TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT 1: NOUNS ............................................................................................................................. 3

A. CLASSIFICATION .......................................................................................................................... 3
1. Countable and Uncountable Nouns ..................................................................................... 3
2. Singular Nouns and Plural Nouns ......................................................................................... 4
3. Practice .................................................................................................................................5
B. PREFIX – SUFFIX .......................................................................................................................... 6
1. Rules to Add Prefixes & Suffixes ........................................................................................... 6
2. Practice .................................................................................................................................8
C. PRONOUNS .................................................................................................................................9
D. QUANTIFIERS ............................................................................................................................11
E. A/ AN/ THE ...............................................................................................................................15
1. “A / AN” ...............................................................................................................................15
2. “THE”....................................................................................................................................15
3. No articles ..........................................................................................................................15
4. Practice...............................................................................................................................16
UNIT 2: ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS ................................................................................................. 17
A. ADJECTIVE .................................................................................................................................17
B. ADVERB .....................................................................................................................................19
1. Classification .......................................................................................................................19
2. Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs........................................................................................19
3. Function ..............................................................................................................................20
C. PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................................20
UNIT 3: APPLY PARTS OF SPEECH IN IELTS READING .................................................................... 24
UNIT 4: SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT ........................................................................................ 27
UNIT 5: TENSES ........................................................................................................................... 34
A. PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS ..............................................................................34
1. The Present Simple Tense (thì Hiện tại đơn).......................................................................35
2. The Present Continuous Tense (thì Hiện tại tiếp diễn) .......................................................36
B. PRESENT PERFECT, PAST SIMPLE .............................................................................................37
1. The Present Perfect Tense (thì Hiện tại hoàn thành) ..........................................................37
2. The Past Simple Tense (thì Quá khứ đơn) ...........................................................................38
3. The Present Perfect Tense vs The Past Simple Tense .........................................................39

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 C. FUTURE TENSES ........................................................................................................................40
D. REVIEW + OTHER TENSES .........................................................................................................41
E. SUPPLY THE CORRECT VERB FORMS ........................................................................................49
UNIT 6: VERB PATTERNS ............................................................................................................. 54
A. SUPPLY THE CORRECT VERB FORMS ........................................................................................54
1. VERB + TO-INFINITIVE .........................................................................................................54
2. VERB + O + TO-INFINITIVE ..................................................................................................55
3. GERUND ..............................................................................................................................55
4. S + V + TO-Vbare or GERUND..............................................................................................55
5. To + V-ing ............................................................................................................................56
6. AFTER PREPOSITION ...........................................................................................................56
UNIT 7: CONJUNCTIONS .............................................................................................................. 59
A. TYPE OF SENTENCES .................................................................................................................60
B. CONJUNCTIONS ........................................................................................................................61
C. PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................................61
UNIT 8: PASSIVE VOICE ............................................................................................................... 64
A. PASSIVE FORM ..........................................................................................................................64
B. SPECIAL PASSIVE FORM ............................................................................................................64
C. PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................................65
UNIT 9: COMPARISON ................................................................................................................. 72
A. COMPARING ADJECTIVES/ ADVERBS .......................................................................................72
B. COMPARING QUANTIFIER + NOUN ..........................................................................................73
C. COMPARISON OF EQUALITY ....................................................................................................73
D. DOUBLE COMPARATIVE ...........................................................................................................73
UNIT 10: RELATIVE CLAUSE ......................................................................................................... 78
A. RELATIVE CLAUSE .....................................................................................................................78
B. OMIT RELATIVE PRONOUN ......................................................................................................80
C. PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................................80
UNIT 11: CONDITIONAL CLAUSE .................................................................................................. 85
A. TYPE 1: REAL IN THE FUTURE ...................................................................................................85
B. TYPE 2: UNREAL IN THE PRESENT.............................................................................................85

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 UNIT 1: NOUNS

A. CLASSIFICATION

Singular nouns
Countable nouns
NOUN Plural nouns
Uncountable nouns

1. Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
(Danh từ đếm được) (Danh từ không đếm được)

Generally have a singular and plural form: Cannot be plural:

a house ® two houses advice (NOT advices)
a ruler ® many rulers equipment (NOT equipments)
a pupil ® a lot of pupils weather (NOT weathers)

* Note: * Note:

Some countable nouns only have plural Some uncountable nouns look plural but
form: scissors, clothes, trousers, ... they are not:

Some countable nouns look singular but they • Subject: Physics, Maths, Economics,
are not: Linguistics, ...

• Police • Nation: The United States, The

Philippines, The Netherlands, ...
• Staff
• Disease: rabies, diabetes, measles
• Poultry
• Others: news, chaos, ...
• Cattle

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2. Singular Nouns (N1) and Plural Nouns (N2)

Examples Special notes

a cup ® cups
N2 = N1 + -s a work ® works
an experience ® experiences

a dish ® dishes
N2 = N1 + -es
a church ® churches
(N1 kết thúc s, sh, ch, x, z)
a box ® boxes

a storey ® stories
N1 = .....-y -> N2 = .....-ies a roof ® ..............
a lady ® ladies
a key ® ..............
a half ® halves a photo ® ..............
N1 = ....-f/fe -> N2 = ....-ves
a knife ® knives a piano ® ..............
a radio ® ..............
N1 = .....-o -> N2 = .....-oes a potato ® potatoes

Irregular Nouns

a child ® children
N1 # N2 a woman ® women
a medium ® media

a sheep ® sheep
a craft ® craft
N1 = N2 a fish ® fish
*a species ® species
*a means ® means

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3. Practice
Exercise 1: Add the nouns in the box into the table in the correct group. If the word is countable,
you also need to change it to a plural form.

advice newspaper cake money news

leaf knowledge Linguistics charateristic language
homelessness university equipment situation sport

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

cake -> cakes money

newspaper -> newspapers news

Exercise 2: Fill in the gaps with the words from the table below in the correct form. If the word is
countable, you may need to change it to a plural form.

advice challenge information situation

electricity equipment coffee product

1. The ______________ that you gave us was really helpful.

2. Look at the bills from last month, the water and heating ones were ok, but the
________________ was unbelievably high.
3. An overhead light, a camera and a good laptop with a stable Internet connection are all the
______________ a livestreamer needs.
4. I’ve faced many ______________ in my life, but none as difficult as this.
5. We need more _____________ about our final exam, like how many Units do we have to study.
6. Studies have shown that ice creams, tea and ______________ can significantly boost your mood.
7. There are certain ______________ when you must defend yourself, such as being bullied.
8. We aim to develop more quality ______________ over the coming year.

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 Exercise 3: There are seven errors in the answer below. Listen and correct the errors in the
text.

Describe a nice meal that you remember.

You should say:
• What you ate
• Where you went
• What the occasion was
And say why you liked it

Last year, I went to a wonderful restaurant overlooking the river in my city, Marseille, with a
group of friends: The special occasion was my friend's 21st birthday and we decided to go out for
dinner. We wanted to eat a beef because this restaurant is famous for meat, but as we arrived late,
they didn't have many beefs left. Instead, we ate bouillabaisse which is a kind of seafood stew
containing a fish and shellfish. I had a couple of glasses of orange juice. For dessert we each had a
slice of birthday cakes which the restaurant had made especially for my friend. The cake had 21
candle and my friend blew them all out in one go so she made much wishes for the future. We had
so many fun that night.

B. PREFIX – SUFFIX
Lead in: Match these common prefixes to their meanings:
1. anti-war # pro-war a. again
2. non-smoker b. former
3. reorganization c. not enough; below
4. ex-wife d. bad(ly); wrong(ly)
5. malpractice; misunderstand e. against # in favour of
6. underground f. ahead; before
7. forecast g. relating to yourself or it self
8. eco-friendly h. two or twice
9. bilingual i. relating to the environment
10. autobiography; self-discipline; self-esteem j. not

1. Rules to Add Prefixes & Suffixes

- Use hyphen (-) when adding prefix to a common noun.
e.g. pro-american, anti-religion, etc.
- Hyphen is must to be used after prefixes Self and Ex.
e.g. self-dependent, self-esteem, ex-husband, etc.

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 - When adding a Prefix, do not change the spelling of the original word or root word.
e.g. undo, disappear, irrelevant, cooperation, irrational, etc.
Prefix Meaning Examples
antivirus (n): kháng virut
against
anti- antibiotic (n): kháng sinh
(chống/kháng lại)
anti-social hour (n): (làm) trái giờ
self autopilot (n): chế độ bay tự động
auto-
(tự thân, tự phát) autofocus (n): chế độ lấy nét tự động
again or back rewrite (v): viết lại
re-
(lại) resend (v): gửi lại
too much overreact (v): phản ứng thái quá
over-
(quá, vượt mức, trên …) overweight (adj): thừa cân
misunderstand (v): hiểu sai
Badly or wrongly
mis- mislead (v): khiến ai đó tin vào điều
(sai)
không đúng
outrun (v): chạy nhanh hơn
more or better than others
out- outnumber (v): có số lượng nhiều hơn
(quá ..., hơn ...)
outperform (v): làm tốt hơn
together co-exist(v): cùng tồn tại
co-
(cùng…) co-operate (v): hợp tác, cùng làm việc
go down or make less devalue (v): mất giá
de-
(giảm, làm ít đi) degenerate (v): thoái hóa
earlier, before foresee (v): nhìn thấy trước (tương lai)
fore-
(trước, sớm) foreleg (n): chân trước của động vật
before prejudge (v): vội phán xét
pre-
(trước) pretest (v): thử, kiểm tra trước
under/below substandard (adj): dưới mức tiêu chuẩn
sub-
(dưới) subway (n): tàu điện ngầm
above, over, beyond, excellent supermarket (n): siêu thị
super-
(siêu, vượt trên ...) superman (n): siêu nhân
not enough underdeveloped (adj): kém phát triển
under-
(không đủ) underfunded (adj): cấp không đủ vốn
reverses the meaning of the (v) ~ contrast disappear (v): biến mất
dis-
(chỉ sự đối nghịch, trái ngược) dishonest (adj): không trung thực

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 Suffix Meaning Examples
state or quality democracy (n): dân chủ
-acy
(chỉ trạng thái, tình trạng hay chất lượng) accuracy (n): tính chính xác
act or process of refusal (n): sự từ chối
-al
(chỉ hành động, quá trình) survival (n): sự sống sót
place or state of being kingdom (n): vương quốc
-dom
(chỉ nơi chốn hoặc trạng thái tồn tại) freedom (n): sự tự do
someone or something that performs an
-er, - professor (n): giáo sư
action
or heater (n): máy sưởi
(chỉ người hoặc vật làm một công việc cụ thể)
doctrine, belief terrorism (n): chủ nghĩa khủng bố
-ism
(chỉ giáo điều, niềm tin, đảng phái) communism (n): chủ nghĩa cộng sản
-ity, - quality of inactivity (n): trạng thái không hoạt động
ty (chỉ trạng thái hay chất lượng) brutality (n): sự tàn bạo
condition of argument (n): sự tranh luận
-ment
(chỉ tình trạng, điều kiện) achievement (n): thành tựu
state of being sadness (n): sự buồn bã
-ness
(thường ghép với tính từ, chỉ trạng thái) tiredness (n): sự mệt mỏi
condition of argument (n): sự tranh luận
-ship
(chỉ tình trạng, điều kiện) achievement (n): thành tựu

2. Practice
Exercise 1: In the sentences below complete each word with a prefix chosen from the following
list. You may use your dictionary.

re- post- over- pre- super-

1. We hope the bus won’t be ________________ crowded.

2. Do you think the Mayor will be ________________ elected for a second time?
3. After he got a Ph.D. in Chemistry, he did _____________ doctoral work at Oxford University.
4. He took________________ cautions against burglary by installing an alarm.
5. The tourist guide promised the tourists that they would get a ________________ fund if they
did not like the trip.
6. He added a ________________script at the end of the letter.
7. The sonic ________________plane flies from New York to Paris in two hours and forty minutes.

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Homework:
PREFIXES: un-, de-, dis-, mis- and mal-. Look at the following chart.
Write the opposite meanings of the words in the table provided. Study the chart before doing this
exercise. Be sure to use your dictionary if you need help.

acceptable unacceptable
spelled
quoted
practice
populated
connect
agreement

• Use the words in the table above to fill in the blank.

1. The proposal for the new bridge is ______________.
2. The discussion ended up with most people in ______________.
3. You have _____________ too many words.
4. The phone company will ____________ your telephone soon.
5. Due to the deaths of several patients, a lawyer was sent to investigate the doctor’s -
_______________.
6. The author was angry because he was _______________ in the newspaper.
7. The province was ______________ after the war.

C. PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns
Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Subjective Objective
adjectives + N pronouns + N pronouns
pronouns pronouns
I Me My Mine Myself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Itself

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* Note:
- Countable Noun can be replaced by a singular or plural pronoun:
e.g. I like that curtain. It has a nice colour.
e.g. The plates seem cheap. I could break them all.
- Uncountable Noun can be replaced by a singular pronoun only:
e.g. Broadcast the news now. It’s not pleasant but people need to hear it.

Exercise 1: Choose the correct words.

1. I go to school with (he/ him) every day.
2. I see (she/ her/ herself) at University every Friday.
3. She speaks to (we/ us/ ourselves) every morning.
4. Isn’t (she/ her) a nice person?
5. Your record is scratched and (mine/it) is, too.
6. (We/ Us) are going camping over the weekend.
7. Mr. Jones cut (him/ himself) shaving.
8. John and (she/ her) gave the money to the boy.
9. John bought (himself/ herself/ his) a new coat.
10. John (he/ himself) went to the meeting.
11. John, you (yourself/ yourselves) have to do it.
12. Mary and (I/ me/ mine) would rather to the movies.
13. “Can I take another biscuit?” - “Of course. Help (you/ yourself).”
14. Could you lend me your ruler? (I/ Mine/ Me) has just been broken.
15. This parcel is for George and (I/ me).
16. To (us/ we), it seems like a good bargain.

