guidance to prevent injury to persons engaged in erecting and dismantling formwork and associated
equipment.

1.3 Scope
This code of practice covers the design, planning, preparation and conduct of work for the erecting and dismantling of formwork
and associated equipment.

1.4 Commencement
This code of practice commences on 22 June 1998.
This code does not apply to the erection and dismantling of formwork for:
(i) construction projects where formwork has commenced prior to 1 June 1998, or
(ii) contracts for formwork signed prior to 1 June 1998.

1.5 Authority
This code of practice is approved as an industry Code of Practice pursuant to Section 44A of the Occupational Health and Safety
Act 1983 by the Minister of Industrial Relations on the recommendation of the WorkCover Authority of New South Wales.

2. Consultation
The principal contractor, formwork contractor, self-employed persons, employers, employees and their representatives should
consult with each other when observing the recommendations of the code and determining the provision of safeguards. The
consultation process should be used during the planning and preparation stage to determine safe systems of work based on the
assessment of the risk. The designers (may include developers, architects and structural engineers) should be involved in the
consultation process when appropriate (see section 3.1).
The consultation process should consider at least the following:
• nature of the work
• the type of form to be used
• the height of the formwork to be erected
• the size of the formwork deck
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

• availability of equipment
• interaction with other trades
• workplace access
• public safety
• location of intermediate working decks.
2.1 Occupational health and safety (OHS) committees
Workplace OHS committees can be very useful to both employees and employers to encourage better communication and
relations between persons carrying out the work and management when identifying and resolving occupational health and safety
matters. OHS committees may also assist during the consultation process when employers are determining what safeguards will be
provided for persons carrying out the work.
The Occupational Health and Safety Act 1983 requires that a committee must be established at a place of work where there are 20
or more employees and the majority of employees request it or if WorkCover requires it. A committee may:
• review the measures taken to ensure health and safety at the workplace. This may include assisting in the development of safe
systems of work and recommending appropriate training and education.
• investigate health and safety matters at the place of work and make recommendations to the employer.
• carry out inspections and obtain relevant information.
• request a WorkCover NSW inspection.
Committee members must be provided with training that assists them to exercise their functions.
An employer may not dismiss an employee because they make a complaint about a matter they consider to be a health and safety
risk or because they are a member of an OHS committee or carry out any functions as a member of that committee.

3. Planning and preparation

Careful planning and preparation is the first essential step in ensuring that work is done safely. Planning and preparation should
involve consultation (see 2.) with all those engaged in the work and include the risk assessment and control process.
The Construction Safety Regulations require that all formwork must comply with AS 3610 Formwork for Concrete. It also
requires that the adequacy of the components of the formwork for a suspended slab or beam is inspected and certified in writing
for compliance with clause 5.3.4 of AS 3610 by the formwork engineer prior to pouring concrete. This certificate is not required
if:
• the deck of the formwork is less than 3 metres above the lowest surrounding ground level or,
• if the area of the discrete formwork deck is less than 16 square metres and is designed to hold not more than 2.5 cubic metres
or 6 tonnes of wet concrete (whichever measure is appropriate to the circumstances).
3.1 Planning by designer
The designers (may include developers, architects and structural engineers) should consider the safety of the work practices
necessary to carry out the erection and dismantling of the formwork. Matters to be considered should include at least the
following:

(a) the possibility of using designs that do not require insitu formwork, such as structures that may be constructed at ground level
and lifted into position.
(b) the method and sequence of erecting and dismantling formwork.
(c) minimising the working heights for persons erecting and dismantling formwork.
(d) that guardrail systems (including toeboards), perimeter safety screens, scaffolding or other means are able to be installed
when working at heights.
(e) that fall arrest systems including safety lines are able to be installed if required.
(f) advice and information (such as drawings, scope of work instructions and bills of quantity) provided to the formwork
contractor and the principal contractor regarding the use of multiple level frames or high strutting where additional safety
precautions may be required.
(g) that sloping surfaces on formwork are slip hazards and appropriate control measures are identified to prevent injury.
(h) the manual handling risks associated with the erection and dismantling of the formwork required by the design.
(i) the formwork design must comply with AS 3610.
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3.2 Planning by principal contractor (often referred to as the head or main contractor)
The principal contractor, as an employer or as the person in control of the workplace, has a statutory duty imposed by the
Occupational Health and Safety Act. This duty is to provide and maintain, in relation to those matters over which they have
control, a workplace that is safe and without risks to health for their employees and other persons present at the workplace or
affected by the work. To fulfill these obligations the principal contractor should plan for the work to be done safely.
When planning the site layout and sequence of work the principal contractor should prepare and document a health and safety
management plan. This plan should be based on the consultation with the contractors and their employees or representatives and
should include a documented work method statement provided by the contractor describing how the work is to be done safely.
Before formwork operations start, the principal contractor in consultation with the contractor carrying out the work should carry
out at least the following:

(a) an assessment of the risks involved in carrying out the work (see 3.4).
(b) identifying the most appropriate methods to control any risk of injury. These include safeguards such as guardrail systems
(including toeboards), perimeter safety screens and barriers, and fall arrest systems.
(c) providing suitable and safe access to and from the construction site including at each place of work (see 4.5).
(d) ensuring that all persons carrying out the work have received appropriate training and instruction (see 6).
(e) ensuring electrical safety including providing systems of work for the safe use of electrical equipment which comply with the
recommendations of the Code of Practice: Electrical Practices for Construction Work.
(f) ensuring that the base on which formwork is placed is adequate to support the weight of the formwork and concrete and any
additional live loads such as pumps, workers, mixers, pouring of concrete and so on.
(g) ensuring that unauthorised persons are prevented from entering the work area. This should include physical barriers and
hazard warning signs clearly displayed around formwork activities to warn other persons/trades on site.
(h) the formwork must comply with AS 3610.

3.3 Planning by contractor (often referred to as the sub-contractor)

The contractor carrying out the work has an obligation under the Occupational Health and Safety Act to provide and maintain a
workplace that is safe and without risks to health for their employees in relation to those matters over which they have control.
In addition to consultation with the principal contractor in the overall job planning, the contractor erecting and dismantling the
formwork should carry out at least the following:

(a) an assessment of the risk in carrying out the work (see 3.4).
(b) identifying the most appropriate methods of preventing the risk of injury including falls, slips and trips.
(c) providing a documented work method statement describing the sequence of work tasks and activities and how the work is to
be done safely. This work method statement should take into account an assessment of the risk involved in carrying out the
work.
(d) ensuring that the sequence of work tasks is designed to increase safety.
(e) an assessment of manual handling tasks which could cause back strains and other injuries and providing systems of work
which comply with the requirements of the OHS (Manual Handling) Regulation 1991 and the Code of Practice for Manual
Handling, such as the selection of the proper size and weight of materials to be manually handled and the method of
storage/stacking to reduce the amount of handling.
(f) considering the level of experience of persons when allocating tasks to minimise the risks.
(g) minimising the working heights for persons erecting and dismantling formwork.
(h) the formwork must comply with AS 3610. Single props must be secured to prevent accidental dislodgement. See AS 3610 for
details of compliance.
(i) components of formwork equipment should not be mixed as they may be unsafe and lead to collapse of the formwork eg
mixing pins and braces.
(j) ensuring all formwork materials such as joists, bearers, plywood, support frames, jacks and U heads comply with the
specification and relevant codes and standards and used in accordance with manufacturers’ specification.
(k) ensuring the adequacy of the formwork for a suspended slab or beam is inspected and certified in writing for compliance with
clause 5.3.4 AS 3610 by the formwork engineer prior to pouring concrete, as required by the Construction Safety
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

