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Cambridge IGCSE: Physics 0625/42

This document is the Cambridge IGCSE Physics Paper 4 Theory (Extended) for February/March 2024, consisting of 20 pages. It includes instructions for answering questions, information on the total marks, and various physics problems covering topics such as motion, energy, pressure, and the electromagnetic spectrum. Candidates are required to show their workings and use appropriate units in their answers.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

20 views128 pages

Cambridge IGCSE: Physics 0625/42

Uploaded by

ginopod367

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You are on page 1/ 128

Cambridge IGCSE™

* 2 4 5 7 8 1 1 6 1 2 *

PHYSICS 0625/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) February/March 2024

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
● Take the weight of 1.0 kg to be 9.8 N (acceleration of free fall = 9.8 m / s2).

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (PB/SG) 331682/3
© UCLES 2024 [Turn over
2

1 (a) Fig. 1.1. is a speed–time graph for the first 5 minutes of a bus journey.

10.0

speed
m/s
7.5

5.0

2.5

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
t / min

Fig. 1.1

Describe the motion between:

1. t = 0.90 min and t = 2.9 min .....................................................................

2. t = 2.9 min and t = 3.5 min .....................................................................

3. t = 3.5 min and t = 4.5 min .....................................................................

[3]

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24

(b) Another bus travels at a speed of 8.9 m / s. The brakes apply a constant force and the bus
stops in a distance of 23 m. This bus has a mass of 18 000 kg.

(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the bus before the brakes are applied.

kinetic energy = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the force applied to stop the bus.

force = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24 [Turn over

2 (a) Define impulse.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a rocket and its exhaust gases.

rocket

exhaust gases

Fig. 2.1

The exhaust gases are emitted from the rocket with a velocity of 1400 m / s and at a rate
of 2800 kg / s.

(i) Show that the force exerted on the rocket by the exhaust gases is 3900 kN.

State the equation you use.

[2]

(ii) Calculate the maximum mass that this force can lift from the ground. Ignore air resistance.

maximum mass = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24
5

3 (a) A car has a weight of 13 000 N. The car is supported by 4 tyres. The area of each tyre in
contact with the road is 0.016 m2.

(i) Calculate the pressure on the road due to the weight of the car.

pressure = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain, in terms of particles, why the air pressure in the tyres increases when the car
travels along the road.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) A gas cylinder contains helium gas at a pressure of 2.0 × 106 Pa. A volume of 0.026 m3 of the
compressed gas is released from the cylinder into balloons. Each balloon contains 0.015 m3
of helium at atmospheric pressure (1.0 × 105 Pa). The temperature remains constant.

Calculate the maximum number of balloons that can be filled.

maximum number of balloons = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24 [Turn over

4 (a) Define specific heat capacity.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A volume of 0.0024 m3 of oil is heated in a pan for 7.0 min. The temperature of the oil increases
from 20 °C to 180 °C.

The density of the oil is 910 kg / m3. The specific heat capacity of the oil is 2000 J / (kg °C).

(i) Calculate the mass of oil in the pan.

mass = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the energy required to increase the temperature of the oil.

energy = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) Calculate the power required to supply the energy calculated in (b)(ii).

power = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

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5 (a) (i) Table 5.1 shows applications of regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Complete the second column of the table with the region of the electromagnetic spectrum
used for each application.

Choose from the regions in this list:

gamma rays infrared microwaves radio waves ultraviolet

Each region may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Table 5.1

application region of electromagnetic spectrum

cancer treatment gamma rays
Bluetooth data connection
optical fibres
security marking
sterilising food
wireless internet
[3]

(ii) State the approximate speed of radio waves in air.

speed = .................................................. m / s [1]

(b) Fig. 5.1 shows successive crests of a wave after a plane wave has passed through a gap.

Fig. 5.1

(i) On Fig. 5.1 draw three successive crests before the wave reaches the gap. [2]

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24

(ii) Fig. 5.2 shows a much wider gap. A plane wave of the same wavelength as in (b)(i) is
incident on the gap from the left side of the barrier.

Fig. 5.2

On Fig. 5.2, draw three successive crests of the wave after the wave has passed through
the gap. [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24 [Turn over

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a full-scale diagram of an object O and its image I produced by a converging lens.
The lens and its position on the principal axis are not shown.

principal axis

Fig. 6.1

(a) On Fig. 6.1, draw:

• a single ray to locate the position of the centre of the converging lens
• a line to represent the position of the lens and label the line L.
[2]

(b) Determine the focal length of the lens by drawing another ray on Fig. 6.1.

focal length = ......................................................... [2]

(c) The object is moved 2.0 cm closer to the lens.

State two changes to the characteristics of the image.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24

7 (a) Draw the circuit symbol for a potential divider.

[1]

(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a circuit.

Vout

Rout R

1.0 kΩ

6.0 V

Fig. 7.1

(i) Calculate the value of Vout when the value of R is 3.0 kΩ.

Vout = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) The value of R is adjusted until the current in the circuit is 1.7 mA.

Calculate the charge that flows through the circuit in 300 s.

charge = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24 [Turn over

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a wire carrying a large current.

large
current

square card

Fig. 8.1

(i) Fig. 8.2 shows the square card viewed from above.

card

Fig. 8.2

On Fig. 8.2, draw three magnetic field lines that indicate the direction of the magnetic
field and how its strength varies with distance from the wire. [3]

(ii) The current in the wire increases and the direction of the current is reversed.

State how these changes affect the magnetic field.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24
13

(b) Electricity is transmitted at high voltage.

Explain why a high voltage increases the efficiency of transmission even with thinner wires.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 8]

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9 (a) An experiment directs alpha particles at a very thin sheet of gold foil.

(i) Most of the alpha particles pass through the thin foil in a straight line.

State the conclusion about atoms from this observation.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Some of the alpha particles are deflected through angles less than 90° and a few are
deflected through 180°.

State and explain two conclusions about the nuclei of atoms from this observation.

conclusion 1 ......................................................................................................................

explanation 1 .....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

conclusion 2 ......................................................................................................................

explanation 2 .....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) A source contains a radioactive isotope of strontium. This isotope decays by emission of
β-particles. The half-life of this isotope is 29 years.

(i) State the change in the nucleus which occurs when a β-particle is emitted.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The initial mass of this isotope of strontium in the source is 25 µg.

Calculate the mass of the strontium isotope that decays in 87 years.

mass = ..................................................... µg [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24

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10 (a) Fig. 10.1 represents different positions A–H of the Moon as it rotates around the Earth.

H B

light from
G Earth C the Sun

F D

Fig. 10.1

(i) State a position of the Moon where an observer on Earth sees:

1. there is a quarter Moon ............................................

2. there is a full Moon ............................................

[2]

(ii) State the approximate time taken for the Moon to orbit the Earth.

time = ......................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24

(b) The average distance of the Earth from the Sun is 1.5 × 108 km.