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Homework: Find and correct 13 places where nouns could be replaced with the pronouns in the
box to make the email sound more natural.
he (x5) him himself it it(x2)
mine they us yours

D. QUANTIFIERS

Nouns

Singular Plural Uncountable

A/ an Many Much
Every A (great/ huge) number of An amount of
Each The (great/ huge) number of The (great/ huge) amount of
Few/ a few Little/ a little
Several

All/ a lot of/ lots of/ a plenty of/ a variety of/ some
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Exercise 1: Choose the correct answers.
1. Let's have a break. Would you like to have ……………. coffee?
A. any B. many C. little D. some
2. …………….. have trouble with mathematics.
A. A large rather number of student C. A rather large number of student
B. A large rather number of students D. A rather large number of students
3. Look! There are ……………. left over there.
A. a little seat B. much seats C. many seat D. a few seats
4. I am in trouble. Would you mind giving me …………….?
A. a few advice B. some advice C. advices D. several advices
5. ……………. necessary.
A. A lot of the information are C. Some informations are
B. All the information is D. Many of the informations are
6. Do you serve …………….?
A. some vegetarian dishes C. many vegetarian dish
B. any vegetarian dishes D. vegetarian dish
7. It requires ………….. reading.
A. few B. a few C. many D. an amount of
8. In this hotel, …………….. has its own private bathroom.
A. All bedroom C. Every bedrooms
B. A plenty of bedroom D. Every bedroom
9. He was not offered the job because he knew ……………… about Information Technology.
A. a little B. little C. many D. a few
10. He wrote the answer on ……………… and threw it to me.
A. a pieces of paper C. piece of papers
B. a piece of paper D. pieces of papers
Exercise 2: Fill in the gaps with few, little, many, much, amount or number.
The 1 ______________ of money each person needs depends on 2 ______________ factors,
including age, sex, and greed. A person in their teenage years might require an 3_____________ of
about 50 pounds per week for pocket money. However, for most people of working age, as 4
_____________ as 500 pounds per week might be adequate. Men and women might differ in their
choice of purchase, but a large 5 ______________ of them are shopaholics and 6 _______________
latest items and trends will escape their attention. Billionaires often say that money doesn't matter,
but very 7 _______________ ordinary people would agree with that. When having to struggle to
make ends meet, as 8 ______________ as a 5 pounds increase for an hourly rate would be vital for
a worker.

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 With that being said, 9 ____________ labour unions have been fighting for the workforce to
improve their pay and 10 _____________ effort is required to make life for workers more
comfortable. For greedy corporations and multinational companies, in order to maximise their
profits, 11 ______________ costs have to be cut, and unfortunately these include the tiny 12
______________ of cash that their workers receive per hour. Managers and CEOs even argue that
the minimum wage system has worked so well to ensure that 13 _______________ employees
receive too 14 _____________ pay to spend on alcohols and drugs. Needless to say, that argument
has led to 15 _______________ rage and 16 ______________ respect from the general workforce.

Exercise 3: Read the following extract from an advertisement about a town and its
accommodation. Decide if the underlined quantity expressions are correct or not. Correct them if
they are wrong.
Our town was built in 1948, when the area was still relatively new. 1 Few tourists knew of this
town by then but the location made it very popular to 2 much people seeking medical attention since
it's home to one of the most highly advanced hospital in the entire region. Don't be shocked when
you get off the plane just to find yourself surrounded by 3 any trees since the town is situated in the
middle of the great forest. 4 A little people might find the peace and tranquility a bit boring, but 5
any will eventually realise the charm of this place.
The accommodation that you chose is a 4- star hotel so there is 6 anything solid about our
services that will surely please most people. There are 7 few rooms with ensuite toilets and are all
equipped with washing machines and ironing boards. Besides, 8 no hotel in the entire region will
ever match our level of cleanliness and food services since 9 a few of our staff are well-trained and
10 a lot of our cooks even attend competitions abroad once every year! We also have 11 an amount
of gyms to choose from and a large swimming pool. The area is blessed with 12 a few variety of birds
so you will be pleasantly surprised to wake up in the morning and see 13 a large amount of birds
singing their beautiful tunes to you.

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Exercise 4: Fill in the gaps with words from the box.

both each every my neither none

this that that those their

Each
My hometown is smaller than London, but there are some similarities. 1 ___________ of the
two cities is famous for its architecture. For example, 2 ___________ Kuala Lumpur and London have
tall, modern buildings, set amongst older historical buildings. Although both cities have rivers running
through them, 3 _________ city is by the sea, which is a shame, as I think some of the most beautiful
cities in the world are by the sea.
4 __________ major city in the world has one thing in common - being large and busy – and
5____________ is true of both London and Kuala Lumpur. In fact, some people don't like my city
because it is so noisy and busy, but 6 ___________ is one reason why I love it.
A lot of city markets take place in the day-time, but in 7 ____________ home city they don't
open until it's dark! Malaysians tend to buy all their groceries at the night markets. In London people
tend to use supermarkets for 8 __________ food shopping.
It is always hot in Kuala Lumpur, but London can get very cold. 9 ____________'s probably why
you get outdoor restaurants all over Kuala Lumpur all year round whereas in London there are almost
10 _____________ in the winter.

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E. A/ AN/ THE
1. “A / AN”
+ Dùng trước danh từ số ít, không xác định, hoặc được nhắc đến lần đầu trong câu.
e.g. Morocco is a country in Africa.
Sue is an assistant.
+ Dùng "A" trước danh từ bắt đầu bằng phụ âm.
+ Dùng "AN" trước:
- danh từ bắt đầu bằng nguyên âm U, E, O, A, I
- danh từ bắt đầu bằng "H" câm (an heir/ hour/ herbal)
- một chữ viết tắt (an S.O.S/ an M.C)
* Note: danh từ mở đầu bằng "uni..." phải dùng "A" (a university/ a uniform/ a union)

2. “THE”
+ Dùng trước danh từ đã xác định hoặc được nhắc đến lần thứ hai trong câu.
e.g. The girl in blue is so attractive
I saw a car driver down the street. The driver was driving very quickly.
+ Dùng trước so sánh nhất hoặc thứ tự. (The best day, the only way, the last time, …)
+ Dùng với những vật duy nhất. (the Earth, the sun,…)
+ Dùng trước danh từ số ít để tượng trưng cho một nhóm con vật hoặc đồ vật.
(The whale = whales (loài cá voi), the deep-freeze (thức ăn đông lạnh)
+ Dùng trước một tính từ để chỉ một nhóm người trong xã hội. (The old = The old people)

3. No articles (không dùng mạo từ)

+ Trước danh từ chỉ chung. (uncountable / plural)
e.g. Flowers grow in spring.
+ Trước ngôn ngữ, môn thể thao, bữa ăn trong ngày, môn học và hầu hết các quốc gia.
e.g. Spanish is an easy language to learn.
I like to watch baseball and play basketball.
I usually have a cup of coffee for breakfast.
Vietnam is in Southeast Asia.
+ Một số trường hợp đặc biệt. (by + phương tiện/ go home / go to school / at university)

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4. Practice
Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with “A, AN or Ø”.
1. ……… beef is a kind of meat.
2. ……… animal needs a regular supply of food.
3. ……… tennis is a sport.
4. ……… tennis player has to practice long hours.
5. ……… island is a piece of land surrounded by water.
6. ……… bridge is a structure that spans a river.
7. ……… health is one of the most important things in life.
8. ……… adjective is a word that modifies a noun.
9. ……… water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen.
10. ……… knowledge is a source of power.
11. ……… homework is a necessary part of a course of study.
12. ……… grammar is interesting and fun.
13. ……… English is used in airports throughout much of the world.
14. ……… air is free.
15. ……… fruit is good for you.
16. ……… orange is green until it ripens.
17. ……… iron is a metal.
18. ……… iron is an appliance used to take wrinkles out of cloth.
19. ……… basketball is round.
20. ……… basketball is a sport.

Exercise 2: In some of these sentences, there is a mistake with articles. Underline each mistake
and write the correction.
1. My father likes the classical music and listens to it all the time. → the classical music
2. I saw a man sitting in a restaurant. A woman came and joined him, but the man got up
and left without speaking to her! _________
ü
3. Sun was shining and it was a lovely day. __________________
4. I can play piano. __________________
5. I come from United Arab Emirates. __________________
6. I've applied to study at the University of Edinburgh. __________________
7. I usually go to work by the bus. __________________
8. My husband is doctor. __________________
9. Sorry I'm late - car wouldn't start this morning. __________________
10. I'm going to take a cruise down river Nile. __________________
11. I once saw a cat wearing a pink coat and boots! __________________
12. My husband collects the antiques. He's always going to auctions. ______________

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 UNIT 2: ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
A. ADJECTIVE
** Look at the pictures below and try to guess how do they feel.

→ Adjectives help express the tone, feelings, and emotions of words.

1. CLASSIFICATION

O S A S C O M P

OPINION SIZE AGE SHAPE COLOR ORIGIN MATERIAL PURPOSE

beautiful big old round brown Chinese wooden dining
…………. …………. …………. …………. …………. …………. …………. ………….
…………. …………. …………. …………. …………. …………. …………. ………….
…………. …………. …………. …………. …………. …………. …………. ………….
…………. …………. …………. …………. …………. …………. …………. ………….

Gradable (có cấp độ) Non-gradable (không có cấp độ)

è extremely beautiful reddish (NOT fairly red)
(completely, incredibly, absolutely,
definitely, totally, amazingly,…)
è bigger / biggest
è quite old
(rather, pretty, very, …)

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 1.1. Function

Structures Examples

A/ An/ The/ + ADJ + N A big ancient wooden shelf

S + Linking Verb + ADJ

You look beautiful today.
(to be, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem,
I am getting old.
appear, get, become, turn, keep, stay, remain)

S + V + O + ADJ
I find this movie interesting.
(find, make, consider, leave, keep, hold)

1.2. Suffix

Adjective suffixes Example Adjective suffixes Example

-able understandable -less careless
-al cultural -like childlike
-ful awful * -ly timely/ lovely/ friendly
-ic economic -ous dangerous
-ish selfish -y rainy/ snowy/ sunny
-ive active -ed / -ing Interested/ interesting

* Note:
• -ly: look like an adverb but actually an adjective
• Adj-ed: How we feel/ our current status
• Adj-ing: describe the things or people that cause the feelings, or the nature it
e.g. I’m interested in that interesting man

I feel interested. That man’s personality

causes me to feel interested
to talk to him, or that man’s
vibe is so interesting.

18
B. ADVERB
1. Classification
v Manner is often formed by adding -ly to the adjective form:
glad → gladly, amazing → amazingly
They usually come AFTER the verb (and object, if there is one):
e.g. I did it carefully. NOT I did carefully it.
v Place is usually put AFTER the verb:
e.g. She was there first.
I sit close to the windows.
v Time such as today, tomorrow, now, since 2020, for 10 minutes can be put at the start or the
end of a clause:
e.g. Now it's time for the rocket to launch. (or The rocket will launch now).
v Frequency usually comes BEFORE the verb, but AFTER be or an auxiliary verb:
e.g. I usually walk to work.
She has always enjoyed a walk at night.
v Intensity affects the strength of adjectives or adverbs after it.
fairly, quite very, highly absolutely
rather extremely completely
pretty really totally

Weaker adverbs Stronger adverbs

2. Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs

ADJ ADV NOTE
good well
fast fast
pretty pretty
straight straight
likely likely
yearly yearly
early early
late late # lately (=recently)
hard hard # hardly (ever) (almost never)
right right # rightly (# wrongly)
high high # highly (= very/ at a high standard, level)
close close # closely (near in relationship/carefully)
near near # nearly (= almost) # nearby (adj) (adv)

19
 3. Function

1 Bổ nghĩa cho động từ He speaks English fluently.

2 Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ I had a very pleasant life there.

3 Bổ nghĩa cho trạng từ She acts too badly.

4 Bổ nghĩa cho cả câu Luckily, he passed the final examination.

C. PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Choose the correct word to complete each of the following sentences
1. I had such a ________________ day I went straight to bed. (tired / tiring)
2. Everyone's very ________________ about the news. (excited / exciting)
3. That lamp produces a very ________________ effect. (pleased / pleasing)
4. I don't like watching ________________ films on my own. (depressed / depressing)
5. I was ________________ when she told me she'd got divorced. (amazed / amazing)
6. He's such a ________________ guy. He only ever talks about himself. (bored / boring)
7. I'm very ________________ in films and theatre. (interested / interesting)
8. It was a very ________________ situation. (interested / interesting)
9. He's always showing off. It's really ________________. (annoyed / annoying)
10. I think Alex is one of the most ________________ people I've ever met. He can't keep still
for a second. (annoyed / annoying)

Exercise 2: Write the missing verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The underlining means the stress
patterns of these vocabulary.
1. Increase (n) - ___________ (v) - ____________ (adj) - ___________ (adv)
2. Decline (n) - ___________ (v) - ___________ (adj) - ___________ (adv)
3. Decrease (n) - ___________ (v) - ___________ (adj) - ___________ (adv)
4. Sharp (adj) - ___________ (adv)
5. Slight (adj) - ___________ (adv)
6. ___________ (adj) – steeply (adv)
7. Steady (adj) - ___________ (adv)
8. Dramatic (adj) - ___________ (adv)
9. Impressive (adj) - ___________ (adv)
10. Considerable (adj) - ___________ (adv)

20
Now, fill in the missing blanks with the vocabulary above. It is important to learn how to use
different forms of the same word.
1.

a. Sales of mooncakes showed a ______ rise

between 2019 and 2021.
b. Sales of mooncakes increased _______
between 2019 and 2021.

2.

a. The number of equipment dropped

________ in the time period of 2015 and
2019.
b. The number of equipment showed a
________ decline between 2015 and
2019.

3.

a. The number of beverages sold showed a

_________ increase from 1975 to 2015.
b. Sales of carbonated beverages increased
__________ in the 40-year period.

4.

a. The figure witnessed a __________ rise from

January to March, followed by a _________
decline and show rise from May to September.
b. The number of traffic offences rose ________
from January to March, then they declined
________ and rose _________ from May to
September.

5.

21
a. The number of divorce cases seemed to
increase __________ in the first quarter of
the year. When the lockdown was applied, it
rose __________ to more than 11,000 cases,
just to drop __________when the lockdown
was lifted.
b. There was a __________ increase from
January to April. From April, a _________
rise was witnessed, reaching 11,000 cases.
When the lockdown was lifted, there was a
________ drop.

22
Exercise 4: Read the test task and the students’ responses. Some of the adjectives they used are
underlined. If they are used correctly, put a tick ( ✓ ). if they are wrong, write the correct answer.
Describe a favorite place.
You should say:
• Where it is
• What kind of place it is
• What makes it special
And explain why you like it so much.

My favorite place is a 1 quiet little wood near my home town ✓

1 ………………………………..
in Indonesia. I like it because it is a 2 green peaceful place. It is peaceful green
2 ………………………………..
full of 3 old tall trees and there are lots 4 wild interesting 3 ………………………………..
animals. 4 ………………………………..
I’m going to tell you about my bedroom. I love it because it is
full of my things. The walls are painted with 5 blue yellow 5 ………………………………..
stripes, and there is a 6 wooden dark floor. There is a 7 lovely 6 ………………………………..
old photo of my family by my bed, and all my precious books 7 ………………………………..
are on the shelves.
My favorite place is the town I grew up in. It has 8 an ancient 8 ………………………………..
beautiful ruined castle and lots of 9 historical old buildings. 9 ………………………………..
The streets are 10 narrow winding, and there are lots of good 10 ………………………………
shops. It is 11 busy noisy, but I like that. I feel good there 11 ………………………………
because I have so many 12 childhood happy memories. 12 ………………………………

Homework: Underline the correct words.