Regulations.
(l) stripping of formwork must be undertaken in accordance with clauses 5.3.4 and 2.3 of AS 3610 or when certified by the
formwork and structural engineers.
(m) dismantling the formwork in a safe manner that is controlled and planned in accordance with AS 3610. It should generally be
a reverse of the erection procedure and follow the work method statement and any site specific instructions. Drop stripping is
an unsafe practice and must not be carried out. Partially erected or dismantled formwork should be secured against
overturning during high winds.
(n) suitable and safe access must be provided to and from the construction site including each area of work (see 4.5). This should
include planning the position of frames to ensure safe access such as persons walking between frames.
(o) ensuring electrical safety including providing systems of work for the safe use of electrical equipment which comply with the
recommendations of the Code of Practice: Electrical Practices for Construction Work.
(p) ensuring that all persons carrying out the work are provided with appropriate training and instruction (see 6.) which also
covers the work method statements.
(q) ensuring compliance with noise management provisions of the OHS (Noise) Regulation 1996 (see 4.9) and the provisions of
the OHS (Hazardous Substances) Regulation 1996 (see 4.8).
(r) ensuring all areas are kept free of projecting nails. The Construction Safety Regulations require that all formwork materials
must be free of projecting nails. All nails should be removed from the formwork material during the process of dismantling.
High tensile nails, for example explosive power tool nails, should be removed with an appropriate tool to prevent nails
becoming projectiles when being removed.

3.4 Risk assessment and control

A hazard identification and risk assessment process should be carried out at the planning and preparation stage by the contractor
doing the work in consultation with the principal contractor to determine if persons are at risk. Safe systems of work must then be
put in place to control the risk.
The process of risk assessment and control is made up of the following steps:

1. Identify the hazards

2. Assess the risk(s) arising from the hazards
3. Use appropriate control measures to eliminate or reduce the risk
4. Monitor and review the control measures to ensure continual safety.

3.5 Hierarchy of control measures

The following hierarchy of control measures is listed in terms of levels. Select from the highest level possible:
Level 1. Eliminate the hazard (for example, discontinue the activity or not use the plant).
Level 2. Minimise the risk, by:
• substituting the system of work or plant (with something safer).
• modifying the system of work or plant (to make it safer).
• isolating the hazard (eg. introduce restricted work area).
• introducing engineering control (eg. guarding, fencing, safety screens, intermediate working decks).
Level 3. Other controls:
• adopting administrative controls and safe work practices (eg. specific training and work instructions).
• using personal protective equipment (eg. safety lines, eye protection, safety helmets).
The control measures at Level 1 give the best result and should be adopted. The measures at the lower levels are less effective and
they require more frequent reviews of the hazards and systems of work. In some situations a combination of control measures may
need to be used. However, the control measures recommended by the contractor doing the work should be considered by the
principal contractor as part of the health and safety management plan. Any new control measures should be evaluated to ensure
that they are effective and safe and that no new hazards are created by them. (See Appendix 1 for a typical risk assessment
checklist).

3.6 Preparation
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3.6 Preparation
When preparing for the commencement of work the principal contractor and the contractor doing the work should ensure that the
workplace is safe, based on the health and safety management plan and check to ensure that all controls identified by the risk
assessment have been put in place and that no new hazards exist.
Preparation should also include at least the following:

(a) an assessment of climatic/environmental conditions including lighting levels.

(b) access to and from the workplace.
(c) personal protective equipment on site (eg. safety harnesses, lanyards, safety helmets, eye protection etc.).
(d) specific instructions for employees.
(e) formwork drawings are certified by the formwork engineer.
(f) plant and tackle required for lifting materials is available and suitable.
(g) residual current devices (safety switches) protecting the user of portable electric powered tools.
(h) emergency and rescue procedures in the event of an accident, injury or other emergency (including the means of rescuing
persons from safety harnesses following arrested falls).

4. Work systems and control measures

The principal contractor and contractor have an obligation under the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1983 to provide and
maintain a workplace that is safe and without risks to health for his/her employees in relation to those matters over which he or she
has control. Control measures to prevent persons working at heights from falling should be provided and maintained as part of a
safe system of work (see 3.2 and 3.3).
The system of work and control measures selected are usually determined by individual job factors discussed in consultation, (see
2) and other factors identified by the risk assessment process.
The Construction Safety Regulations require that all formwork must comply with AS 3610 Formwork for Concrete.
4.1 Prevention of falls
The Construction Safety Regulations require that:
• safeguards or accident prevention measures be taken where necessary or advisable, and
• where persons are exposed to a risk of falling 1.8 m or more, fencing or other safeguards be provided.
A system to control risks must be provided for persons exposed to a risk of falling.
Accordingly, a risk assessment should be conducted for all work, irrespective of height, and appropriate control measures
implemented. These control measures may include fencing, handrails, safety screens, scaffolding, guardrails (including mid rail
and toeboards or equivalent), safety nets, elevating work platforms, fall arrest systems or a combination of these. Control measures
that provide the highest level of protection, such as those that prevent falls, should be used in preference to those providing a lower
level of protection such as fall arrest systems. Systems of fall protection should also be provided for persons installing and
removing safeguards. A system to prevent or arrest falls should be provided, irrespective of height, if the risk assessment identifies
the following:
• an increased risk of falling, for example, slippery surface which may cause slips and falls, or
• a hazardous situation such as where the surface condition onto which a person may fall would cause serious injuries, for
example, a fall onto reinforcing steel starter bars, building materials (bricks, timber, tiles etc).

4.2 Erecting the formwork deck and supports

(a) At one frame high

Where the working deck height does not exceed one level of standard frames (of the standard 1.8 m height) with end fittings
and control measures to prevent or arrest falls are not provided, an alternative safe work practice should be adopted based on
a documented risk assessment.
An example of an alternative safe work practice is the use of trained and experienced workers who are provided with specific
work instructions (see 3.5 and 6). The risk assessment should also demonstrate that the hierarchy of controls has been
considered and that the provision of a higher level of control measure is not practicable.
(b) Over one frame high
WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

Where the erection of formwork deck involves work at a height of more than one standard frame (of the standard 1.8 m
height) with end fittings, a system to prevent or arrest falls must be provided to safeguard persons at risk of falling.
The following fall protection measures, fall arrest measures or other means that provide an equivalent standard of safety
should be implemented:
• the use of temporary working platforms, together with the frame metalwork and bracing for fall protection. AS/NZS
1576 Scaffolding requires that temporary working platforms must be at least 450 mm wide (2 planks). Cleats can be
used to prevent planks from slipping off the frames.
• a temporary working platform as well as a system to prevent or arrest falls should be provided when erecting above the
first frame or a temporary catch platform should be provided below the work area. Catch platforms should only be
adopted as a risk control measure based on a documented risk assessment (see 4.2c for use of catch platforms).
• where temporary catch platforms are provided as a fall arrest measure they should be constructed no further than one
frame (of the standard 1.8 m height) with end fittings, below the work or fall risk area.
• intermediate working decks should be provided at a height equivalent to three standard frames (of the standard 1.8 m
height) with end fittings and also at each three standard frames (or equivalent) with end fittings thereafter (see diagram
1).
• all intermediate working decks should be erected from temporary working platforms or temporary catch platforms.
• control measures to prevent or arrest falls should be provided at the final deck level before work on that deck
commences. Fall protection measures, such as temporary catch platforms erected underneath, or fall arrest measures
should be provided for persons carrying out work at the leading edge of the deck (see diagram 2).
• when erecting the initial deck area (used for loading materials and for the initial laying of sheeting) a temporary catch
platform should be erected beneath the work area as a fall arrest measure. The initial section of the final deck should be
of sufficient size (completed with plywood sheeting) to create a safe working area for any further work.