(i) Calculate the average orbital speed of the Earth in km / h.

average orbital speed = ................................................ km / h [3]

(ii) The speed of light in a vacuum is 3.0 × 108 m / s. Calculate the time taken for light from
the Sun to reach the Earth.

time = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24 [Turn over

11 (a) State the condition required for a protostar to become a stable star.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) (i) Define the Hubble constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The current estimate for the Hubble constant is 2.2 × 10–18 per second.

State the equation which gives an estimate for the age of the Universe.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Calculate an estimate for the age of the Universe.

estimate of age = ....................................................... s [1]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24

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© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24

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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/F/M/24

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 6 9 5 5 6 3 8 7 5 3 *

PHYSICS 0625/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2024

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (PB/CT) 330659/2
© UCLES 2024 [Turn over
2

1 A long tube contains oil. A small ball is held at rest at the surface of the oil. At time t = 0, the ball is
released and begins to fall vertically through the oil.

Fig. 1.1 shows the ball falling through the oil.

oil

ball

Fig. 1.1

As the ball begins to fall through the oil, it accelerates.

(a) Define acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The mass of the ball is 0.0075 kg.

Calculate the resultant force acting on the ball when it is accelerating downwards at 2.8 m / s2 .

resultant force = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24

0.06
v
m/s
0.04

0.02

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
t/s

Fig. 1.2

(i) Describe what happens to the acceleration between t = 0 and t = 0.040 s.

Explain why this happens.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) By drawing a tangent on Fig. 1.2, determine a value for the acceleration of the ball
at t = 0.010 s.

acceleration = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.1 shows two identical trolleys, P and Q, held at rest on a frictionless horizontal surface.
A load is fixed to trolley P.

1.5 kg load compressed spring

trolley P trolley Q

Fig. 2.1

There is a compressed spring between trolley P and trolley Q.

The trolleys are released. As the spring expands, it pushes the trolleys apart.

Trolley Q moves to the right at a constant speed of 0.36 m / s.

The mass of each trolley is 1.2 kg. The mass of the load on trolley P is 1.5 kg.

The spring has negligible mass.

(a) Calculate:

(i) the speed at which trolley P moves to the left

speed of P = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) the kinetic energy of trolley Q when it moves at 0.36 m / s.

kinetic energy of Q = ......................................................... [3]

(b) State the energy transfer that takes place as the spring expands.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24

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© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24 [Turn over

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a small block of ice floating in a beaker of warm water.

block of ice

warm water

Fig. 3.1

(a) State one way in which the motion of the particles in ice differs from the motion of the particles
in water.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Energy is transferred from the water to the block of ice.

(i) State the name of the thermal process that transfers energy from the water to the ice.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Initially, there is 0.34 kg of water in the beaker. The specific heat capacity of water
is 4200 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the energy transferred from this water as its temperature decreases from
28 °C to 10 °C.

energy transferred = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) The temperature of the water near the ice decreases first.

Explain how convection causes the temperature of all the water in the beaker to decrease.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24

(iv) State what happens to the internal energy of the water as the temperature of the
water decreases.

Describe the change in terms of the energy of the particles.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24 [Turn over

4 The lens in a magnifying glass is a converging lens.

(a) Fig. 4.1 shows the lens of the magnifying glass, its two focal points, F1 and F2 , and its
principal axis.

lens

principal axis F1 F2

Fig. 4.1

(i) State what is meant by ‘focal point’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) A student using the magnifying glass sees a magnified image of an object.

On Fig. 4.1, mark:

• a point X on the principal axis for a possible position of the object

• a point E for a possible position of the student’s eye.
[1]

(iii) Underline two words in the list that describe the image produced in (a)(ii).

inverted real upright virtual

[1]

(b) The refractive index of the glass used to make the lens is 1.5.

(i) The speed of light in air is 3.0 × 108 m / s.

Calculate the speed of light in the glass.

speed in glass = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) State what happens to the wavelength of light as it passes into the lens.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

State the name of the problem and explain how a converging lens is used to correct it.
You may draw a diagram.

name of problem: ......................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24 [Turn over

5 (a) Describe how a longitudinal wave differs from a transverse wave.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Fig. 5.1 represents a seismic wave produced by an earthquake.

J K

Fig. 5.1

(i) State whether this seismic wave is a P-wave (primary) or an S-wave (secondary).
Justify your choice.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The wave represented in Fig. 5.1 has a wavelength of 1.2 × 104 m.

Calculate the actual distance between point J and point K.

distance = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) The wave in (ii) travels through the ground at a speed of 4600 m / s.

As the wave passes a certain point, the ground completes 5 oscillations.

Calculate the time that it takes for the wave to pass. Show your working.

time = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24

6 Fig. 6.1 shows an isolated metal sphere suspended by an insulating thread from the ceiling.

insulating thread

metal sphere

Fig. 6.1

The sphere is negatively charged.

(a) The charge on the sphere produces an electric field in the surroundings.

(i) State what is meant by ‘electric field’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw on Fig. 6.1 to show the pattern and direction of the electric field produced by the
charge on the sphere. Draw at least four lines. [3]

(b) The magnitude of the charge on the sphere is 3.5 × 10–10 C.

An earthed metal wire is touched against the surface of the sphere and the sphere
is discharged.

(i) State what happens in the wire as the sphere is discharged.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) It takes a time of 0.14 ns for the sphere to discharge completely.

Calculate the average current in the earthed wire as the sphere discharges.

average current = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24 [Turn over
12

7 The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a battery is 7.5 V.

(a) Define the term electromotive force.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The battery is connected in series with a variable resistor and a 30 Ω resistor. The battery is
made using 1.5 V cells.

(i) Draw a circuit diagram that shows all the 1.5 V cells connected to produce an e.m.f.
of 7.5 V, the variable resistor and the 30 Ω resistor.

[3]

(ii) The resistance of the variable resistor can be varied from 0 Ω to a maximum resistance
of 150 Ω.

Using the axes in Fig. 7.1, draw a graph to show how the current in the circuit varies with
the resistance of the variable resistor as it increases from 0 Ω to 150 Ω.

Determine and label the value of the maximum current on the y-axis.

current / A

0
0 75 150
resistance of variable resistor / Ω

Fig. 7.1
[4]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24
13

8 The isotope thallium-208 ( 208

81Tl ) is radioactive. It decays by β-decay.

(a) Thallium-208 decays to an isotope of lead (Pb).

(i) Complete the equation for this decay.

208 ........ ........

81Tl ........Pb + ........β
[3]

(ii) The β-emission of thallium-208 is accompanied by γ-emission from the nucleus.