Environmentalists and conservationists tell us that there are ways that each of us can help to 1
very reduce / greatly reduce our impact on the planet. We can 2 work hard / hardly work to conserve
energy and we can invest in equipment to help us create our own power. People 3 say often / often
say that they want to save the planet, but the only way to do this is to 4 take immediately action /
take action immediately.
It is 5 really important / important really for individuals to 6 responsibly act / act responsibly
and try to reduce their contribution to greenhouse gases. There are several ways we can do this. For
example there are mini wind turbines that you 7 can install easily / easily can install on your roof as
well as very efficient solar panels that 8 work good / work well all year round to provide electricity.
But if this is all too expensive, there are other ways to conserve energy that actually save you
money. In cooler weather, simply keep the heat 9 inside safely / safely inside by closing doors after
you so that the warmth doesn't escape. It is 10 absolutely essential / very essential that we all take
this seriously and do our best to lead a more sustainable life.

23
 UNIT 3: APPLY PARTS OF SPEECH IN
IELTS READING
Exercise 1: Identify word form ( Verb (Vbare , V-ing , Vs ); Noun (Nplu , Nsing , Nuc , N ); ADJ ).

1. ________ + N + _________
2. V + ___________
3. N + look + __________
4. N + make + N + ___________
5. A/an + __________
6. the + __________
7. a lot of/ a number of + ___________
8. ADV + ___________
9. to + _________
10. prep (in/on/at/of…..) + __________
11. be + __________
12. one of the + ___________
13. You can hire (bike/ bikes)
14. Identify the word forms for the underlining words in the sentence below.
It’s a system to ensure that support for the best site snowballs.

Exercise 2: Read the text below and answer Questions 1-5.

The first zoo is believed to have been in Egypt in around 3500 BC. Early collections of animals on
display often belonged to royalty. King Henry I of England had lions, leopards and camels. He had
received them as gifts. Prior to the 1990s, the main purpose of zoos was for entertainment. They
existed to give people the chance to see animals they could not see in the wild. In 1959, famous
wildlife expert Gerald Durrell opened the first zoo which put conservation of animals first.
From the 1990s, zoos began to see their main role as saving the most threatened species. Each
zoo focuses on a small number of species. Often the aim is to reintroduce endangered species
into their natural habitats and teach them how to live in the wild. When they are ready, they are
taken to protected forests to live naturally.
Now that we have a better understanding of animals, zoos try to recreate natural habitats of
animals as accurately as possible. For example, polar bears live in a plain, white open space. Zoos
try to provide 'enrichment' for the animals to improve their well being. This includes climbing
frames, feeding puzzles, unusual objects and different types of food.

Questions 1-5: Complete the notes below.

24
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
• Before the 1990s, zoos existed mainly for 1. _______
• The first zoo to focus on protecting animals was started by 2. ________
• Since the 1990s a number of zoos have introduced programmes which aim to breed
threatened animals and return them to their 3._____________ . But first, the animals have
to learn how to survive in the 4. _______
• Zoos offer animals 5. ___________ by making it challenging for them to find their food,
providing them with climbing equipment, and even mixing them with other species.

Exercise 4: Read the text below and answer Questions 1-7.

FORMAL DRESS CODE FOR COMPANY EMPLOYEES

At Transit European, the company’s objective in establishing a formal dress code is to enable our
employees to show the professional image that is in keeping with the needs of our clients and
customers who seek our guidance, input, and professional services. Because our industry
requires the appearance of trusted business professionals and we serve clients at our site on a
daily basis, a more formal dress code is necessary for our employees.
Formal Dress Code Guidelines
In a formal business environment, the standard of dressing for men and women is a suit.
Alternatively, a jacket may be worn with appropriate accessories. Torn, dirty, or frayed clothing is
unacceptable. Clothing should be pressed and never wrinkled. No dress code can cover all
contingencies so employees must exert a certain amount of judgement in their choice of clothing
to wear to work. If you experience uncertainty, please ask your supervisor for advice.
Shoes and Footwear
Conservative walking shoes, dress shoes, loafers, boots, flats, dress heels, and backless shoes are
acceptable for work. Not wearing stockings or socks is inappropriate. Tennis shoes and any shoe
with an open toe are not acceptable in the office.
Accessories and Jewellery
The wearing of ties, scarves, belts, and jewellery is encouraged, provided they are tasteful. Items
which are flashy should be avoided.
Makeup, Perfume, and Cologne
A professional appearance is encouraged and excessive makeup is unprofessional. Remember
that some employees may have allergic reactions to the chemicals in perfumes and makeup, so
wear these substances in moderation.

25
 Hats and Head Covering
Hats are not appropriate in the office. Head covers that are required for reasons of faith or to
honour cultural tradition are permitted.
Dress Down Days
Certain days can be declared dress down days, generally Fridays. On these days, business casual
clothing is allowed. Clothing that has our company logo is strongly encouraged. Sports team,
university, and fashion brand names on clothing are generally acceptable. However, you may
wish to keep a jacket in your office in case a client unexpectedly appears.
Violation of Dress Code
If clothing fails to meet these standards, as determined by the employee’s supervisor, the
employee will be asked not to wear the inappropriate item to work again. If the problem
persists, the employee will receive a verbal warning and may be sent home to change clothes.

Questions 1-7: Complete the notes below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.

NOTES ON COMPANY DRESS CODE

Aim of formal dress code: to present a 1.................. to clients.
Acceptable types of formal clothing: jacket or suit.
State of clothes: they must be 2 .................... and never wrinkled.
Footwear: tennis shoes and open toe shoes are not allowed.
Accessories: ties, scarves, belts and jewellery may be worn - these must be 3 ................... and not
brightly coloured.
Make up: avoid wearing too much make up and perfume - these sometimes cause 4 ..............
Hats: hats should not be worn — head covers in line with religious reasons or 5 ................... are
allowed
Dressing down: casual clothing is allowed on some Fridays - clothing with the 6 ............... on it is
recommended.
Breaking the dress code: if advice is repeatedly ignored, a 7................... is given.

26
 UNIT 4: SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT
1. S1 + preposition + S2 + VS1
(Preposition: with/ along with/ together with/ combined with/ included with/ including/ as well as/
accompanied by/ in addition to)

2. Each/ Every + Nsingular + Vsingular

Each/ Every of + Nplural + Vsingular
All + Nplural + Vplural

3. Not only but also

Neither + S1 nor + S2 + VS2
Either or

e.g. Either the government or the car manufacturers need to make carbon emission reduction their
priority.

4. Both N1 and N2 + Vplural

e.g. Both wind power and solar power are alternative forms of energy.

5. Quantifiers + N + V (N)
e.g. A lot of students are listening.
A lot of money is spent on entertainment.

6. A number of (= some) + Nplural + Vplural

The number of + Nplural + Vsingular

7. There is/are + N

8. Noun + Vsingular
- Time, Money, Distance, Measurement, Weight, Title, Language

9. That clause
Wh clause + Vsingular
Ving

27
Exercise 1: Choose the correct verb form.
1. The picture of the soldiers (bring/ brings) back many memories.
2. Anything (is/ are) better than going to play tonight.
3. A number of reporters (was/ were) at the conference yesterday.
4. There (was/ were) some people at the meeting last night.
5. Each student (has/ have) answered the first three questions.
6. Either John or his wife (make/ makes) breakfast each morning.
7. The army (has/ have) eliminated this section of the training test.
8. These pictures as well as photographs (brighten/ brightens) the room.
9. Gymnastics (is/ are) my favorite sport.
10. The trousers you bought for me (doesn’t/ don’t) fit me.
11. Where (do/ does) your family live?
12. Three days (isn’t/ aren’t) long enough for a good holiday.
13. What he told you (seem/ seems) to be of no importance.
14. Measles (is/ are) cured without much difficulty nowadays.
15. Neither the moon nor stars (is/ are) visible in the dark night.
16. Wheat (is/ are) used to make flour.
17. The staff (was/ were) opposed to any change.
18. Fortunately, the news (wasn’t/ weren’t) as bad as we expected.
19. The list of items (is/ are) on the desk.
20. The politician, along with the newsmen, (is/ are) expected to come shortly.
21. Three miles (is/ are) too far to walk.
22. The colors of the rainbow (is/ are) beautiful.
23. Red Beans and Rice (is/ are) my mom’s favorite dish.
24. Few (was/ were) left alive after the flood.
25. Ten dollars (is/ are) a high price to pay.
26. Black or white (is/ are) your choice.
27. Each of the students (is/ are) responsible to do his or her work in the library.
28. My assets (was/ were) wiped out in the depression.
29. The average worker’s earnings (has/ have) gone up dramatically.
30. Our thanks (go/ goes) to the workers who supported the union.
31. Some of the votes (seem/ seems) to have been miscounted.
32. He seems to forget that there (is/ are) things to be done before he can graduate.
33. Some of the grain (appear/ appears) to be contaminated.
34. Diabetes (is/ are) a dangerous disease for pregnant women.
35. Excitement, as well as nervousness, (is/ are) the cause of her shaking.

28
Exercise 2: Look at the following graph and correct seven subjects + verb mistakes in the text
below it.

2020s

The graph show the amount of wildlife in gardens in cities in the UK from the 1980s to 2020s.
Overall, the number of birds and insects have increased, whereas the number of butterflies has
decreased. There was four million butterflies in UK city gardens in the 1980s. However, this
number have decreased rapidly from 2000s to 2020s and now butterflies is the least populous of
the three groups with only two million in UK city gardens. Both birds and insects have increased
steadily in quantity over the period. The quantity of birds has increased from 2.5 to 3.5 million and
insects has increased from 2.0 to 4.5 million. In general, it can be said that each decade have seen
a rise in bird and insect numbers.

Grammar tip: When you have to complete sentences, remember that the words you write in the
spaces must fit grammatically. Check for agreement between nouns and verbs.

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences 1-4 with words from the following text.

The problem with climate change

In general scientists agree that climate change is happening. However, the point that they
disagree on is the speed at which it is happening. For example, Professor Jenkins and Dr Brody at
Colombia University think that we are entering a period of rapid climate change, whereas some
climatologists from UCLA are of the opinion that the speed of climate change is likely to peak by 2020
and then slow down for the remainder of the 21st century as emissions from developing nations
stabilise. The fact that each group of scientists has a different opinion is difficult for people to
comprehend and has an effect on the general public's reactions to changes in the law related to
climate change. Both governments and scientists have tried to make the information on climate
change accessible to everyone but because of its complexity this has not been possible.
1. Neither Professor Jenkins nor Dr Brody _________ that climate change is slowing down.
2. _________ have the view that climate change will speed up over the next few years.
3. Difference of opinion _________ for the general public to understand.
4. Due to the fact that climate change data is complex, the _________ have not been able to
make climate change data accessible to people.
29
 PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Listen to a student conducting a survey on eating habits and complete the
dialogue below.
Simon: Excuse me, my name's Simon and I'm a dietician working here at the University. Would you
mind if I asked you some questions? I'm doing a survey for the Students Union on student
eating habits.
Jim: Oh really.
Simon: Yes, we're trying to find out how we can improve the (1)_________________ served in the
university canteens and cafes based on what students like to cook for themselves.
Jim: Right. Well, live a few minutes before class so yes, I can answer some questions.
Simon: Thanks a lot. Firstly, what's your name and what (2)_________________ are you studying?
Jim: I'm Jim and I'm doing Biology.
Simon: Okay. Now can you tell me how often you eat (3)_________________?
Jim: About once a week. The cost is really high these days so I can't afford to eat much meat.
Simon: Right. And what about fish and vegetables?
Jim: I don't like fish so that hardly features in my diet at all, but I often eat vegetables. In fact
both at (4)___________________ and for my evening meal I usually make meals from
vegetables as they’re quick and easy.
Simon: Mmm, that's a good idea. Do you think we should have more vegetable
(5)___________________ in the Students' Union canteens?
Jim: I think so because price is a big factor for students deciding to be vegetarian. If the
university served good quality vegetarian (6)___________________ they could make it
cheaper and this might attract more students
Simon: Yes, I see your point. Now, how would you evaluate your diet?
Jim: That's a good question! I know my diet contains far too much (7)___________________.
The problem is that I love fizzy (8)___________________ like coke and lemonade. I'm
pretty sure that that's where most of the sugar comes from. What I really have to do is to
try to find a way to stop this and drink some kind of juice or water instead.
Simon: Yes, you're right, that's what a dietician, nutritionist or doctor would recommend.
Jim: I know, I know. At the moment I don't drink enough (9)___________________ - on an
average day I only have a couple of (10)___________________.

30
Exercise 2: Fill in the missing gaps with the correct vocabulary from the box below, in their
correct forms.

rise increase decrease drop

slight impressive dramatic gradual
rapid sharp steep slow

1.
a. From January to May, the figure rose ______ from
roughly 25 to 50 million units. However, in the
following months, there was a relatively slow ______.
b. There was an ______ rise from January to May,
followed by a ______ climb in the following months.

2.
a. The figure improved ______from 2018 to 2020. At
the beginning of 2020, it accelerated ______,
reaching more than 200 courses by 2021.
b. There was a ______ improvement in the number
of courses sold from 2018 to 2020. afterwards, a
______ rise could be observed.

3.
a. The vegetables and fruits content increased
______ while the percentage of meat remained
relatively unchanged. However, the ratio of 2023

carbohydrates ______ dramatically/ strongly.

b. There was a ______ 6-folds ______ in vegetables
and fruits, and an even greater 9-times ______ in
carbohydrates content. Nevertheless, there was
roughly no change in the percentage of meat.

31
4.
a. At roughly 16 degrees in March, the temperature
______ marginally before ______ slightly in April. In
June, from 20 degrees, it skyrocketed to 37 degrees
Celsius in July before ______ sharply in the following
months.
b. There was a ______ rise in temperature in April
and remained constant until June. The month of July
witnessed an ______ increase as it reached 37
degrees before a rapid ______ could be observed in
the following months.

Exercise 3: Complete the following sentences using the present tense.

Topic: Some people choose to eat no meat or fish. They believe that this is not only
better for their own health but also benefits the world as a whole. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?

=> Disagree: We should eat meat & fish.