diagram 1
WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

FAU. FROM LUOINC

IE.OQEISTOIE
PAOTtCTED8Y
(i) TEMPORARY CATCH
PlAtFOAM
0A
@ OTKfAU. b.HS

diagram 2

Intermediate working decks may be constructed in a manner similar to a final formwork deck, that is, using bearers, joists
and sheeting or may be a further extension of a catch platform.
Temporary working platforms must be a minimum of 450 mm wide (2 planks) as required by AS 1576. Temporary
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

working platforms should be erected on the horizontal cross members of the frames. Cleats can be used to prevent planks
from slipping off the frames.
Catch platforms may be temporary working platforms that are extended and may be built from a combination of bearers,
sheeting and planks or metal transoms and planks and should only be used as outlined in 4.2 c.
(c) Use of catch platforms
Catch platforms should be constructed of such strength and dimensions as will ensure that they effectively catch any workers
at risk of falling when carrying out any work above. They should be constructed no further than one frame (of the standard
1.8 m height) with end fittings, below the work or fall risk area.
The use of a catch platform as a risk control measure should only be adopted based on a documented risk assessment as in
4.2 b. The risk assessment should also demonstrate that the hierarchy of controls has been considered and that the provision
of a higher level of control measure is not practicable.
(d) Edge protection
See section 4.3.
(e) Use of temporary working platforms and intermediate working decks and catch platforms

Temporary working platforms, intermediate working decks and catch platforms should not be used to stack materials or equipment
unless specifically engineered to do so. Misuse may lead to the creation of additional hazards in relation to trips and slips, persons
falling onto materials or collapse of the platform or working deck.

4.3 Methods of edge protection

The Construction Safety Regulations require that where persons are exposed to a risk of falling 1.8 m or more, safeguards such as
edge protection (eg. handrails, guardrails, scaffolding) must be put in place prior to carrying out any work or progressively as the
deck is being constructed and must remain in place until other fall protection safeguards are implemented.
Edge protection or a secured cover must be provided where there is a risk of a person, tools or materials falling through a
penetration in formwork for example, a column form.
Edge protection should be in place when erecting pre-assembled formwork such as table form on floor slabs.

(a) Handrails
Handrails at the perimeter of the deck or the deck openings must be at least 900 mm in height above the final working surface
and have a toprail and a toeboard.
(b) Guardrails
Guardrails at the perimeter of the building or deck openings must be at least 900 mm in height above the final working
surface and have a top rail, mid-rail and a toeboard (see diagram 3).
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

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ATI.EAST

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,._. StANOMIO
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TO8E AS SllAl.l
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diagram 3

(c) Scaffolding
Scaffolding complete with guardrails and toeboards can provide effective protection against falls at the perimeter of a
building, providing the guardrail of the scaffolding extends at least 900 mm in height above the finished concrete slab. The
scaffold platform should be positioned or constructed to prevent persons or materials falling between the scaffold platform
and the edge of the formwork.
The OHS (Certificates of Competency) Regulation 1995 requires that all scaffolding over 4 (four) metres in height must be
erected by a person holding a scaffolders certificate.
The Construction Safety Regulations require that scaffolding must be erected in accordance with AS/NZS 1576 Scaffolding.
Scaffolding should also be erected in accordance with AS/NZS 4576 Guidelines for Scaffolding.
(d) Safety screens
A safety screen system should:
• consist of an outer mesh screen erected at the edge of the concrete slab.
• protect personnel erecting and dismantling formwork and other trades associated with the construction of the concrete
slabs and columns.
• contain materials on the upper floors prior to the installation of a safety handrail system or other fall prevention system.
Various designs and installations of safety screen systems may include the following items:
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

• the screens form an integral part of the formwork

• provision of a working platform
• provision of an access stairway
• jacks used to enable self-climbing
• climbing by means of a crane or other lifting device.
(e) Safety screen anchorages
Anchorages used to support safety screen systems, including screens with access stairway attached, should have a minimum
safety factor of three (3) on the design loadings of the screens.
Anchorages should be bolts with a minimum diameter of 16 mm complete with washers and nuts as follows:
• cast in the concrete so that they are protruding above the slab, or
• through the concrete slab.

Care should be taken not to accidentally remove them during formwork stripping.
Cast-in anchors should be secured to the bottom layer of reinforcing steel or in an equivalent manner.
Masonry expansion anchorages and chemical type anchorages are generally not recommended for use to support safety
screen systems. If they are required to be used, anchorage suppliers should be consulted to determine the appropriateness of
these anchorages and, if required, proof testing of anchorages are to be carried out prior to use.
(f) Safety screen stairways
The OHS (Floors, Passageways and Stairs) Regulation 1990 requires that fixed stairs which are intended to provide safe
access, such as access stairs which are an integral part of the safety screen system, must conform with AS 1657 Fixed
Platforms, Walkways, Stairways and Ladders.
The underside of any access stairway which is attached to the outside of the screen system should be fully enclosed to
prevent objects falling through.
A detailed procedure for the installation and climbing sequence should be given to the screen operator and should be kept on
site for reference.

4.4 Methods of fall arrest

The function of a fall arrest system is to arrest a person’s fall and to minimise injury if a fall occurs. Fall arrest systems should
only be used after all higher levels of control have been exhausted and found to be ineffective. Fall arrest systems may be used in
conjunction with higher levels of control measures, such as perimeter screens, guardrails or scaffolding.
When fall arrest systems are used in a system of work they should be evaluated to ensure that they are effective and safe and that
no new hazards are created for example, trip hazards and person’s movements being restricted.

(a) Fall arrest systems

Industrial fall arrest systems and devices are designed to arrest an
accidental fall and consist of some or all of the following:
• anchorage point
• energy absorber
• fall arrest device
• fall arrest harness (safety harness)
• inertia reel
• lanyard
• lanyard assembly
• static line.
For further information, the terms used in industrial fall arrest systems and devices are explained in Appendix 2. For more
detailed guidance see the WorkCover NSW Code of Practice: Safety line systems.
Fall arrest devices such as harnesses and lanyards can be used as travel restriction systems to prevent workers moving from
safe to unsafe areas on the deck.
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

Industrial fall arrest systems and devices should be used in accordance

with the manufacturer’s instructions.
The various parts of fall arrest systems and harnesses should be compatible. It is therefore essential for the user to check that
all components are compatible and fit safely together. Components of fall arrest systems and harnesses from different
manufacturers should not be mixed as they may be unsafe when used together and can lead to failure of the fall arrest system.
(b) Safety nets
The use of safety nets is intended to arrest a person’s fall and to minimise
injury if a fall occurs.
Nets should be hung as close as practicable to the underside of the work area, with sufficient clearance to prevent contact
with the surface below if a person falls into them.
Care should be taken to minimise unnecessary wear and mechanical damage likely to weaken the net. The following hazards
may cause unnecessary wear and should be avoided:
• dragging the net over rough surfaces
• contact with sharp edges
• chemical attack
• sparks etcetera, from angle grinders, welding and burning operations and hot gases from blow lamps
• stacking material on the net
• accumulation of debris in the net.
Nets should be constructed in accordance with BS 3913 British Standard Specifications for Safety Nets.
Nets should be inspected by a person holding a rigging or scaffolding certificate under the OHS (Certificates of Competency)
Regulation 1995 or equivalent before and after installation, relocation or repair. The use and maintenance of the nets should
be in accordance with AS 4576 Guidelines for Scaffolding, Appendix F Industrial Safety Nets,

4.5 Manual handling

The OHS (Manual Handling) Regulation 1991 requires employers to design equipment, tasks and work environments so that
manual handling risks are eliminated or reduced as far as reasonably practicable.
Employers must assess and control the risks involved in carrying out manual handling tasks. This must be done in consultation
with employees who are required to carry out the work. Guidance on identifying, assessing and controlling manual handling risks
can be found in the National Standard and Code of Practice for manual handling.
The following practical guidance outlines some ways in which manual handling risks can be controlled in formwork erection and
dismantling. However, employers are still required to undertake their own risk assessments and implement control measures. This
should be included in the work method statement which describes the sequence of work tasks and activities and how the work is to
be done safely.