Explain why this γ-emission does not affect the numbers in the equation in (a)(i).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Suggest one reason why a nucleus of thallium-208 is unstable.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A sample of thallium-208 is placed in a thick lead container. Fig. 8.1 shows a narrow beam of
β-particles and γ-radiation emerging from a small hole in one side of the container.

magnetic field
into page

beam of
β-particles and
γ-radiation
sample of
thallium-208

Fig. 8.1

The narrow beam enters a region where there is a magnetic field that is directed into the page.

On Fig. 8.1:

• draw a line labelled β to indicate the path of the β-particles in the magnetic field
• draw a line labelled γ to indicate the path of the γ-radiation in the magnetic field.
[3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24 [Turn over

9 The Sun is one of many billions of stars in the Milky Way. The Sun emits a very large quantity of
energy as electromagnetic radiation.

(a) State the three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in which the Sun emits the
most energy.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun travels at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s. The radiation
takes 500 s to reach the Earth.

Calculate the distance from the Sun to the Earth.

distance = ......................................................... [2]

(i) Describe and explain what happens as an interstellar cloud of gas forms a protostar.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe and explain what happens as a protostar becomes a stable star.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24

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© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24

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© UCLES 2024 0625/41/M/J/24

* 0019655392601 *

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 7 5 6 7 0 9 4 0 0 0 *

PHYSICS 0625/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2024

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (PB/SG) 330660/2
© UCLES 2024 [Turn over
* 0019655392602 *

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

1 A load is suspended from a thread. The vertical force on the thread due to the load is 0.75 N.

(a) Calculate the mass of the load.

mass = .......................................................... [2]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows the load suspended from the thread.

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thread

load

Fig. 1.1

A wire is attached to the load at point X and pulled horizontally to the right.

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The tension in the horizontal wire is 1.2 N.

By drawing a scale diagram or by calculation, determine:

• the magnitude of the resultant of the force at X due to the load and due to the tension in
the wire
• the direction of the resultant relative to the vertical direction.

Show your working.

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magnitude of resultant force = ............................................................. N

direction of resultant relative to vertical = .............................................................. °

[4]
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State two other changes that forces may produce.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]
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2 (a) Define acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A train has a total mass of 520 000 kg. The train accelerates at 1.1 m / s2.

(i) Calculate the time taken for the train to increase its speed from 15 m / s to 28 m / s.

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time = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the force required to produce an acceleration of 1.1 m / s2 for this train.

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force = ......................................................... [2]

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(iii) The train uses electric motors.

Explain why the force on the train due to the motors is greater than the value calculated
in (ii).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
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3 A student drops a heavy ball from a vertical height of 1.8 m above the ground. The ball then falls to
the ground. It does not bounce after hitting the ground.

(a) Describe the transfers of energy of the ball between stores from when the ball begins to fall to
when it reaches the ground.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Calculate the maximum speed of the ball. Ignore air resistance.

Show your working.

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maximum speed = .......................................................... [3]

[Total: 6]
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4 (a) State two ways that evaporation differs from boiling.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows part of a container used to store a mixture of liquid and gaseous oxygen.

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steel walls of
container

vacuum

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Fig. 4.1

The temperature of the liquid oxygen is –160 °C.

(i) Determine the temperature of the liquid oxygen in K.

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temperature = ....................................................... K [1]

(ii) The container is made of steel and there is a vacuum between the inner and outer walls.
The outer wall of the container is at room temperature.

State two methods of thermal energy transfer that a vacuum prevents.

1 .........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................
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[2]

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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 8]
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5 Fig. 5.1 shows a ray of yellow light incident on a glass prism ABC.

yellow
B
light
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A C

Fig. 5.1
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(a) Explain why the ray does not change direction when it enters the prism at face AB.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The critical angle for the glass is 42°.

(i) Calculate the refractive index of the glass.

Show your working.

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refractive index = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) On Fig. 5.1, continue the path of the light through the prism and after it leaves the prism.
[3]

State two advantages of using optical fibres to transmit data.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]
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* 0019655392610 *

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6 (a) A sound wave travels through air. Fig. 6.1 shows a pressure–time graph for the air at
one place.

pressure

atmospheric
pressure time

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Fig. 6.1

(i) On Fig. 6.1:

• label one point C to indicate a compression

• label one point R to indicate a rarefaction.

[2]

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(ii) Explain why this graph cannot be used to find the wavelength of the sound wave.

...........................................................................................................................................

… .................................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) The sound becomes louder and of lower pitch.

State what happens to:

the amplitude of the sound

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...........................................................................................................................................

the frequency of the sound.

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]
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(b) A sound of frequency 13 kHz is transmitted through water.

The speed of sound in water is 1500 m / s.

Calculate the wavelength of this sound in water.

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wavelength = ......................................................... [3]

(c) State the approximate speed of sound in air.

speed = ......................................................... [1]

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[Total: 8]
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7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows three bars of steel, A, B and C.

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Fig. 7.1

A student is given the three pieces of steel. Two of the pieces are magnetised and one piece
is unmagnetised.

Describe and explain how the student determines which piece is unmagnetised using only
the three pieces of steel.

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a circuit diagram of a step‑down transformer.

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output
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Fig. 7.2

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(i) The mains voltage supplied to the transformer is 240 V. The output power of the
transformer is 45 W. The transformer is 100% efficient.

Calculate the input current to the transformer.

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input current = .......................................................... [3]

(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of a step‑down transformer. On the labels, state a suitable
material for each of the components.
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[3]

[Total: 10]
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8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a circuit. The circuit is designed to switch on a night light when the surroundings
are dark.

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Fig. 8.1

(i) On Fig. 8.1, draw the circuit symbol for a voltmeter used to measure the potential
difference (p.d.) across the light‑dependent resistor (LDR). [1]

(ii) The surroundings change from light to dark.

1. State the effect of this change on the resistance of the LDR.

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................................................................................................................................ [1]

2. State and explain the effect of this change on the p.d. across the light‑emitting diode
(LED).

......................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
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(b) Fig. 8.2 shows another circuit. Lamps A and B are identical filament lamps.

240 V

A
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Fig. 8.2

The current supplied by the power supply is 0.50 A.

Calculate the resistance of lamp A.

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resistance = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 7]
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9 (a) Radioactive isotopes that emit ionising radiation are used in hospitals.

(i) State and explain two safety precautions necessary for the use of these isotopes in
medical procedures.

safety procedure 1 ............................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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safety procedure 2 ............................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Give two reasons why alpha‑emitters are not used as radioactive tracers inside the body.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Sodium‑24 is an isotope of sodium (Na) that has a proton number of 11 and a nucleon number
of 24.

Sodium‑24 decays by emission of a beta‑particle to form an isotope of magnesium (Mg).

Use nuclide notation to write down the nuclide equation for this decay.
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[3]

[Total: 7]
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10 (a) The Solar System includes the Sun and planets.

State two other types of natural object that orbit the Sun.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) State the shape of the orbits of the planets.

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............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Fig. 10.1 shows the orbit of an object around the Sun. At point A, the object is closest to the
Sun. At point B, the object is furthest away from the Sun.