[Topic sentence – disagreement] [Example]

Excluding meat and fish/ lead to/ lack of certain/ nutrient. For example, Iron/ be best
absorb/ red meat. Therefore, diet/ without meat/ in the long run/ negatively affect/ human
development. …. [Conclusion]
(Việc loại bỏ thịt và cá dẫn đến sự thiếu 1 vài chất dinh dưỡng cụ thể. Ví dụ như sắt được hấp
thụ tốt nhất từ thịt đỏ. Vì vậy, bữa ăn ko có thịt trong thời gian dài ảnh hưởng xấu đến sự phát
triển của con người.)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Human/ be/ omnivore. Thus, meat + vegetable / should/ be included/ diet. Vegetarian/
be responsible for/ nutritional imbalance.
(Con người là động vật ăn tạp. Vì vậy, thịt và rau nên được bao gồm trong bữa ăn. Người ăn
chay phải chịu trách nhiệm cho sự mất cân bằng dinh dưỡng.)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Write your own opinion in 3 sentences. Agree or disagree?
• Topic sentence (giới thiệu là ủng hộ/ không ủng hộ vì LÍ DO gì)

32
 • Reason (tại sao lại vậy) / example (đưa ví dụ cho lí do trên)
• Result (kết luận)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

33
 UNIT 5: TENSES
A. PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Lead in 1: You are going to hear a woman interviewing a student for a survey about what people
do in their free time. Before you listen, look at the pictures. Which activities do you think the
student does in his free time?

Lead in 2: Listen and check if you were right.

Lead in 3: Listen again and decide if the following statements are true or false. If a statement
is false, write the correction.
1. Peter is waiting for his friends. .....................................................................................................
2. He isn’t studying much this month. .............................................................................................
3. His parents own a shop. ..............................................................................................................
4. He practises the guitar most mornings. ......................................................................................
5. He frequently uses the Internet. ................................................................................................
6. His cousin is living in America at the moment. ..........................................................................
7. Peter doesn’t support any football teams. ...............................................................................

Lead in 4: Look at your answers to Exercise 3 and answer these questions.

1. Which sentences are about a situation that is permanent or a fact? .........................
2. Which sentences are about everyday habits? .........................
3. Which sentence is about an action happening at the moment of speaking? .........................
4. Which sentences are about a temporary situation? .........................

34
1. The Present Simple Tense (thì Hiện tại đơn)
a. Form (Cấu trúc):

Affirmative form

Negative form

Interrogative form

b. Usage (Cách dùng):

• to talk about facts or generally accepted truths
Ex1: Water turns to ice at below 0°C.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
• to talk about regular habits or repeated actions
Ex1: He drinks tea at breakfast.
We frequently use cellphones to take photos.
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….

c. Tense marker: Adverbs of frequency

Normal Upgraded

Always
Often, usually
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
Every day/ week / month

35
2. The Present Continuous Tense (thì Hiện tại tiếp diễn)
a. Form (Cấu trúc):

Affirmative form

Negative form

Interrogative form

b. Usage (Cách dùng):

• to talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking
Tense marker: now, right now, at the moment, at this time, at present, Look!, Listen!,
Be careful! = Watch out! = Look out!, Keep silent! = Be quiet!
Ex1: They are in the living room now. Peter is watching TV and Mary is phoning her friend.
Who are you writing to? – No, I am not writing the letter. I am doing my homework.
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
• to talk about trends or changing situations
Tense marker: now, at present, at the moment, today, these days, this week, this term, this year, ...
Ex1: What sort of music are teenagers listening nowadays?
At present, more and more people are using their smartphones to browse Websites.
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
• to complain: be ALWAYS + V-ing
Ex1: He is always forgetting his homework.
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
• to describe an unusual activity
Ex1: I regularly sip a cup of coffee in the morning, but today, I am drinking milk tea in the morning.
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….

36
* Note:
Không dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn với các từ chỉ:
- Nhận thức: think, know, want, believe, understand, realize, suppose, seem,
look, remember, forget, …
- Tri giác: see, hear, feel, smell, taste, sound
- Sở hữu: have, belong, own, consist, contain, …
- Cảm xúc: like, love, prefer, dislike, hate, …

e.g. I like this music. (Tôi thích nhạc này.) || NOT: I'm liking this music.
a1. This meal smells good. (cảm giác mùi thơm ngon)
a2. Why are you smelling the meat? Is it bad? (hành động ngửi)

b1. I think that it is necessary to wear uniform (nhận định/ nhận thức)
b2. What are you thinking about (hành động suy nghĩ)

B. PRESENT PERFECT, PAST SIMPLE

1. The Present Perfect Tense (thì Hiện tại hoàn thành)

a. Form (Cấu trúc):

Affirmative form

Negative form

Interrogative form

b. Usage (Cách dùng):

• to show that something happened at some point in the past before now. We don't state
when it happened (usually with: so far, until now, up to now)
Ex1: I've always been perfectly healthy until now.
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….

37
 • to talk about a recent action or event (usually with. just, recently, lately)
Ex1: We have just returned from our holidays and we are exhausted now.
Apple Inc. has recently designed a new kind of smartphones.
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
• to describe an action that was repeated many times in the past and can be repeated in
the present or future
Ex1: We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
He has visited her grandparents frequently.
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
• to talk about a present situation which started in the past (usually with for + a length of
time /since + a point of time)
Ex1: I’ve worked really hard for the last two weeks.
NOW
|
2 weeks
Ex2:…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….

2. The Past Simple Tense (thì Quá khứ đơn)

a. Form (Cấu trúc):
Form Ordinary verbs To be

Affirmative form

Negative form

Interrogative form

38
b. Usage (Cách dùng):
• to talk about single past completed actions. Often the time is mentioned (but no time
reference if it is already known)
Ex1: A few weeks ago, a woman called to report a robbery at her house.
How did the burglar break in without anybody hearing him? (in the story I just told you about)
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….

• to give a series of actions in the order that they happened

Ex1: The burglar came in through the front door, picked up the woman’s handbag, emptied it out
and stole her purse.
he came in picked up emptied and stole
the handbag it out her purse
|
THE PAST NOW
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….

• to talk about past repeated actions

Ex1: When her son got older he often went out to visit his friends after school.
Ex2: …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….

Tense markers: last week/ month/ year..., yesterday, ........ + ago

* NOTE:
We use used to / would to talk about past repeated actions:
(+) used to / would + V0 She used to / would lock the door. (but she stopped
doing this)
(-) did not + use to + V0 I didn't use to lock the door
(?) did... use to + V0? Did they use to lock the door?

39
3. The Present Perfect Tense vs The Past Simple Tense
Present perfect Past simple
u links the past with the present: u only talks about the past:
e.g. I’ve made quite a lot of notes. (at some e.g. I made notes on the most important things.
point before now and I may make more notes) (when I did the reading and I’ve finished making notes)

u does not talk about a specific time in u states a specific past time, or the time is
the past: understood:
e.g. Have you read the leaflet? (at some time e.g. I read the leaflets when I was in the library.
before now) (I’m not in the library now and the reading is finished)

u uses time expressions that show the u uses time expressions that show the time is
time period is unfinished: finished:
e.g. I’ve read six articles this week. (the e.g. I read five books last week. (last week has
week isn’t finished) finished)

C. FUTURE TENSES

1. S + will + V0 è predictions, usually based on our opinions or our

past experience: ********
Tense markers:
someday, e.g. I think it'll be extremely hot there. • We will visit Dalat
tomorrow, è offers, promises or suggestions: next month. (not
next week/ e.g. Don't worry, I'll let everyone know. (a promise) INTENDED – 50%)
month, soon è future events we haven't arranged yet (*).

è events in the future we have already thought • We are going to visit

about and intend to do: Dalat next month. We
2. S + be going have saved money for
e.g. We're going to hire a bus. (we intend to go, but
to + V0 that trip so far.
we haven't made the arrangements yet)
(INTENDED – 70%)
è predictions when there is present evidence (*).
• We are visiting Dalat
3. S + be + next month. We have
è Plans or definite arrangements for the future (*).
V-ing booked everything.
(PLANNED – 90%)
4. S + Vs/es è Future Schedule/ Timetables. e.g. The bus departs at 9.10.

* Note: We don’t use future tenses after Adverbial clauses of time: after / before / when / while
/ as / since / until / as soon as – once / by the time.

40
 D. REVIEW + OTHER TENSES
Past Present Future – will

Simple S + V2/ed S + Vs/es S + will +V0

Continous S + was/were + V-ing S + am/is/are + V-ing S + will + be + V-ing

Be + V-ing

Perfect S + had + V3/ed S + have/has + V3/ed S + will + have + V3/ed

Have + V3/ed

Perfect Continous S + had + been + S + have/has + been S + will + have + been

Have + V3/ed V-ing + V-ing + V-ing
+ Be + V-ing

Have + been + V-ing

1. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense (thì Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
a. Form (Cấu trúc):
Affirmative form S + has/have been + V-ing
Negative form S + has/have been + NOT + V-ing
Interrogative form Has/Have + S + been + V-ing + O?
b. Usage (Cách dùng):
- Diễn diễn tả một hành động hoặc sự việc bắt đầu trong quá khứ và kéo dài liên tục đến hiện tại.
- Diễn diễn tả một hành động hoặc sự việc vừa mới kết thúc và có kết quả ở hiện tại.

41
2. The Past Continuous Tense (thì Quá khứ tiếp diễn)
a. Form (Cấu trúc)
Affirmative form S + was/were + V-ing
Negative form S + was/were + NOT + V-ing
Interrogative form Was/ Were + S + V-ing + O?
b. Usage (Cách dùng):
- Diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra và kéo dài một thời gian ở quá khứ.
- Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra ở quá khứ (Past Continuous) thì có một hành động khác xem vào
(Past Simple).
- Diễn tả hai hành động xảy ra đồng thời ở quá khứ.

3. The Past Perfect Tense (thì Quá khứ hoàn thành)

a. Form (Cấu trúc ):
Affirmative form S + had + V3/ed
Negative form S + hadn’t + V3/ed
Interrogative form Had + S + V3/ed + O?
b. Usage (Cách dùng):
- Diễn tả một hành động quá khứ xảy ra trước (Past Perfect) một thời gian hoặc trước một hành
động quá khứ khác (Simple Past).

4. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense (thì Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
a. Form (Cấu trúc):
Affirmative form S + had been + V-ing
Negative form S + hadn’t been + V-ing
Interrogative form Had + S + been + V-ing + O?
b. Usage (Cách dùng):
- Diễn tả hành động quá khứ đã xảy ra và kéo dài liên tục (Past perfect continuous tense) đến khi
hành động quá khứ thứ 2 xảy ra (Past simple) (Thường có khoảng thời gian kéo dài nếu rõ).

5. Near Future Tense (thì Tương lai gần)

a. Form (Cấu trúc):
Affirmative form S + am/is/are + going to + Vo
Negative form S + am/is/are + NOT +going to + Vo
Interrogative form Am/Is/Are + S + going to + Vo + O?

42
b. Usage (Cách dùng):
- Diễn tả hành động sắp sửa xảy ra hoặc một dự định, kế hoạch sắp tới (Thường không có cụm từ
thời gian).

6. The Future Continuous Tense (thì Tương lai tiếp diễn)

a. Form (Cấu trúc):
Affirmative form S + will be + V-ing
Negative form S + will not be + V-ing
Interrogative form Will + S + be + V-ing?
b. Usage (Cách dùng):
- Diễn diễn tả một hành động xảy ra và kéo dài suốt một khoảng thời gian xác định ở tương lai.

7. The Future Perfect Tense (thì Tương lai hoàn thành)

a. Form (Cấu trúc):
Affirmative form S + will be + V-ing
Negative form S + will not be + V-ing
Interrogative form Will + S + be + V-ing?
b. Usage (Cách dùng):
- Diễn tả một hành động sẽ hoàn tất trước một thời điểm ở tương lai hoặc trước một hành động
khác trong tương lai.

8. The future Perfect Continuous Tense (thì Tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
a. Form (Cấu trúc):
Affirmative form S + will have been + V-ing
Negative form S + will have not been + V-ing
Interrogative form Will + S + have been + V-ing?
b. Usage (Cách dùng):
- Diễn tả 1 hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ, kéo dài liên tục đến một thời điểm nào đó ở tương lai.

* Note:
- Không dùng thì các thì tiếp diễn (Continuous Tense) với các động từ chỉ nhận thức, tri
giác, sở hữu, cảm xúc.
- Không dùng các thì tương lai (Future Tense) trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian (when, while,
before, after, as soon as, by the time)

43
Exercise 1: You and your partners will write sentences to describe this picture, using the present
tenses. Write as many as you can in ________ minutes.
1. Where are they?
2. What are they doing?
3. …… (creativity)

Exercise 2: Read the following dialogue and complete the text with the correct form of the
present simple, past simple or present perfect simple. Use the verbs in the brackets.
Examiner: Where (1) _______ [you/live]?
Nikolas: I (2) _______ [come] from Moscow. I (3) _________ [live] there for 6 years. My family
(4) ________ [move] from the countryside when I was 12 years old.
Examiner: (5) ________ you still (6) _________ [live] with your family?
Nikolas: Yes, I (7) ___________ [do], I (8) _________ [live] with my parents and (9)
_______________ [share] a room with my brother. My brother still (10) ________ [go]
to school. He is only 8 years old.
Examiner: (11) ________ [you/like] Moscow?
Nikolas: Yes, I (12) ________ [love] Moscow. When I first (13) _________ [arrive], I (14)
_________ [not like] it much because it was so different, but I (15) _________ [grow]

44
 accustomed to it. Now, I (16) _________ [know] my way around and (17) _________
[have] lots of friends.
Examiner: How (18) ________ [Moscow/change] recently?
Nikolas: It (19) _________ [become] more international, and more exciting. In the last few
years, about ten new international restaurants (20) ________ [open] in my area alone
and I often (21) ____________ [eat] in them now with my friends. I (22)
________________ [have] lots of international friends who (23) ________ [come] to
study at the University in Moscow, and we often (24) ___________ [meet] in the
evenings.

Now listen and check your answers to Exercise 2.

Speaking exam tip: Try to answer the question the examiner asks you, and give more information.
Nikolas has talked about a change and then the result of that change.

Exercise 3: Fill in the gaps with the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs in brackets. In
which gaps could you use used to?
had
I 1 ................. (have) a wonderful biology teacher, Mrs Hughes. She 2 ................. (make) us excited
about the subject because she was so interested herself. I remember one lesson in particular; we 3
................. (study) different types of plants, and Mrs Hughes 4 ................. (describe) the different
parts of the flower. She 5 ................. (pick up) a purple flower, I can't remember exactly what it was,
and then suddenly we 6 ................. (notice) that she 7 ................. (cry)! She 8 ................. (apologise)
and 9 ................. (say) that sometimes nature was so beautiful it just made her cry! We 10 .................
(not/know) what to do at first, but it certainly 11 ................. (make) us think. Something similar 12
................. (happen) while she 13 ................. (show) us how to work the microscope. She 14
................. (examine) a slide of some plant tissue and she 15 ................. (smile) all over her face. She
suddenly 16 ................. (get) all excited and 17 ................. (say), 'Isn't it wonderful?" Some students
18 ................. (laugh) at her when she 19 ................. (not/ look) but I didn't. Somehow her
enthusiasm 20 ................. (inspire) me, and I 21 ................. (start) to like biology.