(a) The employer should control risks by:

• designing or re-designing the manual handling task to eliminate or control the risk factor.
• providing appropriate training to employees in safe handling techniques. This training should also include the
prevention of manual handling injuries by an approach based on a hazard identification, risk assessment and control
through job and task design.
Where re-design is not practicable, or as a short term/temporary measure,
the employer should:
• provide mechanical aids and/or personal protective equipment. Manual handling risks may be controlled by using
powered mechanical equipment to lift and move formwork frames and other materials such as floor centre spacings
during erection and dismantling of formwork. Lifting equipment could include cranes, forklifts, electric pallet
trucks and stackers. Mechanised systems such as climbing column formwork and table forms also eliminate manual
handling.
• arrange for team lifting in order to reduce the risk. Team lifting (sharing the load between 2 or more employees)
should be used for loading, unloading, stacking and moving frames and other large items where it is impractical to
use mechanical assistance.
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• ensure employees receive appropriate training in methods of manual handling involving team lifting procedures,
correct use of the mechanical aids and PPE. Where the nature of the work activities or manual handling tasks are
constantly changing, the risk assessment and control process and training provided should be on an ongoing basis.
(b) Weights that are manually handled should be minimised. The Code of Practice for Manual Handling advises caution
where loads are above 16-20 kg. Furthermore persons should not be required to lift, lower or carry loads above 55 kg,
unless mechanical assistance and/or team lifting arrangements are provided to lower the risk of injury. Where manual
handling involves repetitive bending, twisting, over reaching, work overhead or where persons have pre-existing injuries
these loads should be further decreased.
Loads may be reduced by substituting lighter weight components where possible, for example, using smaller sheet sizes
of plywood and shorter bearers, using aluminium beams in place of steel or timber. 1800 mm x 1200 mm ply sheets
could be used in preference to larger sizes and bearer lengths should be limited to 4.8 m where possible.
(c) The sequence of erection and frame components used should ensure that components can be removed separately so as to
minimise weights that require manual handling. A combination of frame heights should be used to make up the height
required instead of using telescoping extensions. Frames with telescoping extensions and screw jacks attached should
not be manually lifted by one worker. Information about weights of framing components should be made available to
employees.
(d) Frames should be selected in consultation with employees at the planning stage. This should take into account the
methods of manual lifting and carrying that must be used, the weight and balance of the frame and the way in which the
weight of the frame is to be supported.
(e) Frames and materials should be delivered as near to the work location as possible to eliminate manual double handling.
(f) Materials should be stored on racks or other supports at a height of at least 600 mm so that manual lifting can be done
without excessive bending. Frames and sheets of ply that are carried in an upright position should be stored upright in a
rack. (Suggested rack arrangements are illustrated in diagrams 4 & 5 below).
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

diagram 4

diagram 5

(g) The overhang of planks should be limited to 150 mm beyond the frames so that they do not obstruct frames being lifted
which can cause excessive bending. The overhang may be used to support the frame temporarily before it is placed in its
final location. Cleats can be used to prevent planks from slipping off the frames.
(h) The rotation of work duties should be considered in consultation with employees so that employees are not subjected to
the same task for the whole shift.

4.6 Access
The Occupational Health and Safety Act 1983 requires that a safe means of access to every place at which any person has to work
at any time must be provided and maintained:
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(a) All areas of access should be kept clear and free of obstructions. All materials should be properly stored to reduce trip and
slip hazards, including those during dismantling ensuring all areas are kept free of projecting nails. The Construction Safety
Regulations require that all formwork materials must be free of projecting nails. All nails should be removed from the
formwork material during the process of dismantling. High tensile nails, for example explosive power tool nails, should be
removed with an appropriate tool to prevent nails becoming projectiles when being removed. All plywood sheet offcuts and
stripped plywood pieces should be stored in a frame simular to diagram 6. below to prevent sheeting becoming a trip/slip
hazard.

diagram 6

(b) Access requirements should take into account the number of persons using them and any tools and equipment persons may be
required to carry to and from the formwork.
(c) Temporary access stairways and/or gangways with handrails should be provided where practicable
(d) Where ladders are used for access the Construction Safety Regulations require the following (see Appendix 3 - Safety
Guide—Portable ladders):
• the ladder must be secured against displacement. Ladders should have non-slip feet.
• a safe and adequately sized landing place when stepping off the ladder must be provided.
• the stiles of the ladder must extend at least one metre above the landing place.
• metal or wire reinforced ladders must not be used where there is a risk of contact with electrical conductor wires
(powerlines) or of electrocution. Non-conducting ladders should be used or a clearance of at least 4 metres from
conductors should be maintained.
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

(e) The Construction Safety Regulations require that scaffolding must be erected in accordance with AS/NZS 1576 Scaffolding
which requires that temporary working platforms must be at least 450 mm wide (2 planks). Cleats can be used to prevent
planks from slipping off the frames. A system to control risks should be provided for persons exposed to a risk of falling (see
4.1)
(f) The Construction Safety Regulations require that adequate lighting (natural or artificial) must be provided to ensure the work
areas and access ways are well lit. If artificial lighting is used, ensure it does not create excessive glare or shadows.

4.7 Prevention of objects falling

(a) Perimeter edge protection should be constructed to effectively prevent any materials, tools or objects falling onto persons
below.
(b) Lanyards on tools should be used where there is a risk of the tool being dropped and striking persons below. (See 4.3)
(c) Loose formwork materials such as plywood and plant should be secured to prevent accidental displacement especially during
high winds.
(d) Props which are not braced or tied should be secured or removed to prevent accidental dislodgement.
(e) A physical barrier such as a temporary kerb should be provided to prevent mobile plant such as pedestrian operated fork lift
truck from falling off the edge of building or displacing formwork.

4.8 Moving loads and materials

Systems of work must ensure the safety of persons in the vicinity of materials or loads being moved:

(a) Tag lines should be used to guide and control suspended loads
(b) Persons who control loads suspended from a crane must hold a dogging certificate under the OHS (Certificates of
Competency) Regulation 1995.
(c) Areas in the vicinity of materials or loads being moved should be clear of persons when moving long materials such as joists,
bearers, planks and frames to prevent striking persons nearby.
(d) Areas beneath suspended loads should be clear of persons.

4.9 Using hazardous substances

Where hazardous substances or materials are being used at the workplace, the contractor doing the work should ensure compliance
with the provisions of the OHS (Hazardous Substances) Regulation 1996 so that associated formwork operations do not become a
risk to health. This includes providing training in the safe labelling, handling and use of the substance and providing the
manufacturer’s Material Data Safety Sheet which sets out information about the hazards involved in using the substance and how
to use the substance safely.

4.10 Noise
Noise management provisions should be carried out by the contractor doing the work to ensure compliance with OHS (Noise)
Regulation 1996 so that noise levels from machinery or equipment being used do not become a risk to hearing or health.
The noise management provisions in the Code of Practice for Noise Management and Protection of Hearing at Work are a
practical guide on managing noise levels at the workplace.
The risk of causing permanent hearing damage is related to both loudness of the noise and the length of exposure. For example
two minutes working in noise levels of 114 decibels dB(A) may cause the same amount of damage as eight hours working in 85
dB(A).
A noise assessment should be conducted to determine the level of noise that employees are exposed to. Where the noise level is in
excess of the noise exposure limits, engineering control measures should be implemented. Where this cannot be achieved or work
cannot be organised to minimise exposure, appropriate hearing protection equipment should be provided to all persons in the
vicinity of the noise. For more information on assessing noise levels see the WorkCover NSW publication, Do I have a noise
problem?