A B
Sun

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Fig. 10.1

State and explain the energy transfer as the object travels from point A to point B.

statement ..................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

explanation ................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) Jupiter is 7.8 × 1011 m from the Sun. The speed of light in a vacuum is 3.0 × 108 m / s.

Calculate the time taken for light from the Sun to reach Jupiter.
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time = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]
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11 (a) Name the galaxy that contains the Sun.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Light observed from distant galaxies is redshifted.

State the theory of the Universe that this observation supports.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(i) State when this radiation was produced.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why this radiation is now in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]
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Permission to reproduce items where third‑party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer‑related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

© UCLES 2024 0625/42/M/J/24

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 2 0 3 3 3 5 3 2 8 9 *

PHYSICS 0625/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2024

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages.

DC (PB/SG) 330661/2
© UCLES 2024 [Turn over
2

1 A ball of mass 130 g is launched from the ground at an initial velocity of 14 m / s vertically upwards.
It decelerates until it is at rest momentarily at a height h above the ground.

(a) Define deceleration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The acceleration of free fall is 9.8 m / s2.

Show that the time taken for the ball to reach height h is 1.4 s. Ignore the effect of air resistance.

[1]

(c) Calculate h. Ignore the effect of air resistance.

h = ......................................................... [3]

(d) The ball is dropped from the top of a tall building.

Describe and explain the motion of the ball as it falls. Consider the effect of air resistance in
your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24

2 Fig. 2.1 shows solar-powered traffic warning lights.

solar cell

lights

Fig. 2.1

The energy from the solar cell is stored in a battery.

(a) Name the energy store in the battery.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The two lights in Fig. 2.1 are connected in parallel.

State one advantage of a parallel connection in a lighting circuit.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(i) State what is meant by 22% efficiency.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the solar power input to the solar cell.

power = ......................................................... [2]

(d) Suggest two advantages of using a solar cell to power the traffic warning lights in Fig. 2.1
compared to using mains electricity.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24 [Turn over
4

3 Fig. 3.1 shows two children balanced on a seesaw. A seesaw is a length of wood which rotates
about a central pivot.

child A child B

450 N 1.60 m 0.80 m

900 N

pivot (fulcrum)

Fig. 3.1

(a) Child B moves 0.050 m further away from the pivot.

(i) Explain why the seesaw rotates clockwise.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Child A puts on a backpack and the seesaw now balances.

Calculate the mass of the backpack.

mass = .................................................... kg [3]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24

(b) The concrete floor under the seesaw is replaced with a rubber floor. A child falls from the
seesaw and experiences an impulse when they hit the floor.

(i) Define impulse.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain how the rubber floor reduces injury to the child.
Use ideas about impulse, force, momentum and time in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24 [Turn over

4 Fig. 4.1 shows a stainless-steel saucepan being heated on an electric cooker. The saucepan
contains water.

Fig. 4.1

(a) State what happens to the water particles as the water temperature increases.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The saucepan contains 250 cm3 of water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).
The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.

(i) Show that the mass of the water in the saucepan is 0.25 kg.

[2]

(ii) Calculate the energy required to increase the water temperature from 20 °C to 65 °C.

energy = ......................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24

(iii) The heater supplies enough power to heat the water in 39 s.

A student measures the time taken to heat the water as 115 s.

Suggest why the actual time taken to heat the water is longer. Assume that the student
takes accurate measurements.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The stainless-steel saucepan is replaced with an aluminium saucepan of the same mass.
It contains the same volume of water.

The specific heat capacity of stainless steel is 500 J / (kg °C).

The specific heat capacity of aluminium is 890 J / (kg °C).

Explain how using an aluminium saucepan will affect the time taken to heat the water.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24 [Turn over

5 Fig. 5.1 shows two containers, each filled with hot water.

metal non-metal

water water

Fig. 5.1

The outer surface of the metal container is hot.

(a) Explain how electrons transfer thermal energy through the metal of the container.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The outer surface of the non-metal container is much cooler than the outer surface of the
metal container.

Explain why a non-metal conducts thermal energy less well than a metal.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a thin converging lens used to produce a magnified image of an object AB.

F1 A F2

principal axis

Fig. 6.1

(a) Explain the meaning of the terms principal focus and focal length.

principal focus ...........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

focal length ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) On Fig. 6.1, draw the magnified image of AB. Show your working. [4]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24 [Turn over

7 Fig. 7.1 shows two charged metal plates. X marks the position of the centre of the space between
the plates.

positively charged
+ + + + + + + + + plate

– – – – – – – – –

negatively charged
plate

Fig. 7.1

(a) (i) On Fig. 7.1, draw at least four field lines to show the pattern and the direction of the
electric field between the two charged plates. [2]

(ii) Describe the effect on a negatively charged particle placed at X.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) During a thunderstorm, an electric field is set up between a cloud and the ground. Charges on
the cloud and on the ground are shown in Fig. 7.2.

cloud

_ _ _
_ _
path of
lightning

ground

+ + + + +
+

Fig. 7.2

The lightning shown in Fig. 7.2 discharges a current of 28 000 A for 0.0012 s.

(i) Calculate the charge that flows from the cloud to the ground.

charge = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24

(ii) The lightning transfers 1.2 × 108 J of energy.

Calculate the potential difference between the base of the cloud and the ground.

potential difference = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24 [Turn over

8 Fig. 8.1 shows images produced during two different medical scanning procedures.

ultrasound scan of a fetus X-ray scan of a hand

Fig. 8.1

(a) (i) Define ultrasound.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State how the speed of sound in liquid compares to the speed of sound in air.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) X-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

State the speed of X-rays in a vacuum.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Describe three similarities or differences between the use of ultrasound and X-rays in medical
scanning procedures.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a mobile phone (cell phone) being charged on a wireless charging plate.

primary coil in
charging plate

secondary coil in
mobile phone

Fig. 9.1

(a) When the charging plate is switched on, there is an alternating current (a.c.) in the primary coil.
A secondary coil is in the mobile phone.

Explain how a current is produced in the secondary coil.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The maximum energy stored in the battery of the mobile phone is 0.012 kW h.

(i) Show that this maximum energy is 4.3 × 104 J.

[1]

(ii) The charging plate in Fig. 9.1 has a useful output power of 15 W.
The phone manufacturer claims that the battery can be charged to 50% capacity in less
than 30 minutes.

Show that this claim is true.

[3]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24 [Turn over

10 Leaks in underground water pipes are detected using radioactive tracers. Fig. 10.1 shows a
radiation detector above a water pipe.

382
counter

detector

pipe ground leak

Fig. 10.1

(a) Before the radioactive tracer is added to the water, the detector measures the background
radiation above the pipe. The average background radiation is 26 counts / minute.