45
Exercise 4: Underline the most suitable form of the verbs.

Dear Paul and Claire

We're having a wonderful time here in France. The weather is beautiful and we've got lots of
plans for how to spend the next couple of weeks. Tomorrow, 1 we're going out / we will go out
on a glass-bottomed boat to look at the wonderful sea life, and then on Wednesday we think 2
we're taking / we'll take a tour of the old town. Ollie's aunt lives quite close, so 3 we're visiting/
we're going to visit her too if we have time.
The hotel is lovely and lively and has lots of good night life. Tonight, 4 they're holding/ they'll hold
an international evening, with lots of food from different countries.
As you know, we're here with our friends, John and Wendy, but 5 they aren't staying/ they won't
stay as long as us, so 6 we're probably doing / we'll probably do the really touristy' things with
them, and be lazy in our second week. You can hire small sailing boats for the day, so we think 7
we're doing / we're going to do that next week, and 8 we're also going to try/we're also trying to
have time to do some shopping!
I hope you are ready for your big trip. 9 You're loving / You'll Love Australia. In fact, 10 you're
going to probably end up / you'll probably end up staying there much longer than you've
planned.
Have a great time, and 11 we're going to see / we'll see you when you get back.
Love Kath and Ollie

Exercise 5: Write sentences about yourself.

1. Write two intentions about your future.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Write three plans or arrangements for your future.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

46
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Predict three things that you think will happen to the workplace in the future.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Homework: Choose the best answer for each of the following questions.
1. She came into the room while they ______ television.
A. watched B. have watched C. are watching D. were watching
2. I ______ a headache since yesterday.
A. had B. was having C. have had D. would have
3. After ancient Greek athletes won a race in the Olympics, they ______ a simple crown of olive leaves.
A. received B. had received C. were receiving D. have receive
4. Peter has been trying for an hour, but his car still ______ started.
A. won’t B. wouldn’t C. didn’t D. hasn’t
5. It’s an hour since he ______, so he must be at the office now.
A. is leaving B. was leaving C. has left D. left
6. Most students ______ hard for the last few weeks.
A. were working B. worked C. have worked D. are working
7. He ______ up his mind yet.
A. didn’t make B. hasn’t made C. wasn’t made D. wasn’t making
8. The baby ______ non-stop for the last two hours.
A. cried B. was crying C. is crying D. has been crying
9. I have been waiting for you ______.
A. since early morning B. since 9 a.m. C. for two hours D. All are correct
10. This is the first time he ______ to play badminton.
A. has tried B. am trying C. was trying D. would be trying
11. She ______ here but she doesn’t work here now.
A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. was working
12. Jack went out, but he ______ anyone where he was going.
A. doesn’t tell B. not told C. wasn’t telling D. didn’t tell
13. London ______ the capital of the United Kingdom.
A. is B. was C. will be D. is being
14. Someone ______ at the door. Can you hear it?
A. knocks B. is knocking C. will knock D. was knocking

47
15. What are you cooking? It ______ good.
A. smells B. is smelling C. smelled D. has smelled
16. The beach was so crowded that we ______ difficulty finding an empty spot.
A. have B. have had C. had D. have been having
17. The movie was very boring and many people began to leave early. By the end of the film, most
people______.
A. had already left C. were already left
B. were already leaving D. had already been leaving
18. ______? Your eyes are red.
A. Did you cry C. Were you crying
B. Have you been cried D. Have you been crying
19. He looked tired because he ______ for six hours.
A. ran C. has been running
B. was running D. had been running
20. In 1875, archaeologists ______ the ruins of the Olympic Stadium in Greece.
A. discovered B. were discovering C. have discovered D. had discovered
21. We ______ very hard at the office lately as we are negotiating an important contract.
A. are working B. were working C. have worked D. had worked
22. You can’t believe a word he says. He ______.
A. always lies B. is always lying C. has always lied D. will always lie
23. I often ______ things on the beach. I ______ this very old bottle yesterday.
A. find – have found B. find – was finding C. finds – found D. find – found
24. A taxi collided with his car ten minutes ago but the police ______ yet.
A. has not come B. have not come C. did not come D. had not come
25. Before she ______ in the morning, she ______ her son to do his homework.
A. was leaving – told C. had left – told
B. left – was telling D. left – had told
26. “Does Tom own that car?” – “No, I think his brother ______ it now.”
A. has owned B. is owning C. owns D. can own
27. Fish ______ on the earth for ages.
A. exists B. are existing C. exist D. have existed
28. John ______ a book when I saw him.
A. is reading B. read C. was reading D. reading
29. He ______ to her a month ago, but I’m sure he ______ her letter since then.
A. wrote – received C. wrote – hasn’t received
B. had written – haven’t received D. wrote – didn’t receive
30. How many lessons ______ before you passed your tests?
A. had you had B. do you have C. have you had D. were you having

48
E. SUPPLY THE CORRECT VERB FORMS
1.

The line graphs (show) ___________ the average monthly amount that parents in Britain
(spend) __________ on their children’s sporting activities and the number of British children who
took part in three different sports from 2008 to 2014. It is clear that parents (spend) ___________
more money each year on their children’s participation in sports over the six-year period. In terms of
the number of children taking part, football (be) ___________ significantly more popular than
athletics and swimming. In 2008, British parents (spend) ___________ an average of around £20 per
month on their children’s sporting activities. Parents’ spending on children’s sports (increase)
___________ gradually over the following six years, and by 2014 the average monthly amount (rise)
to just over £30. Looking at participation numbers, in 2008 approximately 8 million British children
(play)________ football, while only 2 million children (enroll) __________ in swimming clubs and less
than 1 million practiced athletics. The figures for football participation (remain) ___________
relatively stable over the following 6 years. By contrast, participation in swimming almost doubled,
to nearly 4 million children, and there (be) _________ a near fivefold increase in the number of
children doing athletics.

49
2.

The pie charts (compare) __________ visitors’ responses to a survey about customer service
at the Parkway Hotel in 2005 and in 2010.

It is clear that overall customer satisfaction (increase) __________ considerably from 2005 to
2010. While most hotel guests (rate) _________ customer service as satisfactory or poor in 2005, a
clear majority described the hotel’s service as good or excellent in 2010.

Looking at the positive responses first, in 2005 only 5% of the hotel’s visitors (rate) ________
its customer service as excellent, but this figure (rise) _________ to 28% in 2010. Furthermore, while
only 14% of guests (describe) _________ customer service in the hotel as good in 2005, almost three
times as many people (give) ___________ this rating five years later.

With regard to negative feedback, the proportion of guests who considered the hotel’s
customer service to be poor (fall) _________ from 21% in 2005 to only 12% in 2010. Similarly, the
proportion of people who thought customer service (be) _________ very poor dropped from 15% to
only 4% over the 5-year period. Finally, a fall in the number of ‘satisfactory’ ratings in 2010 (reflect)
_________ the fact that more people gave positive responses to the survey in that year.

50
3.

The pie charts (give) _________ information about the water used for residential, industrial
and agricultural purposes in San Diego County, California, and the world as a whole.

It is noticeable that more water is consumed by homes than by industry or agriculture in the two
American regions. By contrast, agriculture (account) ___________ for the vast majority of water
used worldwide.

In San Diego County and California State, residential water consumption (account) _________
for 60% and 39% of total water usage. By contrast, a mere 8% of the water used globally (go)
_________ to homes. The opposite trend can be seen when we (look) __________ at water
consumption for agriculture. This (account) _________ for a massive 69% of global water use, but
only 17% and 28% of water usage in San Diego and California respectively.

Such dramatic differences are not seen when we (compare) ___________ the figures for
industrial water use. The same proportion of water (23%) is used by industry in San Diego and
worldwide, while the figure for California (be) ___________ 10% higher, at 33%.

51
4.

The picture (illustrate)__________ the way in which water (pass)_______ from ocean to air
to land during the natural process known as the water cycle.

Three main stages are shown on the diagram. Ocean water (evaporate)__________,
(fall)____________ as rain, and eventually (run)___________ back into the oceans again.

Beginning at the evaporation stage, we can see that 80% of water vapour in the air
(come)________ from the oceans. Heat from the sun (cause)_______ water to evaporate, and
water vapour (condense)_________ to form clouds. At the second stage, labelled ‘precipitation’ on
the diagram, water (fall)_________ as rain or snow.

At the third stage in the cycle, rainwater may (take)________ various paths. Some of it may
(fall)_________ into lakes or (return)_________ to the oceans via ‘surface runoff’. Otherwise,
rainwater may filter through the ground, reaching the impervious layer of the earth. Salt water
intrusion is shown to take place just before groundwater (pass)_________ into the oceans to
complete the cycle.

52
5.

The line graph (compare) ___________ the percentage of people aged 65 or more in three
countries over a period of 100 years.

It is clear that the proportion of elderly people (increase) __________ in each country
between 1940 and 2040. Japan is expected to see the most dramatic changes in its elderly
population.

In 1940, around 9% of Americans were aged 65 or over, compared to about 7% of Swedish

people and 5% of Japanese people. The proportions of elderly people in the USA and Sweden (rise)
_________ gradually over the next 50 years, reaching just under 15% in 1990. By contrast, the
figures for Japan (remain) ___________ below 5% until the early 2000s.

Looking into the future, a sudden increase in the percentage of elderly people (be predicted)
___________ for Japan, with a jump of over 15% in just 10 years from 2030 to 2040. By 2040, it is
thought that around 27% of the Japanese population (be) ___________ 65 years old or more, while
the figures for Sweden and the USA (be) _________ slightly lower, at about 25% and 23%
respectively.

53
 UNIT 6: VERB PATTERNS
A. SUPPLY THE CORRECT VERB FORMS
Exercise 1: Freya is doing a course.
Complete these sentences from the recording by using the verbs in brackets.
Listen again and check your answers.
1. I decided .................. (do) an animal management course.
2. I chose .................. (study) at Fairfield College because it's got a good range
of animals
and everyone's really friendly.
3. The course is only three days a week, so I've already started .................. (work) part-time at a
pet shop.
4. I prefer .................. (take) time so I can get to know them.
5. I don't even mind .................. (clean) them out.
6. They've let us .................. (treat) some minor problems, like removing splinters from paws.
7. They make us .................. (handle) all kinds of animals including spiders and snakes.
8. I remember .................. (feel) really scared.
9. As long as you remember .................. (do) it the way you've been taught, it's fine.
10. Before, if I heard him .................. (bark), I just told him .................. (be) quiet.
11. I'd really like .................. (work) in either a zoo or a safari park.
Exercise 2: All the verbs you have written in Exercise 3 follow other verbs. Which verbs are
followed by.
1. (object +) to-infinitive ..............................................................................................................
2. (object +) -ing ...........................................................................................................................
3. object + infinitive without to ....................................................................................................

1. VERB + TO-INFINITIVE
- Some verbs can be followed immediately by a to-infinitive:
afford offer
decide plan
fail promise
hope seem
intend tend
e.g. I promise to do my homework after playing games.
Ariana Grande decided to cancel her concert in Vietnam just several hours before she was on
the stage due to her illness.

54
2. VERB + O + TO-INFINITIVE
- Some verbs are used with a direct object (underlined) followed by a to-infinitive:
*advise force
*allow/ permit invite
ask persuade
cause recommend
encourage remind
expect warn
e.g. The teacher asks me to do homework.
The cancellation of Ariana Grande’s event caused her fans to feel disappointed.

3. GERUND
- Some verbs are normally followed by the -ing form:
*advise deny
*allow/ permit finish
admit mind
avoid recommend
suggest
* Note:

e.g. The teacher advised me to study harder. e.g. The teacher advised studying harder.

4. S + V + TO-Vbare or GERUND
- Some verbs mean something different when they are followed by the to-infinitive or -ing:
forget go on need remember stop try

verb + to-infinitive + -ing

one action follows another:
u u an action is repeated or continued:
e.g. After university she went on to get a e.g. She went on talking even though
go on
job as a vet. ( = she finished university the film had started. ( = she continued
and then she got a job as a vet) talking)
u you remember before you do the u you remember after doing the
action: action:
remember e.g. As long as you remember to do e.g. I remember feeling really scared. ( =
what you’ve been told, it’s fine. ( = 1 1 I felt scared 2 I remembered that
remember 2 do what you’ve been told) feeling)

55
 u the action did not happen: u the action happened:
forget e.g. I forgot to post my application form. e.g. I’ll never forget meeting you that
( = I didn’t post it) cold winter’s day. (= we did meet)
u there are two actions and the first u there is one action which stops:
stops so that the second can begin: e.g. I’m going to stop studying for a
stop
e.g. I stopped to ask the way. ( = I while.
stopped and then I asked)
u make an effort to do something. You u experiment with doing something:
try may not always be successful: e.g. She tried adding a bit more sugar
e.g. I try to find out why he’s barking. but it still tasted horrible.
u the subject of the sentence will do u there is a passive meaning:
the action: e.g. My jeans need mending. (= we
need
e.g. I need to mend my jeans. ( = I will don’t know who will mend them)
mend them)

5. To + V-ing
• Be/ Get used to
• Look forward to
• Be the key to

6. AFTER PREPOSITION
1.1. TO BE + ADJ + PREP + V-ING
• be busy with
• be afraid of
• be interested in = be fond of = be keen on
• be good/ bad at
1.2. PREFER:
• S + prefer + ___________________ + to + ___________________
• S + prefer + ___________________ + rather than + ___________________

1.3. OTHERS
• S + spend(s)/ spent + time/ money + V-ing
+ on Noun
à It takes/ took + object (him/her/them/us/me/you……) + time + to Vbare
Exercise 5: Underline the correct form of the verbs.
1. Mario remembered to give / giving his assignment to his tutor because he had spoken to her
about its length, but she insisted that she had never received it.
2. If you can't find the information at the library, try to look / looking on the Internet.