5. Personal protective equipment (PPE)

5.1 Provision of PPE
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

Before erecting or dismantling any formwork, the contractor should assess the risks likely to affect the health and safety of the
employees or him/herself, as identified by the risk assessment procedure, and must provide and arrange for the use of appropriate
and compatible PPE. A fall arrest system is a form of PPE.
The following PPE should be provided where required:

(a) Safety helmets

The use of safety helmets may prevent or lessen a head injury from falling objects or a person hitting their head against
something. Where there is a likelihood of persons being injured by falling objects and overhead protection is not provided,
the Construction Safety Regulations require that persons must be provided with and must use a safety helmet. Safety helmets
should also be provided and used where a person may strike their head against a fixed or protruding object or where there is a
risk of accidental head contact with electrical hazards.
(b) Eye protection
Where persons are carrying out cutting, grinding, chipping or welding of concrete or metals the Construction Safety
Regulations require that persons are provided with and use eye protection complying with AS 1337 Eye protectors for
Industrial Applications to reduce the risk of eye injury. Eye protection complying with AS 1337 should also be provided and
used where persons carry out other work, such as carpentry, where there is a risk of eye injury.
There should be sufficient supervision and monitoring conducted to ensure that employees are provided with and use the
appropriate eye protection.
(c) Safety harnesses
The Construction Safety Regulations require that a safety harness complying with the requirements of AS 1891shall be
provided where required. In the selection of a safety harness for erecting and dismantling of formwork ensure that the
equipment gives the wearer the maximum degree of comfort, freedom and movement and the greatest possible security
against injury. For further information refer to AS 2626 Industrial Safety Belts and Harnesses—Selection, Use and
Maintenance. (See 4.4 a)
(d) Safety gloves and footwear
Safety gloves and footwear should be provided when handling materials such as timbers, scaffolding components and steel
frames used to reduce the risk of injury.
(e) Protection from sun

Workers should be protected from sunlight/UV radiation by using a sunscreen with an SPF (sun protection factor) rating of at least
15+ and wearing hats, long sleeves and long trousers. If short sleeved shirts and shorts are worn in very hot weather, the exposed
parts of the body should be protected by using the appropriate sunscreen. Persons exposed to reflective surfaces (such as
formwork decks) should be protected from the risks of eye damage from the increasing exposure to the sun by UV protection
glasses to AS 1337 and AS 1338 as part of personal protective clothing and equipment. Even with protection, there should be
sufficient supervision and monitoring conducted to ensure that workers do not have overlong exposure to strong sunlight and
reflection.

5.2 Clothing
Clothing should be comfortable in all positions such as standing, bending and crouching and be suitable for the work being done
and the weather conditions. Loose clothing or equipment which may snag or create a trip hazard should be avoided.

5.3 Maintenance of PPE

All PPE should be regularly inspected and replaced as necessary.

6. Training and instruction

Under Section 15.2(c) of the OHS Act employers must provide training, instruction, information and supervision to ensure the
health and safety of their employees. All persons involved in erecting and dismantling of formwork must be trained to follow
systems of work and work practices that enable them to perform their work in a manner that is safe and without risks to health and
be the holder of appropriate certificates of competency. The persons carrying out the erecting and dismantling must have the
appropriate certificates. Only those persons who have received training and instruction may carry out the work.
The employer must monitor the systems of work and provide refresher training to ensure that safe systems and work practices are
being followed, including the use of PPE.
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

The training provided and the instruction given should include at least:

(a) induction training which complies with the requirements of the Construction Safety Regulations and with the
recommendations of the Code of Practice: Occupational Health and Safety Induction Training for Construction Work 1998.
(b) the work method to be used for erecting and dismantling of formwork and the manual handling of equipment by operators,
including control measures based on the risk assessment to prevent injury.
(c) the correct use, care and storage in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations or Australian Standards, where
appropriate, of:
• personal protective equipment
• tools and equipment to be used
• individual fall arrest equipment.
(d) the use of plant and associated equipment including electrical safety and hazardous substances.
(e) procedures to be adopted in the event of accident, injury or other emergency.

7. Legal requirements
7.1 Occupational health and safety
Every person at the place of work has a duty under the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1983, whether as an employer,
employee, a self-employed person or a person in control of the workplace. While the obligation for each person is different, all
persons must ensure that the way they carry out their work does not interfere with the health and safety of other persons who are
present at the workplace.

7.1.1 Employer’s responsibilities

Employers have an obligation to ensure the health, safety and welfare of employees and other persons at the place of work and to
comply with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and the Regulations.

7.1.2 Employee’s responsibilities

Employees have an obligation to take reasonable care for the health and safety of other persons in the workplace and to cooperate
with their employer in the interests of health, safety and welfare. Employees must use the appropriate protective equipment for the
work being done.

7.1.3 Manufacturer/supplier responsibilities

Manufacturers and suppliers have an obligation which requires them to ensure health and safety as regards to plant or substances
used at places of work. They are required to carry out research, testing and examination, as may be necessary, and to make
available adequate information about the safe use of the plant or substances and of any conditions necessary to ensure the plant or
substance will be safe and without risks to health.

7.1.4 Person in control

Any person who has, to any extent, control of a work place, the means of access or egress, or plant or substance used, has an
obligation which requires them to ensure health and safety as regards to the work place, the means of access or egress and the
plant or substances used at the work place.

7.1.5 Self-employed persons

Self-employed persons have an obligation to ensure that persons not in their employment are not exposed to risks to their health
and safety arising from the conduct of his undertaking while they are at his place of work.

7.2 Statutory provisions

The following Acts and Regulations apply to formwork:
• Occupational Health and Safety Act 1983
• Construction Safety Act and Regulations
• Occupational Health and Safety (Manual Handling) Regulation 1991
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

• OHS (Floors, Passageways and Stairs) Regulation 1990

• OHS (Noise) Regulation 1996
• OHS (Hazardous Substances) Regulation 1996
• The OHS (Certificates of Competency) Regulation 1995
The following legislative requirements are mentioned in the code:
• Section 3 AS 3610 Formwork for Concrete
• Section 3.1 i AS 3610 Formwork for Concrete
• Section 3.2 h AS 3610 Formwork for Concrete
• Section 3.3 e OHS (Manual Handling) Regulation 1991
• Section 3.3 h AS 3610 Formwork for Concrete
• Section 3.3 k AS 3610 Formwork for Concrete
• Section 3.3.l AS 3610 Formwork for Concrete
• Section 3.3 m AS 3610 Formwork for Concrete
• Section 3.3 q OHS (Hazardous Substances) Regulation 1996
• Section 3.3.r Construction Safety Regulations
• Section 4 AS 3610 Formwork for Concrete
• Section 4.1 Construction Safety Regulations
• Section 4.2 b AS/NZS 1576 Scaffolding
• Section 4.3 Construction Safety Regulations
• Section 4.3 c OHS Certificates of Competency) Regulation 1995
• Section 4.3 AS/NZS 1576 Scaffolding
• Section 4.3 f OHS (Floors, Passageways and Stairs) Regulation 1990
• Section 4.3 f AS 1657 Fixed Platforms, Walkways, Stairways & Ladders
• Section 4.5 OHS (Manual Handling) Regulation 1991
• Section 4.6 a Construction Safety Regulations
• Section 4.6 d Construction Safety Regulations
• Section 4.6 e AS/NZS 1576 Scaffolding
• Section 4.6 e Construction Safety Regulations
• Section 4.6 f Construction Safety Regulations
• Section 4.8 b OHS (Certificates of Competency) Regulation 1995
• Section 4.9 OHS (Hazardous Substances) Regulation 1996
• Section 4.10 OHS (Noise) Regulation 1996
• Section 5.1 a Construction Safety Regulations
• Section 5.1 b AS 1337 Eye protectors for Industrial Applications
• Section 5.1 c AS 1891 Industrial Safety Belts and Harnesses
• Section 6 a Construction Safety Regulations
• Section 7 Legal requirements under the OHS Act 1983
The provisions of the OHS Act, regulations, Australian Standards and Worksafe guides and codes of practice mentioned above are
mandatory provisions in legislation and must be complied with. They have been mentioned in this code of practice to provide
assistance in directing readers to other legislative requirements which may have some application. The list is not exhaustive and is
included in this code by way of assistance only.