(i) Define background radiation.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest one source of radiation that may make a significant contribution to the
background count rate.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) A radioactive tracer is added to the water. The counter in Fig. 10.1 shows the count rate
in counts / minute above the leak in the water pipe.

Determine the count rate due to the tracer.

count rate = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24

(b) Suggest which radioactive emission, alpha, beta or gamma, is suitable for detecting the leak
in the water pipe.

Explain your answer.

emission ...................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why the radioactive isotope must not have a very long half-life.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24 [Turn over

11 A galaxy is approximately 1.2 × 1026 m from the Earth.

(a) Scientists observe light from the distant galaxy.

The wavelength of the observed light is longer than the wavelength of the light emitted from
the galaxy.

State the name of this effect.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) (i) State the current estimate for the Hubble constant H0.

H0 = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the speed at which the galaxy is moving away from the Earth.

speed = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) Scientists have measured the speeds at which distant galaxies are moving away from
the Earth and their distances from the Earth.

These measurements suggest that all the Universe was once at a single point.

Explain why.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2024 0625/43/M/J/24

* 0000800000001 *

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 9 6 6 5 6 1 3 7 1 5 *

PHYSICS 0625/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2024

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (CE/CB) 336627/3
© UCLES 2024 [Turn over
* 0000800000002 *

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1 A spring is suspended from a clamp. Fig. 1.1 shows a pointer attached to the lower end of the
spring.

cm
metre ruler

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40
spring
50 pointer

80
loads
90

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Fig. 1.1

A student suspends loads of different weights from the spring and records the readings on the
metre ruler.

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© UCLES 2024 0625/41/O/N/24

* 0000800000003 *
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Fig. 1.2 is the reading–weight graph that the student obtains.

60
reading / cm
50
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0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
weight / N
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Fig. 1.2

(a) (i) Using Fig. 1.2, determine the reading on the metre ruler when

1. no weight is attached to the spring ................................................................................

2. a weight of 5.6 N is attached to the spring .....................................................................

[1]

(ii) Calculate the extension of the spring when the weight attached is 5.6 N.
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extension = ......................................................... [1]

(b) Using the values found in (a), calculate the spring constant of the spring.
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spring constant = ......................................................... [2]

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* 0000800000004 *

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(c) An object of mass 0.50 kg is attached to the spring.

(i) Calculate the weight of the object.

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weight = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) The object is pulled downwards until the tension in the spring is 6.5 N.

The object is released.

Calculate the acceleration of the object immediately after it is released.

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acceleration = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

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© UCLES 2024 0625/41/O/N/24

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2 A drag car is a racing car that is powered by a rocket engine.

A drag car accelerates uniformly from rest until it reaches the finishing line. The engine is then
switched off and a parachute opens. The car decelerates until it stops.

Fig. 2.1 shows a drag car decelerating after a race.

parachute

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drag car

Fig. 2.1

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This drag car has a mass of 1400 kg.

Fig. 2.2 is the speed–time graph for the car during a race on a straight horizontal track.

160

140
speed
120
m/s

100

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0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
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time / s

Fig. 2.2

The car reaches its maximum speed of 130 m / s at a time of 6.5 s.

© UCLES 2024 0625/41/O/N/24

* 0000800000007 *
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(a) (i) Calculate the maximum momentum of the car during the race.

maximum momentum = ......................................................... [2]

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(ii) State the feature of Fig. 2.2 that represents the distance travelled by the car.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Determine the distance travelled by the car in the first 6.5 s.
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distance = ......................................................... [2]

(b) The parachute opens at 6.5 s and the car decelerates.

Describe how Fig. 2.2 shows that, after 6.5 s:

(i) the car decelerates

...........................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the deceleration of the car is not constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

...................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2024 0625/41/O/N/24 [Turn over

* 0000800000008 *

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3 (a) Define the moment of a force and describe the effect that it measures.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) A large rectangular block of stone has a square base of side 3.4 m. Fig. 3.1 shows the block

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at rest on a horizontal surface.

3.4 m

horizontal surface

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Fig. 3.1

The block is of uniform density and the centre of gravity G is at its centre.

(i) Explain what is meant by centre of gravity.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

The weight of the block is 1.3 × 107 N.

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(ii)

Calculate the moment of the weight of the block about corner X.

moment of weight = ......................................................... [2]

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© UCLES 2024 0625/41/O/N/24

* 0000800000009 *
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(c) The block shown in Fig. 3.1 is in equilibrium.

State the two different conditions that apply when an object is in equilibrium.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]
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* 0000800000010 *

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4 (a) Describe an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of aluminium. You may draw
a diagram.

Include in your answer:

• the measurements made

• any equations needed.

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...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) An aluminium dish is initially at room temperature. Boiling water is poured into the aluminium
dish as shown in Fig. 4.1.

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boiling water

aluminium dish

table surface

Fig. 4.1
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© UCLES 2024 0625/41/O/N/24

* 0000800000011 *
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(i) Explain why, after a short time, the dish and the water are the same temperature.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain, in terms of its particles, why the aluminium expands as the boiling water is
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poured into the dish.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) The water in the dish evaporates.

Explain, in terms of the water molecules, what is meant by evaporation.

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]
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5 A loudspeaker produces a sound wave in air. The distance between the centre of a compression
and the centre of a neighbouring rarefaction is 0.10 m.

(a) Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave.

wavelength = ......................................................... [1]

(b) State a typical value for the speed of sound in air.

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............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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frequency = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain whether the sound from the loudspeaker is audible to a human with normal
hearing.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(d) Another loudspeaker produces a sound of wavelength 0.40 m. Sound from the loudspeaker
reaches a sound absorbing surface with a gap of width 0.80 m at the centre.

Fig. 5.1 shows the arrangement.

gap
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0.80 m

loudspeaker K

sound absorbing surface

Fig. 5.1

Explain whether it is possible to detect sound from the loudspeaker at either point J or at
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point K.

point J .......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

point K ......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

[Total: 9]
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6 A potential divider is made by connecting a light-dependent resistor (LDR) and a thermistor in

series. Fig. 6.1 shows the potential divider, a voltmeter and a direct current (d.c.) power supply
connected into a circuit.

+ –

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Fig. 6.1

The voltmeter measures the potential difference (p.d.) across the LDR.

(a) Define potential difference (p.d.).

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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the supply is E.

Describe how the p.d. across the thermistor can be determined using the reading on the
voltmeter.

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(i) State what has happened to the light intensity incident on the LDR and the temperature
of the thermistor.

intensity of incident light on LDR: ......................................................................................

temperature of thermistor: .................................................................................................

[1]

(ii) Explain what happens to the reading on the voltmeter.

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 7]
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7 A solid bar is inside a copper solenoid. Fig. 7.1 shows that the copper solenoid is connected in
series with a battery and a variable resistor.

copper solenoid

bar

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Fig. 7.1

The device shown in Fig. 7.1 is an electromagnet.