56
 3. She studied medicine at university and went on to become / becoming a surgeon.
4. Look at Mum's car! It definitely needs to clean / cleaning!
5. I'll never forget to fall / falling off that swing when I was a child.
6. I was really nervous about the interview, and although I tried not to worry / not worrying, I
was awake most of the night.
7. The new government needs to take / taking notice of the opinions of the people.
8. It seems that the new system of sending out reminders has worked, because this year 90% of
members remembered to renew / renewing their membership in time.
9. Economists predict that house prices will go on to rise / rising for at least another year.
10. We weren't able to see the concert because Tamsin forgot to bring / bringing the tickets.
Exercise 6: complete the sentences below with the appropriate form of the verb.
1. When I’m tired, I enjoy (watch) _____television. It’s relaxing.
2. It was a nice day, so we decided (go) for a walk.
3. It’s a nice day. Does anyone fancy (go) ______ for a walk.
4. I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind (wait) .
5. They don’t have much money. They can’t afford (go) ___________out very often.
6. I wish that dog would stop (bark) ____________. It’s driving me mad.
7. Our neighbor threatened (call) ____________ the police if we don’t stop the noise.
8. We were hungry, so I suggested (have) ____________ dinner early.
9. Hurry up! I don’t want to risk (miss) ____________ the train.
10. I’m still looking for a job but I hope (find) ____________ a well-paid job soon.
11. The headmaster begins (arrange) ____________ the matter at one.
12. She loves (swim) ____________ in the early morning.
13. They agreed (be) ____________ present at the opening ceremony.
14. I don’t want (force) _ you (do) ____________ what I say.
15. Most people prefer (stay) ____________ at home to (go) ____________ out.
16. They have stopped (do) ____________ business because of bad situations.
17. I understand you want (borrow) ____________ my last volume of Harry Porter.
18. Do you mind (process) ____________ these film again?
19. The manager let me (watch) the actors and actresses (rehearse)____________.
20. They denied (destroy) ____________ the flower beds in the schoolyard.
21. He spends ages (play) ____________ games online.
22. They promised (help) me (prepare) ____________ for the party.
23. She doesn’t allow (smoke) ____________ in her house.
24. I have never been to Iceland but I’d like (go) ____________ there.
25. I’m in a difficult position. What do you advise me (do) ____________?
26. Where would you recommend me (go) ____________ for my two-day holiday?
27. I wouldn’t recommend (eat) ____________ in this restaurant. The food is awful.

57
 28. The film was very sad. It made me (cry) ____________.
29. Carol’s parents always encouraged her (study) ____________ hard at school.
30. They denied (steal) ____________ the money.
31. Has it stopped (rain) ____________ yet?
32. Can you remind me (buy) ____________ some coffee when we go out.
33. Bi Rain refused (answer) ____________ any more questions about the relationship between
him and this girl.
34. One of the boys admitted (break) ____________ the window.
35. How did the thief get into the house? I forgot (shut) ____________ the window.

Exercise 7: Decide if the underlined sections are correct or not. Tick (ü ) them if they are right
and correct them if they are wrong.
Teacher: What impact do you feel a good learning experience at
school can have on people in terms of future learning?
Student: Oh, well, obviously, having a good experience as a student
will 1 allow you feel positive about learning in general. If you've had allow you to feel
1 ...........................................
supportive teachers at school who 2 encouraged you to work hard, ü
2 ...........................................
you are more likely 3 to go on to be conscientious in your university 3 ...........................................
studies.
Teacher: Can you give me an example?
Student: Well, with my art classes, my teacher was so supportive that 4 ...........................................
I 4 tried very hard pleasing her. However, I have had other teachers 5 ...........................................
who 5 have made me to feel useless, and that 6 made me wanting to 6 ...........................................
give up.
Teacher: How can teachers ensure that their students have a positive
learning experience?
Student: I think teachers 7 need to be interested in their students. If 7 ...........................................
they aren't interested, their students 8 will stop to make an effort. 8 ...........................................
Also, if students 9 enjoy being in class, they are more likely to learn. 9 ...........................................
Students 10 don't mind to work hard if they like what they are doing. 10 .........................................
So teachers should 11 try to make their classes stimulating. 11 .........................................
Teacher: Do you think that the curriculum in schools allows teachers
to be creative and make their lessons interesting?
Student: Yes, in my country teachers must follow a curriculum, but
the government 12 doesn't force them teach in a certain way. That 12 .........................................
means that teachers can 13 decide to teach the topic however they 13 .........................................
like. So, teachers can still be creative and 14 let their students 14 .........................................
deciding how they learn.

58
 UNIT 7: CONJUNCTIONS
Lead in:
have been carefully taken a fantastic movie for nearly three hours
photographs of the mountains very carelessly has just been painted
extremely spectacular the dog under the table wanted to buy
the son of a successful merchant in my hometown is being built

Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adverbial

FANBOYS
(Coordinating conjunction)

FOR – I have to find a new job, for I am unemployed.

AND – They are playing, and I am studying.
NOR – They do not play, nor do they sleep.
BUT – They have a home, but they don’t own a car.
OR – you leave immediately, or I will call the police.
YET – He says nice words, yet don’t trust him.
SO – My kid is very smart, so everybody likes her.

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A. TYPE OF SENTENCES

1.1 Simple sentences (câu đơn)

S + V (chia) + O.
e.g. Joe waited for the train.
I looked for Joe and Mary at the bus station.
Joe and Mary arrived at the bus station.
Mary and Joe arrived at the bus early but waited for Mike and Lucy until noon.

1.2 Compound sentences (câu ghép)

SVO , and SVO.
, so
, but
, or
, nor
e.g. Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.
It was raining heavily, so she couldn’t go out.

1.3 Complex sentences (câu phức)

[Because, Although, ...] S1 + V1, S2 + V2.
= S1 + V1 [because, although, ...] S2 + V2.
e.g. Because I was sick, I could not go to school yesterday.
I could not go to school yesterday because I was sick.

* Note:
S1 + V1 . [Therefore, …] , S2 + V2
e.g. He studies hard. Therefore, he gets good mark.
SVO, and SVO. = SVO. In addition, SVO.
SVO, but SVO. = SVO. However, SVO.
= SVO. By contrast, SVO.
While SVO, SVO. = SVO. Meanwhile, SVO.
Although SVO, SVO. = SVO. However, SVO.

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B. CONJUNCTIONS
- Because ~ Since ~ As ~ Now that
- Although ~ Even though
SVO + Conjunction + SVO.
- If # Unless
= Conjunction SVO, SVO.
- Providing (that) ~ Provided (that) ~ As long as ~ (Only) If
- In case/ In the event/ On the condition
- Because of ~ Due to ~ Owing to ~ On account of Conjunction + NOUN, SVO.
- .Therefore, ~ .Consequently, ~ .As a result, ~ .Hence, ~ .Thus,
- .However, ~ .Nevertheless, ~ .Nonetheless,
SVO. Conjunction, SVO.
- .Besides, ~ .In addition, ~ .Furthermore, ~ .Moreover,
- .Otherwise, ~ .Alternatively,

C. PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Complete the sentences.
1. I like sugar in my tea, ______ I don't like milk in it.
2. Listen to the story _______ answer the questions in complete sentences.
3. Is it Thursday ________ Friday today?
4. He was late _______ the bus didn't come.
5. We were very tired__________ happy after our flight to Sydney.
6. They climbed the mountain _____________ it was very windy.
7. ________Lenny was watching the planes, his wife was reading in the car.
8. I'll text you ________ I have arrived in Toronto.
9. Neither my brother _________ my sister owns a car.
10. The sun was warm, ___________ the wind was a bit too cool.
Exercise 2: Fill in the gaps in the extract from the talk with the words from the box. Listen to
the second half of the recording again and check your answers.

although despite finally firstly however in spite of

secondly to sum up

We discovered that, 1 ...............… the literature available on the risks and benefits of fish
consumption, there are still important gaps in this information. 2 ...............… these gaps,
3...............…, decisions about how to advise people on fish consumption should be made based on
what we know now.
4 ...............…, in terms of heart disease, it has been shown that consuming even small quantities of
fish can lower your risk of heart disease by 17% 5 ...............…, consuming fish is known to have a
beneficial effect on brain development. 6 ...............…, 7 ...............… exposure to mercury through
61
eating fish can have a negative effect on IQ levels, the effects that have been observed are relatively
small. 8 ...............…, it would seem that the health benefits of eating fish outweigh the risks.

Exercise 3: Underline the correct linking expressions.

It is generally accepted that smoking causes the deaths of large numbers of people.
In order to address this problem governments should ban smoking in public places.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Many people think that the best way to reduce deaths from smoking is to ban smoking in public
places. 1 However, / In addition, it is not as simple as that. There are several reasons why I do not
consider this approach to be suitable.
2 Alternatively, / Firstly, banning activities often increases their popularity by making them seem
more exciting. 3 Furthermore, /In contrast, most smoking takes place in the privacy of people's
homes, and would 4 therefore/nevertheless not be affected by the ban. 5 Thirdly, / Similarly, a ban
on smoking would make extra demands on the police.
6 Although/ Despite the ideas behind banning smoking in public places are good, an alternative
approach needs to be taken, in my opinion. Schools should lead the way in discussing the harmful
effects of smoking not only on the smokers themselves but on others around them. 7 In addition/
Consequently, parents need to support these efforts by encouraging their children to understand the
negative aspects of smoking.
If we adopted these measures, I believe fewer people would take up smoking 8 as a result./
moreover. To some extent these things are already happening. 9 And / Nevertheless, further efforts
are needed.

62
Homework: Complete each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunctive adverb.
1. Bianca wore her rain boots; _________, her feet stayed dry during the storm. (however,
therefore, on the other hand)
2. I love the color red; _________, this shade seems a little too bright. (therefore, nonetheless,
in fact)
3. You have to be on time; _________, you’ll miss the train. (nonetheless, however, otherwise)
4. Teresa likes to read; _________, her sister Julia prefers to watch TV. (however, in contrast,
again)
5. She really wanted to eat ice cream; _________, she had a salad. (however, likewise, instead)
6. We were working hard; _________, Jill and Jerry were lounging by the pool. (meanwhile,
instead, therefore)
7. He is a weak leader; _________, he has plenty of supporters. (otherwise, moreover,
nevertheless)
8. She has an incredible voice; _________, she will go far in her music career. (otherwise,
undoubtedly, similarly)
9. Natalie wanted to make pie but didn’t have apples; _________, she decided to bake a cake.
(therefore, namely, in contrast)
10. We had hoped to go to Spain; _______, we ended up in France. (otherwise, however, again)

63
 UNIT 8: PASSIVE VOICE
A. PASSIVE FORM
Active sentence S V O
(Câu chủ động)

Passive sentence S be + V3/ed (by + agent)

(Câu bị động)

Tense Example
e.g. (A) John delivers the newspapers every morning.
Simple present / à (P) The newspapers are delivered by John every morning
Simple past …………………………………………………………….…………………………………...
…………………………………………………….……………………………………………
e.g. (A) He is asking me a lot of questions.
Present continuous à (P) I am being asked a lot of questions.
/ Past continuous ………………………………………………….……………………………………………...
…………………………………………………….…………………………………………...
e.g. (A) My mom has made that cake.
Present perfect / à (P) That cake has been made by my mother.
Past perfect ………………………………………………….……………………………………………...
………………………………………………….……………………………………………...
e.g. (A) My friend can answer this question.
à (P) This question can be answered by my friend.
Modal verbs
………………………………………………….……………………………………………...
……………………………………………….………………………………………………...

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B. SPECIAL PASSIVE FORM
1. Causative verbs– (Have, get)

S + have + S.O + Vbare + S.T e.g. I had him repair my bicycle yesterday
à S + have + S.T + V3/ed (+ by S.O) à I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.

S + get + S.O + to V + S.T e.g. I get her to make some coffee

à S + get + S.T + V3/ed + (+ by S.O) à I get some coffee made

2. Stative verbs– (See, watch, hear, look, taste, …)

S + V + S.O + Vbare /V-ing e.g. - They saw her come in

à S + be V3/ed + to Vbare /V-ing à She was seen to come in.
- I see him bathing her dog now.
à He is seen bathing her dog now.

3. Passive with reporting verbs– (Say, think, believe, report, rumour, …)

S + V + that + clause e.g. People say that he is a famous doctor.

à It + be + V3/ed + that + clause à It is said that he is a famous doctor.
à S2 + be + V3/ed + to Vbare à He is said to be a famous doctor.
+ to have + V3/ed

C. PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Put the following into the passive voice.
1. They can’t make tea with cold water.
.......................................................................................................................................................
2. Somebody has taken some of my books away.
.......................................................................................................................................................
3. They will hold the meeting before May Day.
.......................................................................................................................................................
4. They have to repair the engine of the car.
.......................................................................................................................................................
5. The boys are doing homework.
.......................................................................................................................................................
6. People spend a lot of money on advertising every day.
.......................................................................................................................................................
7. The teacher gave each of us two exercise books.
.......................................................................................................................................................
8. People are developing techniques to understand powerful AI systems.
.......................................................................................................................................................

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Exercise 2: Sentences with verb of reporting.
1. People believe that 13 is an unlucky number.
.......................................................................................................................................................
2. They rumored the man was still living.
.......................................................................................................................................................
3. They declared that she won the competition.
.......................................................................................................................................................
4. They said that Ernest Hemingway was one of the greatest American writers of his age.
.......................................................................................................................................................
5. People think that Jack London’s life and writings represent the American love of adventure.
.......................................................................................................................................................

Exercise 3: Sentences with verbs of perception.

1. They made him work all day.
.......................................................................................................................................................
2. The detective saw the woman putting their jewelry in her bag.
.......................................................................................................................................................
3. The terrorists made the hostages lie down.
.......................................................................................................................................................
4. Someone saw the defendant entering the building at 10 p.m.
.......................................................................................................................................................
5. I have heard her sing this song several times.
.......................................................................................................................................................

Exercise 4: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
1. Toshico had her car (repair) ..................... by a mechanic.
2. Ellen got Marvin (type) .....................her paper.
3. We got our house (paint) ..................... last week.
4. Dr. Byrd is having the students (write) .....................a composition.
5. Mark got his transcripts (send) ..................... to the university.
6. Maria is having her hair (cut) .....................tomorrow.
7. Will Mr. Brown have the porter (carry) .....................his luggage to his car?
8. My sister has had a new dress (make) .....................recently.
9. The Wilsons won’t have a new house (build) ...............on that corner next month.
10. The President had his advisors (arrange) .....................a press conference.

66
Exercise 5: Underline the correct words.

Air pollution in cities is growing at an alarming rate. What

measures could be taken to address this problem?

Air pollution can 1 define / be defined as the addition of something harmful to the air at a
faster rate than it can 2 absorb / be absorbed. Everyone should be concerned about air pollution. It
3 affects / is affected us all, and as it 4 continues / is continued to worsen, so the environmental
impact increases. One of the major causes of air pollution in cities is car use. Cars 5 use / are used for
even the shortest of journeys, and all efforts by governments to encourage people 6 to use / to be
used public transport seem to be failing. Industry is another major cause of pollution in our cities,
but fortunately, new industrial sites 7 are building / are being built away from large urban centres.
It 8 says / is said that there are too many contributing factors for us to 9 to decide / to be
decided exactly which one is the main problem, but I believe that one of the most serious problems
that needs 10 to tackle/tackling is the use of the car. In some cities laws 11 have passed / have been
passed concerning car use. Athens, for example, only 12 allows / is allowed a certain number of cars
into the city centre each day. In my opinion, this is a good idea. With this kind of law, people have no
choice and 13 force / are forced to use buses and trains. This ensures governments 14 know / is
known that public transport 15 will use / will be used, and can therefore justify the investment and
expense of ensuring the system works properly.
Another thing government's could do is to force people to 16 have their cars checked / check
their cars for carbon emissions and fine people with cars that produce high levels of harmful gases.