7.3 Definitions
These definitions are for the purposes of this Code:
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

"Construction work includes:"

(a) building, including excavation, and the construction, alteration, renovation, repair, maintenance and demolition of
all types of buildings or structures.
(b) civil engineering, including excavation, and the construction, structural alteration, repair, maintenance and
demolition of for example, airports, docks, harbours, inland waterways, dams, river and avalanche and sea defence
works, roads and highways, railways, bridges, tunnels, viaducts and works related to the provisions of services such
as communications, drainage, sewerage, water and energy supplies.
(c) the erection and dismantling of prefabricated buildings and structures as well as the manufacturing of prefabricated
elements at the construction site.

"Contractor" (often referred to as subcontractor) means the person responsible for the erecting and dismantling the
formwork and associated equipment. Depending on the contractual arrangements which are in place, the contractor doing
the work may be an employer, self-employed person or a person in control within the terms of the OHS Act.
"Employee" means an individual who works under a contract of employment or apprenticeship.
"Employer" means a corporation which, or a person who, employs persons under contracts of employment or
apprenticeship.
"Formwork" means the surface, support and framing used to define the shape of concrete until it is self-supporting. Note:
This term includes the forms on which the concrete is poured, the supports which withstand the loads imposed by the
forms and the concrete, the bracing which may be added to ensure stability, and the footings. When complete the
formwork can be known as the formwork assembly. Supports and bracing mentioned above are sometimes known as
falsework.
"Formwork engineer" means a person qualified for corporate membership of the Institution of Engineers, Australia, having
not less than 12 months’ experience in the design of formwork and who is responsible for the coordination of the
formwork design, erection and dismantling for a particular job.
"Principal contractor" (often referred to as the head or main contractor) means the person with the overall responsibility for
the construction work. Depending on the contractual arrangements which are in place, the principal contractor may be
regarded as an employer, self-employed person or a person in control under the OHS Act.
"Self-employed person" means an individual who works for gain or reward otherwise than under a contract of employment
or apprenticeship, whether or not he/she employs others.
"Work method statement" means a written statement outlining the procedures required to carry out a particular function or
task safely. It identifies the work/tasks in a logical sequence, the hazards associated with the work/tasks, the relevant
health and safety risk control measures and the training and qualifications required to carry out the work safely. For more
information on writing work method statements see the WorkCover NSW Guidelines for writing work method statements
in plain English.

More information
Codes of practice
• Code of practice: Electrical practices for construction work
• Code of practice: Safety line systems
• Code of practice: Noise management for protection of hearing at work
• Code of practice for manual handling
• Code of practice: OHS Induction Training for construction work
Standards Australia publications
• AS 1337 Eye protectors for Industrial Applications
• AS/NZS 1338.2.1992Filters for protection against ultraviolet radiation
• AS/NZS 1576 Scaffolding
• AS 1657 Fixed Platforms, Walkways, Stairways and Ladders
• AS 1891 Industrial Safety Belts and Harnesses
• AS 2626 Industrial Safety Belts and Harnesses—Selection, Use and Maintenance
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

• AS 3610 Formwork for Concrete

• AS/NZS 4576 Guidelines for Scaffolding
• BS 3913 British Standard Specification for Safety Nets

Appendix 1 - A typical risk assessment checklist

The purpose of this checklist is to assist formwork contractors to identify hazards at the workplace and develop work procedures
that are safe for persons working on and about formwork.
On the following pages is a checklist to assist in identifying some of the common hazards and risks concerning work on and about
formwork.
If the answer is "yes" to any questions, attention is required and control measures need to be put in place.
Project:
Principal contractor:
Formwork contractor:
Site address:
Type of work:
WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

Hazard Control
identification measures

Is edge protection necessary? N y Edge protection must be put In

0
place prior to carryi ng out work
D D or progressively as the deck is
being constructed and must
remain in place until other fall
protection safeguards are
implemented.

!:!y yilng fall arrest sr,1tems, N y

0 E
They should be evaluated to
are new hazards created? s ensure that they are effective
D D and safe and that no new
hazards are created.

Are safety nets to be used? H y Ensure hazards as per clause

0
4.4 b are avoided.
D D
Does the structure supporting N y Notify the principal contractor.
0 E
the deck require modification s Do not proceed until
to support safeguards?
D D modfications are complete.

Are the surfaces of materials N y Use systems, as required by

0 E
on which work i s to be s the code, to prevent falls.
performed:
D D
• wet?
• slippery?

Is access to and from the site H y Arrange safe access.

0 E
unsuitable? s
D D
WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

Hazard Control
identification measures

Is access to and from the N y Am1nge safe access.

0 E
workplace unsuitable? s
D D
Are ladders required? N y Ensure ladders meet the
0 E
s requirements of the
D D Construction Safety
Regulations by following
Appendix 3 in th is code.

Are there any electrical hazards N y Power should be d isconnected,

0 E
within 4.0 metres of the s insulated or otherwise made
workplace?
D D safe before proceeding.

Arc the climotic/onvironmontal N y

Discontinue work un til
0 E
conditions Including lighting s conditions are suitable.
levels unsuitable for work at
the workplace?
D D

Are there persons who have N y Provid e appropriate induction

0 E
not received appropriate s training to carry out the wort<
induction training to carry out
the work?
D D before proceeding.

Are there any manual handling N y Provide systems of work which

0 E
issues? s comply with the
D D recommendations of the OHS
(Manual Handling) Regulation
1991.
WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

Hazard Control
identification measures

Is the plant and tackle required "

0
y
E
Obta in suitab le plant and tackle
for lifting materials unavailable s required for l ifting materials.
or unsuitable? D D
Are there other persons/trades "
0
y Provide appropriate phY$1cal
s
E
working at the site? barriers o r clearly display
D D hazard warning signs as
appropriate, such as:
• PERSONS WORKING ABOVE
• NAIL GUii IN USE
• ELEVATOR OR HOIST IN USE.

Are portable e lectric powered N y Ensure that they are protected

0
s
E
tools being used? by a Residual Current Device
D D (safety swttch) before
proceeding.

Are there any persons who "0 y

E
Supply with the appropriate
have not been supplied with s PPE before proceedi ng.
the appropriate PPE to do the
work?
D D

Are there any persons who "0 y

E
Train and instruct all persons in
have not been adequately s the use of PPE.
trained and instructed in the
use of PPE?
D D
WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

Hazard Control
identification measures

Is any personnel unaware of N y Ensure emergency and rescue

0 E
the emergency and rescue s procedures in the event of an
procedures in the event of an
accident, Injury or other
D D acc ident, injury or other
emergency (including the
emergency ( includ ing the means of rescuing persons
means of rescuing persons from safety harnesses
from safety harnesses following arrested falls) are in
following arrested falls)? place and known by all
personnel .