(a) Suggest a suitable material for the bar.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) The right-hand end of the bar is the S pole.

(i) Fig. 7.2 shows the bar viewed from above.

On Fig. 7.2, draw at least six field lines to show the pattern and direction of the magnetic
field surrounding the bar.

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S
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Fig. 7.2
[3]

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(ii) The resistance of the variable resistor increases.

Explain what happens to the magnetic field surrounding the bar and state how the pattern
of field lines that represents the field changes.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) A square coil of many turns is placed close to the bar. Fig. 7.3 shows the plane of the square
coil parallel to the flat circular surface at the right-hand end of the bar.

terminals

copper solenoid

square coil
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bar

Fig. 7.3

The resistance of the variable resistor is alternately increased and decreased.

Explain what happens in the wires of the square coil.

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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]
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8 The nuclide notation for the radioactive isotope carbon-14 is 146C.

(a) Using the symbols shown in Fig. 8.1, draw a diagram to show the number of electrons,
neutrons and protons in a neutral atom of carbon-14 and how they are arranged.

symbols:

electron

neutron

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proton

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Fig. 8.1
[3]

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(b) Describe how the composition of a neutral atom of carbon-14 is different from the composition
of a neutral atom of nitrogen-14 (147N).

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
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(c) Carbon-14 decays by beta (β) emission.

(i) State the name of a particle that is identical to a beta-particle.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the change that takes place in carbon-14 as a beta-particle is emitted.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(d) The half-life of carbon-14 is 5700 years.

A very old object is made of wood. It contains 1.2 × 1011 atoms of carbon-14. When it was
manufactured, it contained 9.6 × 1011 atoms of carbon-14.

Determine the time that has passed since it was manufactured.

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time passed = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 10]
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9 The Milky Way is the galaxy in which the Solar System is located.

(a) State what a galaxy is.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The Milky Way has a diameter that is approximately equal to 100 000 light-years.

Determine this distance in kilometres (km).

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distance = ................................................... km [2]

(i) State one observation that allows the speed at which a galaxy is moving away to be
determined.

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State one different observation that is used to determine the distance to a far galaxy.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State how the speeds of galaxies and their distances from the Earth are related.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(iv) The best estimate for the Hubble constant H0 is 2.2 × 10–18 per second.

Use this value to calculate an estimate for the age of the Universe.

age of the Universe = ...................................................... s [2]

[Total: 8]
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Cambridge IGCSE™
* 5 7 7 6 2 5 6 3 0 3 *

PHYSICS 0625/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2024

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (DE/FC) 337956/3
© UCLES 2024 [Turn over
* 0000800000002 *

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1 (a) A rocket has an initial mass of 7.4 × 106 kg.

(i) Calculate the initial weight of the rocket.

weight = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) Define, in words, the term weight.

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows part of the speed-time graph for the rocket as it leaves the ground and travels
into space.

10 000
B
9000

8000

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speed 7000 A
m/s
6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

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1000

O 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

time / s

Fig. 1.1

(i) Describe the motion of the rocket:

From O to A .......................................................................................................................
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From A to B ........................................................................................................................
[2]

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(ii) Draw a tangent to the graph at time = 400 s and use this to calculate the acceleration of
the rocket at this time. Show your working.
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acceleration = ......................................................... [2]

Explain in terms of forces why the rocket reaches terminal velocity as it travels through the
atmosphere back to the Earth.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
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[Total: 8]
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2 Fig. 2.1 shows a golfer about to hit a golf ball with a golf club. The initial momentum of the golf ball
is zero.

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Fig. 2.1

(a) Define momentum.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) The golf club is in contact with the ball for 5.0 × 10–4 s. The velocity of the golf ball as it leaves
the golf club is 41 m / s. The golf ball has a mass of 0.046 kg.

(i) Calculate the impulse on the golf ball.

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impulse = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the force applied to the ball by the golf club.
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force = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

* 0000800000005 *
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3 (a) State two energy resources for which radiation from the Sun is the main source of energy.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A wind turbine is used to generate electricity.

The useful output from the turbine in 1.0 s is 6000 J. The kinetic energy of the wind hitting the
turbine in 1.0 s is 11 000 J. The velocity of the wind hitting the turbine is 6.3 m / s.
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(i) Show that the mass of air hitting the turbine each second is approximately 550 kg.

[2]

(ii) Calculate the efficiency of the turbines. You may assume that all the kinetic energy stored
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in the wind is transferred to the turbine.

efficiency = ......................................................% [2]

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(c) Tidal energy and wind energy are both renewable energy resources.
Suggest one reason why tidal energy is a more useful energy resource than wind energy.

Ignore the costs of construction and maintenance.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]
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4 Fig. 4.1 shows a pressure cooker on an electric heating element. The cooker has a tight-fitting lid.

tight-fitting lid

water

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electric heating
element

Fig. 4.1

(a) The pressure cooker is half-full of water. As the water is heated some water evaporates
before the water boils.
Describe two differences between evaporation and boiling of the water in the cooker.

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) As the water is heated, the pressure of the gas inside the cooker increases.
Explain this increase in pressure in terms of particles.

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 6]
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5 On a sunny day, the temperatures of a black tarmac road and the air above the road increase.

(a) Explain why the surface temperature of the tarmac increases.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) State the method of thermal energy transfer from the tarmac to the air immediately above
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the road.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Explain why the surface temperature of the tarmac is higher than the surrounding air
temperature.
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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 6]
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6 A student plays the violin near the doorway to a large room. Fig. 6.1 shows a young teacher
standing where he can hear the sound but cannot see the student.

student
playing
violin room

open door

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young teacher

Fig. 6.1

(a) (i) State the wave effect that allows the young teacher to hear sounds from the violin at the
position he is standing in Fig. 6.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) Calculate the frequency of sound with a wavelength of 0.75 m.
The speed of sound in air is 340 m / s.

frequency = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) A violin produces sounds in the frequency range 200 Hz–3800 Hz. The width of the open
doorway is 0.75 m.

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Explain why the young teacher hears the frequency calculated in (a)(ii) clearly but finds
a frequency of 3500 Hz much harder to hear.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A plane mirror is placed at point X so that the teacher can see the student.
On Fig. 6.1:
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• draw a light ray from the violin to point X and from point X to the teacher
• draw and label the mirror
• add an arrow to the ray to show how the teacher sees the student.

Use a ruler and sharp pencil for this drawing. [3]

7 A washing machine has an electric motor and an electric heater. Fig. 7.1 shows a simplified circuit
diagram for the washing machine.

A
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Fig. 7.1

The heater has a resistance of 25 Ω and the power supply has an electromotive force (e.m.f.)
of 230 V.

(a) State the meaning of electromotive force.

...................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) State the potential difference (p.d.) across the heater.

p.d. = ......................................................... [1]

(c) Calculate the current in the heater.

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Current = ......................................................... [2]

(d) The current in the motor is 1.6 A.