List all causes and solutions for air pollution mentioned in the text above.
Causes Solutions
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………

67
 Exercise 6: In this Speaking Part 2 long turn answer, the student is speaking about her favorite
book. She has made some mistakes in her grammar. Read the script and correct the mistakes. Then
listen to and check your answers.

My favourite book is called the Hunger Games. It was wrote by Suzanne Collins I think and it is a really good book.
The story is set in North America, but at a time when things are very bad. It's a story of a terrible society, which separated
into districts. A boy and girl from each district send to take part in the Hunger Games. These games are televised for
everyone to see. The games are basically a fight to the death for the children taking part.
The story follows a girl called Katniss, who forced to take part in the games when she offers herself up instead of her
sister. I like the story so much because it is very exciting.
At first, I found it really horrifying, but the more I read it, the more I couldn't put the book down. I really came to
like the main character too. She is so strong. I recommended this book by some friends and it didn't disappoint me.

Exercise 7: Complete the essay about the diagram.

1. Frozen Orange Juice Concentrate
Complete the passage with the correct form of the suitable verb in the box.

The diagram (show)___________ the steps of making frozen orange juice concentrate from fresh
oranges. First, the fruit (prepare)___________. When the oranges are ripe, they
(harvest)____________. Then, they (load) ______ onto trucks. The trucks (carry)__________ the
oranges to the processing plant. There, they (wash) _________ before the juice
(make)___________. The washed oranges (go)__________ through the extractor, which
(extract)__________ the juice. Next, the juice (go) ______ to the evaporator, where it
(turn)_________ into frozen concentrate. Then, it (can)______________ in the canner. The cans of
juice (distribute) ________ to the grocery stores. Customers (buy)________ the frozen concentrate
and (enjoy)___________ it at home.
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2. Raisin Production
Complete the passage with the correct form of the suitable verb in the box.

export lay pack package pick put

sell sort take (x2) wash

The diagram presents the steps for making raisins from grapes. It takes several steps to go from
grapes on the vine to packaged raisins ready for sale.
To begin, the grapes (1)................ from the vines. After picking, they (2).................. in the sun to dry.
It (3)................. two to three weeks to dry the fruit. When the raisins are dry, they (4)..................... in
boxes and (5)....................... by truck to the processing plant. At the plant, the raisins go through a
cleaner, which removes bits of dirt. Next, they (6)....................... in a washer. Before the raisins
(7)....................... , they(8).......................by size. Then, the raisins (9).................... in different kinds of
packages. Some raisins are put in small packages, and they (10).................... to grocery stores. Some
are put in larger packages to be sold to commercial bakeries or(11).................... to other countries.

69
3. Small island
Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in the bracket.

The diagrams (illustrate) __________________ some changes to a small island which

(develop)___________________ for tourism.
It is clear that the island (change)______________
considerably with the introduction of tourism, and six
new features (see) _____________ in the second
diagram. The main developments are that the island is
accessible and visitors (have)__________ somewhere
to stay.
Looking at the maps in more detail, we (see)________
that small huts (build)__________to accommodate
visitors to the island. The other physical structures that
(add)___________ are a reception building, in the
middle of the island, and a restaurant to the north of
the reception. Before these developments, the island
was completely bare apart from a few trees.
As well as the buildings mentioned above, the new
facilities on the island (include)________ a pier, where
boats can (dock)_________. There is also a short road
linking the pier with the reception and restaurant, and
footpaths connect the huts. Finally, there is a
designated swimming area for tourists off a beach on
the western tip of the island.

70
4. Village of Chorleywood showing development between 1868 and 1994
Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in the bracket.

The map (show)__________ the growth of a village called Chorleywood between 1868 and 1994.
It is clear that the village (grow)__________ as the transport infrastructure (improve)__________.
Four periods of development (show)_________ on the map, and each of the populated areas is near
to the main roads, the railway or the motorway.
From 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood (cover)_____________ a small area next to one of the main roads.
Chorleywood Park and Golf Course now (locate)________ next to this original village area. The village
(grow)________ along the main road to the south between 1883 and 1922, and in 1909 a railway
line (build)_________ crossing this area from west to east. Chorleywood station is in this part of the
village.
The expansion of Chorleywood (continue)___________ to the east and west alongside the railway
line until 1970. At that time, a motorway (build)__________ to the east of the village, and from 1970
to 1994, further development of the village (take)_________ place around motorway intersections
with the railway and one of the main roads.

71
 UNIT 9: COMPARISON
* Note: Subjects to be compared must be of the same type: singular/plural, countable/
uncountable.
e.g. Mike’s restaurant has more customers than Jack does. X
Mike’s restaurant has more customers than Jack’ restaurant does. ✓

A. COMPARING ADJECTIVES/ ADVERBS

+ Short ADJ / ADV (tính từ/ trạng từ ngắn): having 1 syllable / 2 syllables ending in -y (happy,
lucky, busy...).
+ Long ADJ / ADV (tính từ/ trạng từ dài): having 2 or more syllables.

COMPARATIVE (so sánh hơn) SUPERLATIVE (so sánh nhất)

Short Adj/Adv _er + (than...) the + Short Adj/Adv _est
e.g. Today is colder than yesterday. e.g. My brother is the tallest in our family.
Can you come a bit earlier?
more + Long Adj/Adv + (than...) the most + Long Adj/Adv
e.g. He speaks Korean more fluently than his e.g. The most boring thing about English course
friend. is doing grammar exercises.
less + Long Adj/Adv + (than...) the least + Long Adj/Adv
e.g. She visits her family less frequently than I e.g. Lisa is the least careful person of all my
do. friends.

• Exception:
ADJ / ADV COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
good/well
bad/ badly
many / much / a lot
little
far

72
B. COMPARING QUANTIFIER + NOUN
COMPARATIVE (so sánh hơn) SUPERLATIVE (so sánh nhất)
S + V + more + N (+ than S2) S + V + the most + N
e.g. We have to do more homework than other e.g. They got the most points and won the
students. contest.
S + V + fewer + N (+ than S2) S + V + the fewest + N
e.g. There are more people in New York City e.g. There are the fewest days in February.
than in Seattle.
S + V + less + N (+ than S2) S + V + the least + N
e.g. My father drinks less coffee than tea. e.g. She has the least money of all.

C. COMPARISON OF EQUALITY

S1 + be/ V + (not) + as + ADJ/ADV + as + S2

e.g. Harry sings as beautifully as a singer.
I am not as patient as she is.
* Note: twice/ 3 times/ half/ nearly/ almost/ just + as Adj/Adv as
S1 + V + as + ( many/ much) + N + as + S2
e.g. She made as many mistakes on the exam as I (did).
Jerry lost as much money at the casino as Tim (did).
S1 + be/ V + the same N (+ as S2)
e.g. She is the same height as me.
We have the same height.
Other forms: be similar to/ like / be different from

D. DOUBLE COMPARATIVE
S + be/ V + Short ADJ-er + Short ADJ-er
S + be/V+ more and more + Long ADJ
e.g. Betty is getting younger and younger.
She becomes more and more beautiful.
The Short ADJ-er + S + be/ V, the Short ADJ-er + S + be/ V
The more + Long ADJ + S + be/ V, the more + Long ADJ + S + be/ V
e.g. The more you study, the smarter you will become.
The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.

73
Exercise 1: Correct the mistakes.
1. My car is as old as your.
2. The figure for 2003 were significantly higher than 2004.
3. The number of women in higher education was only slightly lower than men.
4. Each year, athletes seem to get better and best.
5. He can run as fast the others in his team.
6. In 2015, China won nearly twice as much medals as the US.
7. Jennie’s grades are more higher than her sister.
8. This is the twice most difficult case we have ever encountered.

Exercise 2: Choose the more approximate words.

1. Of the four dresses, I like the red one (better/ best).
2. Pill is the (happier/ happiest) person we know.
3. Pat’s car is (faster/ fastest) than Dan’s.
4. This is the (creamier/ creamiest) ice-cream I have had in a long time.
5. This poster is (the most colourful/ more colourful) than the one in the hall.
6. Does Fred feel (the best/ better) today than he did yesterday?
7. This vegetable soup tastes very (good/ best).
8. While trying to balance the baskets on her head, the woman walked (as awkwardly / more
awkwardly) than her daughter.
9. The old computers work much more (slowlier/ slowly) than the modern ones.
10. I think the tomato soup was (as delicious/ more delicious) as the mushroom soup.

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences using the correct form.

1. Mary is …………………………. (pretty) as her sister.
2. A new house is …………………………. (expensive) than an old one
3. Today English is the …………………………. (international) language.
4. His job is …………………………. (important) than mine.
5. Of the four ties, I like the red one …………………………. (well).
6. Nobody is …………………………. (happy) than Miss Snow.
7. John is much …………………………. (strong) than I thought.
8. Benches are …………………………. (comfortable) than arm-chairs.
9. Bill is …………………………. (good) than you thought.
10. Mr. Bush is the …………………………. (delightful) person I have ever known.
11. Nick is the …………………………. (careful) of the three workers.

74
12. Sam’s conducts are …………………………. (bad) than Paul’s.
13. Thanks to the progress of science, human life is ………………. (good) and ………………. (good).
14. Bill is …………………………. (lazy) and …………………………. (lazy).
15. The teacher speaks English …………………………. (fluently) than we do.
16. These boys are …………………………. (ill-prepared) for employment than my children.
17. The competition makes the price of goods …………………. (cheap) and …………………. (cheap).
18. Charles is …………………………. (hard- working) than Tom.
19. Is this book …………………………. (interesting) than the one you read last week?
20. Of the three boys, Harry is the …………………………. (badly- bred).
21. If you know English, you will feel …………………………. (confident) when travelling abroad.
22. Without the rapid growth in population, our lives would be …………………………. (good).
23. By using computer people can do things …………………………. (fast) than by using other
means.
24. Computers can do any calculations …………………………. (rapidly) than a skilled
mathematician.
25. The …………………………. (big) reason for the decline of sharks is the demand for shark fins.
26. I think learning Chinese is much …………………………. (difficult) than learning English.
27. Obesity is one of the …………………………. (fast) growing illnesses in the world today.
28. The operation made John feel …………………………. (weak) than he expected.
29. The …………………………. (serious) cause that leads to air pollution is industrial development.
30. Economics does not interest me as …………………………. (more) as literature does.

75
Exercise 4: Read the description of the table below. Decide if the underlined comparisons are
correct or not. Tick (ü ) them if they are right and correct them if they are wrong.

The table shows the number of medals won by the top ten
countries in the 2004 Olympic Games. The USA won 1 greatest the greatest
1 ..............................................
number of medals overall with a total of 103. They won 2 2 ..............................................
more silver medals as gold and 3 more medals than any other 3 ..............................................
country in both categories. China had 4 the second high 4 ..............................................
number of medals at 63, but unlike the USA, China won 5 less 5 ..............................................
silver medals than gold medals. While Russia's silver medal
total was 6 more good than China's, they did not do 7 well as 6 ..............................................
China in the gold medals, winning just 27. In fact China had a 7 ..............................................
8 more lower overall medal total than Russia but, as the table 8 ..............................................
is based on the number of gold medals won, they were placed
second. Similarly, Germany was 9 significantly successful at 9 ..............................................
winning medals than Japan, with a total of 48 compared to
Japan's 37, but because Japan won 10 two more gold medals 10 ............................................
that Germany they were ranked 11 higher. Great Britain gave 11 ............................................
12 the worse performance in this group, winning only nine 12 ............................................
gold and nine silver medals.

76
Exercise 5: Fill in the gaps in the model answer below. Use one word in each gap.

The charts below show the number and types of books bought by men and women and
four different age groups in the UK.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

The charts give information about the types of books that British men and women and different age
groups buy. The initial impression from the charts is that women tend to buy 1 ............… books than
men overall, although they buy slightly 2 ............… non-fiction books. The people that buy the 3
............… books are in the 450+ age group.
Nearly 60% of women buy fiction, which is almost 4 ............… as many as the number of men who
choose this type of book. Nevertheless, most age groups buy 5 ............… fiction books than non-
fiction ones showing that non-fiction is generally 6 ............… popular than fiction.
The number of people buying fiction increases steadily from ages 16 to 45 with the 7 ............…
number of books, at just over 40% of the age group, bought by 16- to 24-year-olds and the 8 ............…
number, at just over 50%, bought by the over 45s.
However, the pattern is different for non-fiction. The number of books bought by 25- to 44-year-olds
is 9 ............… lower than the number bought by 16- to 24-year-olds and those over 45. Just over 40%
of 16- to 24-year-olds buy non-fiction, but this number is not 10 ............… high as the number of
people aged 45 and over buying non-fiction, at nearly 60%. Only 31% of 35- to 44-year-olds buy non-
fiction, and the number of 24- to 34-year-olds is 11 ............… lower at 28%.

77
 UNIT 10: RELATIVE CLAUSE
A. RELATIVE CLAUSE
Relative Pronoun Example
1. WHO e.g. That is the girl. I told you about her.
(Object-person) à That is the girl who I told you about.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
WHO e.g. Children hate chocolate. They are uncommon.
(Subject- à Children who hate chocolate are uncommon.
person) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. WHICH e.g. He promised to lend me the book. He bought it yesterday.
(Object- thing) à He promised to lend me the book which he bought yesterday.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
WHICH e.g. Please recommend me a restaurant. It serves seafood.
(Subject- thing) à Please recommend me a restaurant which serves seafood.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
WHICH e.g. Peter failed again. It does not make us surprised.
(Clause) à Peter failed again, which does not make us surprised.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. WHOM e.g. Peter keeps talking about the girl. He met her last night.
(Object-person) à Peter keeps talking about the girl whom he met last night.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. WHOSE + N e.g. Perter doesn’t like the mentor. Her ideas are contrary to his.
à Perter doesn’t like the mentor whose ideas are contrary to his.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

78
5. THAT e.g. That is the girl. I told you about her.
(có thể thế cho à That is the girl that/who/whom I told you about.
who, whom, ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
which) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
e.g. Peter is an architect. He is my friend.
- That không dùng à Peter, that is my friend, is an architect.
sau dấu phẩy và sau
à Peter, who is my friend, is an architect.
giới từ.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
e.g. The firemen managed to rescue the old woman and her cats.
- That luôn được
They were stuck in the burning house.
dùng cho chủ ngữ
vừa người vừa vật à The firemen managed to rescue the old woman and her cats
that were stuck in the burning house.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- That thường e.g. Do you have anything that will help my throat?
được dùng sau: all, ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
everything, much ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
something, none
anything, little, …
6. WHERE / WHEN e.g. The building is the tallest in town. He lives in that building.
/ WHY à The building which he lives in is the tallest in town.
à The building in which he lives is the tallest in town.
à The building where he lives is the tallest in town.
e.g. Tell me the time. We can depart at this time.
à Tell me the time which we can depart at.
à Tell me the time at which we can depart.
à Tell me the time when we can depart.