Are loads or materials required N y Systems of work must ensure

0 E
to be moved? s the safety of persons in the
D D vicinity of materials or loads
being moved. See clause 4.8

Are hazardous substances or N y The contractor doing the work

0 E
materials being used at the s should ensure compliance with
workplace?
D D the provisions of the OHS
(Hazardous Substances)
,Regulation 1996 so that
associated formwor11
operations do not become a
risk to hea lth.

Could noise become a risk to N y Noise management provisions

0 E
hearing or heatth? s ,should be carried out b y the
D D contractor doing the work to
ensure compliance with OHS
(Noise) Regulation 1996 so that
no ise levels from machinery or
,equipment being used do not
become a risk to hearing or
health.
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

Appendix 2 - Terms used in fall arrest systems

"Work method statement"
"Anchorage point" is a secure point of attachment on a structure to which a fall arrest device or anchorage line may be
secured, or a secure point on a fall arrest device to which a lanyard may be secured.
"Energy absorber (deceleration device)" is an attachment designed to be used in connection with fall arrest equipment
which reduces the shock to the body and anchorage point by absorbing some of the fall energy.
"Fall arrest device" is a self-locking device whose function is to arrest a fall:
• Type 1 - A fall arrest device which travels along an anchorage line and, when loaded, locks to the line.
• Type 2 - A fall arrest device from which a spring-loaded anchorage line pays out, and which locks when loaded.
"Fall arrest harness (safety harness)" is an assembly of interconnected shoulder and leg straps designed for attachment to a
lanyard or fall arrest device.
"Fall arrest system" is any device designed to minimise the distance and severity of a fall.
"Lanyard" is a flexible line, rope or strap used, usually as part of a lanyard assembly, to connect a fall-arrest harness to an
anchorage point or static line.
"Lanyard assembly" is the combination of a lanyard and a personal energy absorber.
"Inertia reel" is a retractable lifeline that has a fall arrester built into the feeding mechanism of the line.
"Rope grab fall arrester" reduces the potential free fall distance and may absorb much of the energy of a fall while
allowing mobility along the line. The rope grab can be either manually moved along the line and locked in place, or it can
be an automatic device.
"Static line" is a horizontal or substantially horizontal line attached to two or more anchorage points to which a lanyard may
be attached and designed to arrest a fall.

Appendix 3 Transcript from the WorkCover NSW safety guide - Portable ladders
A ladder is used for gaining access to areas above or below the ground, or other levels not provided with permanent access. It is
important to realise that there are limits to the safe use of a ladder. Most accidents involving ladders occur because these limits are
exceeded.
Portable ladders should comply with the requirements of the relevant Australian Standard, that is:
• AS 1892.1:1996, Portable ladders - Metal,
• AS 1892.2—1992, Portable ladders - Timber, and
• AS 1892.3:1996 Portable ladders - Reinforced plastic.
Presently AS 1892.4—1992 (Int), Portable ladders - Selection and maintenance, has been withdrawn but will be replaced by AS
1892.5 when published by Standards Australia.
When using portable ladders, the following points should be observed:

1. All ladders should be adequately supported at the base. Wet grass with soft soil beneath it, or a makeshift support under
one side are not acceptable. If the surface is too soft to support the ladder, use a plank or board under the feet of the ladder to
stop them from sinking. Depending on the degree of unevenness, a plank or board under one or both feet may be adequate,
providing the plank(s) are stable, ie. much wider than the thickness, and large enough not to sink into the ground on one side.
If the ground is uneven, use a purpose-made device to steady the ladder. Do not erect a ladder on a slippery surface; its
stability depends on the friction at the base of the ladder.
2. A ladder should never be "walked" by the person standing on the ladder. The word "walked" above describes the action
of a person standing at the top of a ladder who, by moving his body, causes the bottom of the ladder to lift the ends of the
stiles alternately to cause the ladder to move. This is a very dangerous practice, since the ladder is not under proper control.
3. Set the ladder at a slope of approximately 4 in 1. For every metre in height, the ladder should extend out from the vertical
surface at the base by about 250 mm. This will minimise the chance of the ladder falling backward or the bottom of the
ladder sliding away from the wall, and is the most comfortable and safe slope for climbing and working from the ladder.
4. One ladder, one person, and it is recommended that one should always have three limbs on the ladder at all times.
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

This means either two feet and one hand, or one foot and two hands on the ladder when ascending, descending, or working
on the ladder. To achieve this, always carry your tools in a tool belt, holster or pouch, not in your hands. Never attach a
power tool to the side of a ladder when it is not in use.
Beware of contacting power lines when putting a ladder into position. If you must work near power lines, including supply
lines into a building, have them de-energised, or insulated with "tiger tails", before placing the ladder. In addition, any ladder
used near power lines should be non-conducting, such as timber (without wire reinforcement, or with the wire reinforcement
recessed and insulated) or fibre glass, but not aluminium or any metal.
5. Never climb higher than the third rung from the top of the ladder. The ladder should be long enough to provide at least 1
m of solid support beyond the height of the task. Where it is necessary to get onto or off at the top of the ladder, it should
extend at least 1 m above the level being accessed. As a general rule, a ladder should be used as a means of access and not a
place of work. If it is necessary to work from a ladder, do not climb higher than a position where the worker’s shoulders are
level with the top of the stiles. This allows for a secure hold to be maintained while working. Only use a ladder as a place of
work if the worker can grasp the ladder near waist height, and only for tasks which allow the worker to hold the ladder with
one hand. Ladders should be placed in a manner that permits the worker to face towards both the ladder and the task without
leaning over the side of the ladder. When working from a ladder, always work within easy arm’s reach from the ladder. This
minimises the possibility of overbalancing and falling off. Extra care should be taken when painting eaves and fascia boards,
as the ladder is usually below the work height.
Ladders should not be used outdoors when strong winds are blowing. If their use cannot be avoided under these conditions,
adequate care must be taken to secure the ladder by tying it off at top and bottom. While the ladder is being tied off, it should
be held securely by another person.
Ladders under 3 m in length, which are not normally tied off in use, should incorporate rubber (or similar non-slip material)
feet to prevent slipping.
Ladders longer than 3 m should be tied off for stability. The ties should be attached to the stiles of the ladder, not the rungs.
While the ladder is being tied off, it should be held securely by another person.
If it is not practical to tie off a ladder over 3 m in height for whatever reason, the ladder must be "footed" at the base by
another person with both hands on the stiles to prevent any movement or overturn of the ladder.
If a ladder must be used near a doorway, the door should be removed, blocked open or locked closed. Alternatively, a person
may be placed on guard at the foot of the ladder.
If a ladder is to be left unattended for a period of time in an area accessible to the public, disable it by securing a plank that
covers the full width of the rungs onto the lower half of the ladder.
6. Extension ladders, such as rope and pulley types, are suitable for accessing high areas such as rooftops and tall trees.
One specialist design is the pole ladder, which has a curved top rung to give the ladder stability when used for accessing a
pole or round column. To erect a rope and pulley ladder, place the unextended ladder into position and then extend it a few
rungs at a time, using the rope. Always ensure that the latching hooks are properly engaged after each extension. Long
ladders and heavy ladders (greater than 20 kg) should only be handled by two persons.
7. Stepladders should only be used in the fully open position. They should be positioned on a stable surface, with no
tendency to wobble. They should be made as rigid as possible by the use of side braces and cross braces. Some specialised
types of stepladders have a working platform for standing on at their top; this platform should be surrounded by a handrail.
Platform ladders should only be used for handling items that are located at a height compatible with the height of the
platform.
8. Fully enclosed slip resistant footwear should always be worn when using ladders.
9. Ladders should be stored under cover, with adequate support to prevent sagging. They should be inspected at regular
intervals and any defects or deterioration repaired before further use. Wooden ladders should never be painted. If a
preservative is used it should be transparent, and remain transparent during the life of the ladder, to enable visual inspections
to detect deterioration or defects.
10. Maximum length of ladders listed in parts AS 1892 1,2, & 3