Determine the reading on the ammeter in Fig. 7.1. Explain your answer.

Ammeter reading ......................................................................................................................

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Explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 7]

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8 A fisherman uses high frequency sound waves to locate fish in the sea. Fig. 8.1 shows the sound
waves emitted from the boat.

fishing boat

sound waves

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seabed

Fig. 8.1 (not to scale)

(a) State the name of sound waves which have a frequency greater than 20 kHz.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) High frequency sound waves travel from the boat through the sea water.
The speed of sound in water is 1500 m / s. The seabed is 22 m below the boat.

Calculate the time taken for the boat to receive the reflected wave from the seabed after the
sound is emitted.

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time = ......................................................... [3]

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(c) Fig. 8.2 shows a fish below the boat.

fishing boat

sound waves
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fish

seabed

Fig. 8.2 (not to scale)

Describe and explain how the reflected sound wave received by the boat from the fish differs
from the reflected sound wave received from the seabed.

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 6]
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9 Fig. 9.1 shows a wireless charging plate used to charge the battery in a mobile phone (cell phone).
The coil of wire is part of an electric circuit.

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charging plate coil of wire

Fig. 9.1

The charging plate is connected to an a.c. power supply. The power supply is turned on.

(a) Describe the magnetic field around the charging plate in terms of its magnitude and direction.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(b) A mobile phone is placed on the charging plate as shown in Fig. 9.2. The coil in the mobile
phone is part of a separate circuit that charges the battery.

secondary coil
mobile phone

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charging plate
primary coil

Fig. 9.2

The coil in the charging plate and the coil in the mobile phone act like a transformer.

(i) Explain why there is a current in the secondary coil shown in Fig. 9.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Suggest why the transformer made from the charging plate and mobile phone is not
100% efficient.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(c) The mobile phone battery can be recharged using this charging plate and stores 4.5 × 104 J
of energy when fully recharged. The current in the secondary coil is 0.63 A when the output
voltage is 12 V.

(i) Calculate the time taken to fully recharge a completely uncharged battery.
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time = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the charge passing through the battery in 60 s.

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charge = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]
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* 0000800000014 *

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14 12
10 Carbon-14 ( 6 C) is a radioactive isotope of carbon. Carbon-12 ( 6 C) is not radioactive.
14 12
(a) Explain how an atom of carbon-14 ( 6 C) differs from an atom of carbon-12 ( 6 C).

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) All living organisms contain both carbon-12 atoms and carbon-14 atoms. The ratio of
carbon-14 to carbon-12 is 1 : 1 × 1012.

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Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5700 years.

(i) When an organism dies no new carbon is absorbed. The amount of carbon-12 in the
dead organism remains fixed.

Describe how the amount of carbon-14 in the dead organism decreases with time.

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) A sample of wood contains carbon-14 to carbon-12 atoms in the ratio 1 : 4 × 1012.

Calculate how many years ago the tree died.

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......................................... years ago [3]

(c) Other radioactive isotopes have different half-lives.

Suggest a use of a radioactive isotope with a half-life of one hour.

Explain why a short half-life is suitable for this use.

use ............................................................................................................................................
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explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 9]

* 0000800000015 *
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11 (a) (i) State the name of one planet that has an orbit further away from the Sun than Venus.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of one planet that has an orbit closer to the Sun than Venus.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Venus has an average radius of orbit of 1.1 × 1011 m and an orbital period of 220 Earth days.
Calculate the average orbital speed of Venus. Give your answer in m / s.
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average orbital speed = .................................................. m / s [3]

(c) State the relationship between the orbital speeds of the planets and their distances from the
Sun.
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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Comets are balls of ice and dust. Some comets orbit the Sun.

State how the speed of a comet changes as it orbits the Sun.

Explain your answer using ideas about the conservation of energy.

You may include a labelled diagram in your answer.

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

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Cambridge IGCSE™
* 8 2 9 0 6 7 4 0 9 2 *

PHYSICS 0625/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2024

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages.

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1 (a) (i) State the difference between a scalar quantity and a vector quantity.

[1]

(ii) Define momentum.

[1]

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(b) A test car crashes into a barrier to test the safety features. The test car has a total mass of
950 kg. It is moving with constant velocity from time t = 0 for 4.0 s. At t = 4.0 s, the car hits the
barrier.

Fig. 1.1 shows the car as it hits the barrier.

barrier

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Fig. 1.1

(i) During the test crash, the resultant force acting on the car is 27 000 N. The car takes
1.5 s to come to rest. The deceleration is uniform.

Calculate the initial velocity of the car.

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initial velocity = ......................................................... [3]

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* 0000800000003 *
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(ii) On Fig. 1.2, sketch a speed–time graph to show the motion of the car from time t = 0 until
the car becomes stationary.

speed
m/s
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0
0 4.0
time / s

Fig. 1.2
[2]

[Total: 7]
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2 (a) Describe an experiment to determine the spring constant of a spring.

State:

• the apparatus you need

• details of how to take measurements
• how to calculate the spring constant

You may use the space below to draw a labelled diagram as part of your answer.

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...................................................................................................................................................

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(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a baby in a baby bouncer. The baby bouncer consists of a holder suspended
from a spring. The baby pushes his feet on the ground and bounces gently up and down.

hook

spring
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140 cm
100 cm
baby in
holder

Fig. 2.1

(i) Two springs Q and R are tested to determine their spring constants.
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Each spring is tested up to its limit of proportionality.

Define ‘limit of proportionality’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Table 2.1 shows the results of the tests.

spring constant
spring N / cm
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Q 7.8
R 1.1

Table 2.1

The total weight of the baby and the holder is 120 N.

Calculate the extension of each spring for this weight.

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extension of spring Q = ...............................................................

extension of spring R = ...............................................................

[1]

* 0000800000006 *

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(iii) The unstretched length of each spring is 25 cm.

State and explain which spring would be more suitable for the baby bouncer in Fig. 2.1.

spring ................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

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[Total: 7]

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows a portable shower used on a campsite. The bag is filled with water. The water is
heated using infrared radiation from the Sun.

shower bag
painted black

showerhead
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Fig. 3.1

(a) (i) Explain why the shower bag is painted black.

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain a disadvantage of radiation from the Sun being the only source to heat the
water.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Solar energy is a renewable energy resource.

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State two other renewable energy resources.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
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* 0000800000008 *

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(c) During the day, the Sun shines on the shower bag and some of the energy in the infrared
radiation from the Sun transfers to the thermal energy stores of the water.

The water absorbs 60% of the energy incident on the bag. The temperature of the water rises
from 10 °C to 43 °C.

The mass of the water in the bag is 40 kg. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the energy incident on the shower bag during the day.

Show your working.