79
B. OMIT RELATIVE PRONOUN
Omit Relative Pronoun (Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn)
1. Present participle phrase e.g. My sister is the girl who is wearing a blue dress.
(Active) à My sister is the girl wearing a blue dress.
Relative word + Vchia ……………………………………………………………………………………..
à V-ing ……………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Past participle phrase e.g. The novel which was written by Peter is very
(Passive) interesting.
Relative word + Be + V3/ed à The novel written by Peter is very interesting.
à V3/ed ……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
3. To-infiniitive phrase e.g. Tom was the last agent who left the office yesterday.
(The last/ first/ most... + N) à Tom was the last agent to leave the office yesterday.
Relative word + Vchia ……………………………………………………………………………………..
à to Vbare ……………………………………………………………………………………..……
4. Noun pharse e.g. Ms. Young, who is the school librarian, often lends me
Relative word + be + noun reference books.
pharse à Ms. Young, the school librarian, often lends me
à noun phrase reference books.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..

C. PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Fill in the blank with proper Relative Pronouns and Relative Adverbs.
1. Alexander Flaming, _______ discovered penicillin, received the Nobel Prize in 1954.
2. The book _______ I need can’t be found in the library.
3. Here is the beach ______ is the safest for swimmers.
4. Do you know the American woman _______ name is Margaret Mitchell?
5. Jim,_______ I have known for ten years, is one of my closest friends.
6. John found a cat _______ leg was broken.
7. This tree, _______ branches are dry, should be cut down.
8. The child smiled at the woman _______ he didn’t know.
9. That woman, _______ name I don’t remember, is a doctor.
10. Don’t sit on the chair _______ leg is broken.

80
Exercise 2: Combine the given sentences using Relative clauses.
1. Romeo and Juliet were lovers. Their parents hated each other.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
2. Loch Ness Lake is 37 km long. People know it for its friendly monster.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
3. Mary and Margaret are twins. You met them yesterday.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
4. This is the story of a man. He suddenly loses memory after an accident.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
5. The human heart pumps blood throughout the body. It has a mass of around 300 grams.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
Exercise 3: Use a Relative Pronoun preceded by a preposition to combine each pair of the
sentences below.
1. The teacher was Mr. Pike. We studied with him last year.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
2. The problem has been discussed in class. We are very interested in it.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
3. Many diseases are no longer dangerous. People died of them years ago.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
4. Do you see my pen? I have just written my lesson with it.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
5. I like standing at the window. I can see the park from this window.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
Exercise 4: Reduce Relative clauses into Phrases.
1. The envelope which lies on the table has no stamp on it.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
2. We first went to Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
3. The box which was made in Italy is on the table.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
4. The elephant which was born in captivity was set free.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
5. The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
6. All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
7. All students who don’t hand in their papers will fail in the exam.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..
8. I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm.
............................................................................................……………………………………………………..

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Exercise 5: Read the given sentences and use the correct verb form to complete each sentence.
1. The data that _______________ (support) your argument_______________ (be) quite
compelling.
2. The athlete who ________________(compete) in the Olympics _______________ (train)
hard every day.
3. One of the girls who ______________ (work) in this department ________________ (be)
my sister.
4. Charles Pearson, who _____________ (be) a solicitor, ____________(suggest) building the
railway recently.
5. Vast stadiums where the public ____________ (watch) sporting events ____________ (be)
at the centre of western city life as far back as the ancient Greek and Roman Empires.
6. The amphitheatre of Arles in southwest France, with a capacity of 25,000 spectators,
__________ (be) perhaps the best example of just how versatile stadiums can be.
7. There _____________ (be) other good reasons why we __________________(make) these
choices
8. The given graph _____________ (show) the amount of money which _____________
(spend) on cosmetics by female students in the UK between 2020 and 2022.
9. Finding reasonably priced housing in big cities ____________ (be) a problem about which
many young people ____________ (be) concerned.
10. The citizens of Ho Chi Minh city, ninety percent of whom ____________ (receive) a good
full-time education.

82
Exercise 6: 4 Read the description of how chocolate is made. Add the relative clauses (a-i) to the
text in the gaps and write in the appropriate relative pronoun where, which or that.

Chocolate's varied flavours, colours, shapes and textures result from different recipe traditions. 1
g .The essential ingredient in all chocolate is cocoa, which is made from the cream-coloured
...............
beans 2 .............. .The cacao tree, 3 ...........… , produces a fruit about the size of a small pineapple, 4
...........….
After harvesting, the cocoa beans are removed from the pods and piled in heaps 5 .............. .The
dried beans are then transported to factories 6 .............. .The shells are then removed and the beans
are ground into chocolate liquor - a thick brown liquid 7................ .This liquor contains a high
percentage of fat (cocoa butter), 8 ..........……. .The solid block of cocoa that remains is then made
into a powder 9................…, or is mixed back with some of the cocoa butter, sugar and other flavour
such as vanilla to make the different kinds of chocolate.

a ...........… is removed by using presses

b ...........… they are sorted and roasted
c ...........… are left for several days to dry
d ...........… can be used to make a hot chocolate drink
e ...........… grows in equatorial regions such as south America, Africa and Indonesia
f ...........… forms a solid at about room temperature
which have evolved in different parts of the world
g ...........…
h ...........… inside are the tree's seeds
i ...........…. grow in pods on the cacao tree

83
Exercise 7: Identify the Omit Relative pronouns in the text below and identify whether these
relative clauses are in Activing (V-ing) or Passive (V3/ed) form.
Robotic approach to crop breeding
Jennifer takes a look at a robot that is being used to identify drought-tolerant crop varieties Passive
A The Australian sunflower industry is the major source of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in
margarines and spreads. Recognised as the type of fatty acid most able to protect against heart
disease, it is in everybody's best interest that Australia has a competitive and healthy sunflower
industry, but in Australia there is a constant struggle with the harsh climate. However, thanks to one
special robot, farmers may be able to win the battle against drought.
B Dr Chris Lambrides, a research fellow at the University of Queensland, is nearing the end of a
project that aims to develop more drought- tolerant sunflowers by selecting flowers that use water
more efficiently. He's done this with the help of a robot developed by the Australian National
University's Research School of Biological Sciences.
C Plants undergo photosynthesis to produce energy in the form of sugar. This involves allowing
carbon dioxide to enter the leaves through pores called stomata. Transpiration is the mechanism by
which plants lose water through their leaves. This system is thought to facilitate the passage of
minerals through the plant and is vital for healthy plants.
D However, in conditions of drought, the plants that can use the available water efficiently and lose
less to the environment will be more likely to thrive and, in a commercial sense become more
profitable. These plants are classified as having a high transpiration efficiency. When plants transpire,
the leaves become cooler due to evaporation. Therefore, by measuring the temperature of the
leaves, scientists can determine how much water is being lost through transpiration.
E When the project first began, the researchers used hand-held infrared thermometers to measure
the temperature difference between leaves of different varieties of sunflowers in an experimental
plot. Wind can affect leaf temperature, and the research team discovered that its initial approach
did not cater for changes in wind speed, which could not be controlled as an experimental variable.
The team therefore needed a technique to measure temperature continuously that would allow it
to examine the effects of other variables such as humidity. They needed a robot.

Questions 1-4
Complete the sentences with words taken from the passage.
Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers next to Questions 1-4.
1. In terms of our health, sunflowers are important in defending humans against …………………………
2. The research team wanted to find a sunflower that could cope well in ……………………… conditions.
3. The name of the process which is believed to help keep plants in good condition is ……………………
4. The research team had to rethink their initial approach when they realised they needed to
measure the impact of external conditions such as ………………………… and ……………………

84
 UNIT 11: CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
Conditional sentences consider imagined or uncertain situations and the possible results of these
situations. The most common types of conditional sentences involve if:

A. TYPE 1: REAL IN THE FUTURE

If clause Main clause
If + S + present simple + O, S + will/ should/ can/ may + (not) + Vbare + O.
(to be possible or likely to happen)
e.g. If the weather is good, we’ll go for a walk. (It is possible or likely that the weather will be good)
u Unless = If ………..….not
e.g. If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.
= Unless you work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.

B. TYPE 2: UNREAL IN THE PRESENT

If clause Main clause
If + S + V2/ed S + would / could / might + (not) + Vbare + O.
(didn’t + Vbare)
To be: were / weren’t
e.g. If the weather were good, we could go for a walk. (It is not likely that the weather will be
good)

Exercise 1: What do you say in these situations?

1. Of course you don't expect to win the lottery. Which do you say?
a. If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house. £
b. If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house. R (b is correct)
2. You're not going to sell your car because it's old and not worth much. Which do you say?
a. If I sell my car, I won't get much money for it. £
b. If I sold my car, I wouldn't get much money for it. £
3. You often see Sarah. A friend of yours wants to contact her. Which do you say?
a. If I see Sarah, I'll tell her to call you. £
b. If I saw Sarah, I'd tell her to call you. £
4. You don't expect that there will be a fire in the building. Which do you say?
a. What will you do if there is a fire in the building? £
b. What would you do if there was a fire in the building? £

85
5. You've never lost your passport. You can only imagine it.
a. I don't know what I'll do if I lose my passport. £
b. I don't know what I'd do if I lost my passport. £
6. Somebody stops you and asks the way to a bank. Which do you say?
a. If you go right at the end of this street, you'll see a bank on your left. £
b. If you went right at the end of this street, you'd see a bank on your left. £
7. You're in a lift. There is an emergency button. Nobody is going to press it. Which do you say?
a. What will happen if somebody presses that button? £
b. What would happen if somebody pressed that button? £

Exercise 2: Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete each sentence.

1. If I _______ 10 years younger, I _______ the job.
A. am / will take C. had been / will have taken
B. was / have taken D. were / would take
2. If I were a little taller, I _____ be able to water the plant on the top shelf.
A. did B. would C. had D. would have
3. A doctor _________ if somebody falls ill.
A. will being called for B. will be called for C. would be call for D. will call for
4. Will you be angry if I _____ your pocket dictionary?
A. stole B. have stolen C. were to steal D. steal
1. If he ______ the truth, the police wouldn’t arrest him.
A. tells B. told C. had told D. would tell
2. If I ______ in London now, I could visit British Museum.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. would be
3. The car ________ if somebody takes it there.
A. will be repaired C. will been repaired
B. would be repaired D. will repair
4. You are not allowed to use the club's facilities _____ you are a member.
A. unless B. if C. provided D. supposed
5. _______ if a war happened?
A. What you would do C. What will you do
B. What would you do D. What will you do
6. I think he is not at home. If he _____ in, he ______ the phone.
A. was / answered C. were/ would have answered
B. were/ would answer D. had been / would have answered
7. I am very thin. I think, if I _____ smoking, I could get fat.
A. stop B. had stopped C. will stop D. stopped
8. If you take the 8 A.m. flight to New York, you _______ change planes.
A. could not have to C. had not had to
B. will not have to D. would not to have to
86
Exercise 3: Decide if the underlined verbs are correct or not. Tick (ü ) them if they are right and
correct them if they are wrong.

Teacher: Is it better to have one special friend or lots of good ones?

Student: I think that if you have lots of friends, you 1 will be lucky. are lucky
1 .........................................
However, I feel that everyone should have someone special. If you 2 ......................................…
2 won't have a special friend, you won't have someone to talk to at
difficult times in your life.
Teacher: When do people make most friends?
Student: Well, everyone makes friends when they are at school. If 3 .........................................
you 3 are in an environment where everyone is your own age, you 4 4 ......................................…
would probably make friends.
Teacher: Do you think that friends need to be similar ages?
Student: Well, generally friends from school are similar ages. But
5 .........................................
when you 5 started work, for example, you meet people of different
ages. If you get on well with someone and you 6 will have a lot in 6 .........................................
common, then age 7 won't be important. 7 ......................................…
Teacher: Do people need to have things in common to be friends?
Student: Well, yes. If you 8 like the same things, you will probably get 8 .........................................
on well. But having said that, I have a very good friend who is
9 .........................................
completely different from me. She loves sport and I hate it. If you
asked me why we were friends, I 9 am not able to say! Maybe it's just 10 .......................................
chance - if you are in a certain place at a certain time you 10 become 11 .......................................
friends, but if you 11 will meet the same person at a different time in
12 ....................................…
a different place it 12 didn't happen.
Teacher: What different roles do friends play in people's lives?
Student: Well, your friends are the people you choose to be with. And
if you 13 will need help, you often turn to your friends. It works the 13 .......................................
other way too. When your friends need you, you 14 will help them. 14 .......................................

87
Exercise 4: Complete the spaces in this student essay with conditional clauses. You can complete
the spaces in any way using your own ideas. The first one has been done for you.

Tip: Conditional structures can be useful for the IELTS Writing Task 2 to express facts or unreal
situations based on conditions or to speculate on results or consequences in the future or past.

"Globalization is creating a world of one culture and destroying national

identity." To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Globalization has had a considerable effect on the world in the last few decades. While some
people believe that these effects are all positive it can also be argued that globalization is destroying
the identity of many countries in the world. This is because aspects of our lives such as
entertainment, communication, products and business are similar in many parts of the world. This
essay will argue that globalization is destroying national identity for three reasons.
Firstly, in terms of entertainment young people are less interested in their local culture and
this could have dangerous consequences. If young people do not know about their cultural heritage
[1] they will not understand the older generation. As a result, there could be serious communication
breakdowns within cultures.
In addition, globalization has produced large corporations which often prevent local
businesses from making money. Many people only want to buy branded products from these
international companies. Unless governments do something to limit the influence of these
companies, (2) ________________.
Finally, there is the problem of language. Due to globalization English has become the most
important language in the world and many languages are beginning to die out. This is a negative
aspect of globalization and could have serious consequences in the future. If everyone has to speak
English in the future and not their own native language (3) ________________.
In conclusion, globalization is having negative effects on national identity and people should
focus more on their local culture. If we allow globalization to continue to dominate local cultures, in
the future (4) ________________.

Vocab Note:
1. globalisation (n) : toàn cầu hoá
2. effect ~ influence (n) : sự ảnh hưởng
→ affect ~ influence (v) : ảnh hưởng
3. considerable (a) : to lớn, đáng kể
4. argue (v) : tranh cãi
5. identity (n) : đặc điểm nhận dạng
6. consequence (n) : hệ quả
7. heritage (n) : di sản
8. breakdown (n) : sự sụp đổ
9. corporation (n) : công ty
10. dominate (v) : chiếm ưu thế, thống trị
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