Metal and Plastic ladders:

single 9m industrial
5m domestic
extension 15m industrial
7m domestic
stepladders 6.1m industrial
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

2.4m domestic
trestle 5m
Timber ladders:
single, runged 9.2m
singles, cleated 4.9m
extension 15.3m
stepladders 5.5m industrial
2.4m domestic
stepladders
platform 5.5m
trestle 5.1m
Industrial ladders have a load rating of 120 kg
Domestic ladders have a load rating of 100 kg
Domestic ladders should not be used in an industrial environment.
Updated September 1997 SG4

Appendix 4 - A typical example of a work method statement

(See also the WorkCover NSW document: Guidelines for writing work method statements in plain English)
Work method statements - A guideline

Formwork contractors are required to submit Work Method Statements. Many contractors submit "Technical Procedures" for
carrying our construction work processes as Work Method Statements. As such, these documents do not constitute a Work
Method Statement (WMS) as required for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment. WMS should be submitted to the main
contractor prior to commencing on-site work.
A Word Method Statement requires the work method to be presented in a logical sequence. The hazards associated with each
process are to be identified, and the measures for controlling these hazards specified.
Any job, no matter how complex, can be broken down into a series of basic jib steps that will permit a systematic critical
examination to be made of each part of the job for hazards and potential accidents. The description of the process should not be
too broad as this omits activities with the potential to cause accidents and prevents proper identification of the hazards, not is it
necessary to provide too fine a detail of the tasks.
Consider the overall job in the six basic steps and as shown below and then prepare a detailed statement, addressing all tasks and
risks.

1. make is safe: safety/skills training, licenses, permits, job analysis/planning, lockout/tagout

2. get it ready: signage, barricades, ventilation, lighting, materials, equipment, tools, etc.
3. do this first: initial process/preparatory works
4. do this next: the process/es in logical sequence(s)
5. make it secure: inspect, test, secure works, lockout/tagout, etc.
6. cleanup/put away: surplus materials, waste recycling, equipment, tools, etc.

A "hazard" may be either intrinsic or inherent, existing or potential, an unsafe condition and/or an unsafe act - ie. a dangerous
location, an unsafe (hazardous) work process, or a potentially hazardous task as a stage of the construction work process.
The "hierarchy of control measures" is the recommended procedure for Hazard Control, with personal protective equipment (PPE)
the least preferred. In some situations a combination of control measures may need to be sued. References to legislation, codes of
practice or Australian Standards is not an acceptable alternative for Hazard Control or Risk Management; the actual procedure or
control must b documented.
Special Work Processes involving inherent hazards requiring special safety equipment must be referred to as the Safe Work
practice to be incorporated in the Standard Work Procedure - eg. "When grinding or disc cutting, safety spectacles or goggles and
a full face shield shall be worn".
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

a full face shield shall be worn".

The WMS must nominate the occupation and the number of employees required to safely do the task(s)involved. Safety and/or
skills training provided or required to be completed prior to commencing work is to be identified, together with any special
qualifications, permits, licenses, certificates of competency required by the employees and/or statutory regulations. Copies of such
documents and training records are to be provided with the WMS>,
The WMS is also required to specify the type/capacity and description of the mechanical aids, plant and mobile equipment that is
to be used in the construction work process.
Members of the workforce should be involved/consulted in the development of any WMS, and the employees are required to
signify their acceptance and understanding of the WMS by signing on the last page of the WMS.
The site safety induction should ensure the formwork contractor’s employees understanding of the WMS by a suitable verification
process.
WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

WorkCover NSW PROJECT:

FORMWORK CONTRACTOR:

I I
WMS-048
over Page Two :ilc No.··-o,, -_,�.., ,
� . I WORK METHOD STATEMENT
······
Job/faskor Process:

SAFE WORK PRACTICES: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. s.

6. 6.
WORK SEQUENCE POTENTIAL RISK PROPOSED ACTION I
BASIC JOB STEPS HAZARDS SCORE CONTROL MEASURE
Brtal:tbe jobdown in.to stc�. c.k:nl ify theh&7Jlrc.bu�111od w11h eac hncp . s., Sptti fy wb3t 1ctionlproccdures 111iU be taktn 1oclim1natc or mimml$C the
Each step should aoromplish 50mc m111jor task and be in • EJ1.im1ne cBch 10 rmd l)al,Mb1ht.es thll coukl lead t o an acacknt. Risk Srorc h.uatd:s. the risk or injur yld11mage. anl.lfOJpc, 1cntiJi l t1C,�rity h11.: toN. h.e:l udc
logical seq1.1encc Nomogram the measure lo be 1 111ken 10 cni.urethe p�d contn,h ..,. II be maint: uned.
STEP 1

STEP

Name: .. Position: .................................................. Signature:. ......Date: ....................

wms-046 p3 of 4
 WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

WorkCover NSW PROJECT:

FORMWORK CONTRACTOR:

I I
WMS-048
over Page Two :ilc No.··-o,, -_,�.., ,
� . I WORK METHOD STATEMENT
······
Job/faskor Process:

SAFE WORK PRACTICES: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. s.

6. 6.
WORK SEQUENCE POTENTIAL RISK PROPOSED ACTION I
BASIC JOB STEPS HAZARDS SCORE CONTROL MEASURE
Brtal:tbe jobdown in.to stc�. c.k:nl ify theh&7Jlrc.bu�111od w11h eac hncp . s., Sptti fy wb3t 1ctionlproccdures 111iU be taktn 1oclim1natc or mimml$C the
Each step should aoromplish 50mc m111jor task and be in • EJ1.im1ne cBch 10 rmd l)al,Mb1ht.es thll coukl lead t o an acacknt. Risk Srorc h.uatd:s. the risk or injur yld11mage. anl.lfOJpc, 1cntiJi l t1C,�rity h11.: toN. h.e:l udc
logical seq1.1encc Nomogram the measure lo be 1 111ken 10 cni.urethe p�d contn,h ..,. II be maint: uned.
STEP 1

STEP

Name: .. Position: .................................................. Signature:. ......Date: ....................

wms-046 p3 of 4

Appendix 5 - A typical example of a Structural Certificate supplied by the Formwork and

Structural Engineer to indicate compliance with AS 3610, particularly clause 5.3.4
WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice

Engineer's Name: ....... ......................... Address: ..................................................

Telephone: ..........................................
Fax: ......................................................
Mobile: ....................... ......................... Date: ........................................................
Project: ................................................................................

Level: ......................... ......... Area: ....................................

.STRUCTURAL CERTIFICATE
Th is is to certify that the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formwork for the above project has
been inspected and i s considered to be adequate to support the desi gn loads i n
accordance wi th the relevant SAA Codes including AS 3610 • 1995 Formwork for
Concrete.

The following i tems were included in the inspect i on:

ITEM CONDITION WORK REO'D

Yes/No
Base plates OK No
Frame spacing OK No
Frame bracing OK No
Frame extensi ons OK No
Bearer size and spacing OK No
Jo i st s ize and spacing OK No
Prop spacing OK replace props near co lumns
Prop bracing OK No
Eccentric loading OK No
Prop inclination OK No
Timber condi tion OK No
Steel condition OK No
Nai ls in plates as req'd OK No
Column framing OK No
Column bracing OK No
Plywood Fixing OK No

Certifyi ng Engi neer' sName �ar.ure

WorkCover on Disk - Codes of Practice