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energy = ......................................................... [4]

[Total: 8]

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* 0000800000009 *
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4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a ray of light as it enters the side of a plastic block. The ray of light passes
from air into the plastic.

normal plastic block

r = 30°
i = 45°
air

ray of light
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Fig. 4.1

(i) State how the speed, wavelength and frequency of the wave in the plastic block compare
with their values in the air.

speed: ...............................................................................................................................

wavelength: .......................................................................................................................

frequency: .........................................................................................................................
[2]
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(ii) Show that the refractive index of the plastic is 1.4.

Show your working.

[1]
(iii) Calculate the critical angle for the plastic.
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critical angle = ......................................................... [2]

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* 0000800000010 *

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(b) Fig. 4.2 shows the same plastic as in (a) used to make an optical fibre. A ray of light is passing
along the fibre.

Fig. 4.2

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(i) Carefully continue the ray of light P until it reaches the other end of the fibre. [2]

(ii) State two uses for optical fibres.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 9]

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* 0000800000011 *
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5 Fig. 5.1 shows a metal sphere S. The sphere has been charged with a negative charge.

S
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Fig. 5.1

(a) (i) There is an electric field around sphere S.

On Fig. 5.1, draw four field lines to show the pattern of the field and indicate the direction
of the field with arrows on the lines. [2]

(ii) Fig. 5.2 shows a position X next to sphere S.

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A small negatively charged particle is placed at position X.

X S

Fig. 5.2

State the direction of the force on the negatively charged particle at X due to the electric
field around sphere S.
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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The negatively charged particle at X is released from rest.

Describe the motion of the small negatively charged particle due to the electric field
around sphere S.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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* 0000800000012 *

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(b) Fig. 5.3 shows sphere S being spray painted. Sphere S is negatively charged. As the paint
particles exit the wide nozzle of the paint sprayer, they become charged with a positive
charge.

paint sprayer paint particles

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positively
charged nozzle

Fig. 5.3

(i) Explain why the paint particles spread out when they leave the nozzle.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) The sphere can be painted by hand using a paintbrush.

Suggest and explain one advantage to using charged paint from a spray gun to paint
sphere S.

advantage .........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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[Total: 8]

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* 0000800000013 *
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6 (a) A car windscreen is covered in condensation (small droplets of water). Thermal energy is
used to remove the droplets of water. The thermal energy is provided by three resistors on
the windscreen.

Fig. 6.1 shows two possible circuits for the three resistors.

The three resistors are identical.

12 V car
battery
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12 V car
battery

Circuit A Circuit B

Fig. 6.1
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(i) Describe two advantages of using Circuit B.

1 .........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Describe, in terms of the water particles, the process by which the water droplets are
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removed from the car windscreen using the heater.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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* 0000800000014 *

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(b) Fig. 6.2 shows a circuit containing two resistors, P and Q. The circuit is powered by a 12 V
battery.

12 V

90 Ω

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70 Ω

Fig. 6.2

(i) Calculate the current in resistor Q.

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current = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the energy transferred electrically when the current calculated in (b)(i) is
present in resistor Q for 5 minutes.

energy = ......................................................... [3]

(iii) Energy is transferred from the battery by the electrical current.

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State the energy store in the battery.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.

total resistance = ......................................................... [2]

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[Total: 12]

* 0000800000015 *
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7 Fig. 7.1 shows a barrier at the entrance to a car park. The wooden barrier arm has a weight of
60 N which acts through the centre of gravity at the position shown on Fig. 7.1.

centre of gravity
d 1.7 m
wooden barrier arm

joint
pivot
soft iron bar A
weight of wooden barrier arm
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= 60 N

Fig. 7.1

(a) Initially the wooden barrier arm is horizontal.

(i) Using Fig. 7.1, calculate the clockwise moment of the weight of the wooden arm about
the pivot.
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clockwise moment = ................................................... Nm [1]

(ii) The wooden barrier arm is in equilibrium. The mass of the soft iron bar A is 23 kg.

Calculate the distance d between the pivot and the joint holding the soft iron bar A.
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distance d = ......................................................... [3]

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* 0000800000016 *

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(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a coil attached to a power supply placed below the soft iron bar A.

d 1.7 m

joint
pivot
soft iron bar A
weight
= 60 N

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power + coil
supply −

soft iron core

Fig. 7.2

(i) State and explain what happens to the wooden barrier arm when the switch in the coil
circuit is closed.

statement ..........................................................................................................................

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explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) The switch is opened. An operator decreases the potential difference across the coil and
the switch is closed.

State and explain how the effect on the wooden barrier arm compares with the effect in

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(b)(i).

statement ..........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) A student suggests that the soft iron bar A is replaced by a steel bar. Explain why a steel
bar is less effective than a soft iron bar in the barrier.
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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]

* 0000800000017 *
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8 An isotope of boron is used in the treatment of cancer in the brain.

Boron sticks to cancer cells in the brain.

(a) The isotope of boron is bombarded with neutrons then undergoes fission to form lithium and
alpha‑particles.

(i) Describe one difference between fission and fusion.

...........................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) A nucleus of boron (B) contains 5 protons and 5 neutrons. Complete the nuclide equation
for this fission reaction.

......... ......... .........

.........
B + 10 n .........
Li + .........
α
[3]

(b) The alpha‑particles destroy the cancer cells. Suggest and explain one reason why alpha
particles are more suitable than gamma radiation for use in this treatment of brain cancer.
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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Other cancers are treated with gamma radiation. Describe one safety precaution a nurse or
radiologist takes during this treatment.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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[Total: 7]
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* 0000800000018 *

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9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a diagram of a transverse wave.

Q
wave

P S
R V

T
U

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Fig. 9.1

From Fig. 9.1, identify all the lengths which represent one wavelength.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Hydrogen in a very distant galaxy emits electromagnetic radiation which is observed on the
Earth.

Scientists on the Earth measure the wavelength of the radiation from the very distant galaxy.
The wavelength is 918 nm.

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On the Earth, hydrogen in the laboratory emits electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 656 nm.

Name the effect that the scientists observe and state what this shows about the very distant
galaxy.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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* 0000800000019 *
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(c) Table 9.1 shows a wavelength of electromagnetic radiation from hydrogen observed in the
laboratory and from three galaxies.

The galaxies are at different distances from the Earth.

Table 9.1

object wavelength of hydrogen from object,

observed on the Earth / nm
gas tube in laboratory 656
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nearby galaxy 667

distant galaxy 750
very distant galaxy 918

Describe what Table 9.1 shows about the motions of the galaxies and state what this suggests
is happening to the Universe.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 5]
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* 0000800000020 *

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10 (a) Stars more massive than the Sun can eventually form black holes.

Describe how a black hole can be formed from a more massive star.

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The star system V404 Cygni contains a black hole. The system is approximately
7800 light‑years from the Earth.

(i) Describe what is meant by a light‑year.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) Calculate the approximate distance from V404 Cygni to the Earth in km.

distance = ................................................... km [2]

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[Total: 6]

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