International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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OVERVIEW OF DESIGN AND INTEGRATION OF UNMANNED AERIAL

VEHICLE AIRCRAFT FOR SURVEILLANCE
(DEFENSE APPLICATIONS)
L.Subhashree1, T. Kousalya2, T.Aruna3, G. Tony Santhosh4

1, 2, 3.
UG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Alpha College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
4. Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics &Communication Engineering,

Alpha College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Micro UAVs and advantage that they can sense image at long distances. One
Grounded UAVs are gained a lot of popularity during the last disadvantage though is that it takes sufficient time to react as
few years. The use of these vehicles has grown drastically to turning a fixed-wing vehicle takes time and space until the
operate in dangerous situations where human can be safe at a vehicle regains its course. The rotary-wing vehicles are also
distance. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems (UAVs) is an known as Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) vehicles.
emerging technology with a tremendous potential to They have the advantage of minimum launching time, as well
revolutionize warfare and to enable new civilian applications. as they don t need enough space for landing. They have high
UAVs are mainly used for intelligence, surveillance and maneuverability and hovering. Rotary wing vehicles have
reconnaissance (ISR), border security, counter insurgency, short range radars and cameras to detect traffic movement.
attack and strike, target identification and designation, The drawback of such type of vehicles is that the rotary
communications relay, electronic attack, law enforcement and motion leads to vibration. systems presented and discussed
security applications, environmental monitoring and during the UAV 2003 workshop UAVs have different payload
agriculture, remote sensing, aerial mapping and meteorology. weight carrying capability, their accommodation (volume,
UAVs are better suited for dull, dirty, or dangerous missions environment), their mission profile (altitude, range,
than manned aircraft. Although armed forces around the duration), and their command, control and data acquisition
world continue to strongly invest in researching and capabilities vary significantly. A summary of the UAV
developing technologies with the potential to advance the capabilities and characteristics were presented in [2] as
capabilities of UAV Systems. In this paper address the shown in the Table 1. The smallest vehicles are Micro UAVs
Integration of simple UAV for defense applications using the (MAVs) like the AV Black Widow developed for military
hardware and software surveillance, law enforcement, and civilian rescue efforts.

Keywords—UAVs, MUAV, GUAV,1ISR, reconnaissance Vehicle Endurance Payload Altitude

(hours) Weight(kg) Capacity
I.INTRODUCTION (ft)
Aerosonde 40 1 20,000
UAVs are semi-autonomous or fully autonomous aircrafts Altus2 24 150 65,000
that can carry cameras, sensors, communication equipment AV Black 5 0 1,000
or other payloads. UAVs have been a topic of research for Widow
military applications since 1950s. UAVs were used as AV 1 0.5 3,000
prototypes in World War I and II. In the last decade, Defense Dragoneye
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated AV Pointer 1.5 0.9 3,000
several projects to increase use of UAVs in military AV Puma 4 0.9 3,000
applications [1]. Lately, increasing interest has been found in AV Raven 1.25 0.2 3,000
diverse civilian, federal and commercial applications, such as BQM-34 1.25 214 60,000
traffic monitoring. Chiron 8 318 19,000
Darkstar 8 455 45,000
UAVs are classified as either rotary-wing or fixed-wing. Exdrone 2.5 11 10,000
Fixed-wing vehicles are simple to control, have better Global 42 891 65,000
endurance, and are well suited for wide-area surveillance Hawk
and tracking applications. Fixed wing vehicles have another Gnat750 48 64 25,000
Helios 17+ 97,000
MLB Bat 6 1.8 9,000

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MLB 10 9 9,000 security and law enforcement, remote sensing, and )SR
Volcano missions (intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance).
Pathfinder 16 40 70,000 Civilian applications include traffic surveillance, weather
Pioneer 5.5 34 12,000 monitoring, communications relay, border management,
RMAX 1 28 500 maritime patrol, crime prevention, forest fire monitoring,
Predator 29 318 40,000+ and drug interdiction. Similarly, in the commercial sector,
UAVs can undertake tasks relating to fishery and agricultural
Shadow200 4 23 15,000
management, freight, pipeline monitoring, aerial
Shadow 14 45 17,000 photography, and search and rescue. In doing so, UAVs
600 optimize the political, business, and human costs of dull,
dirty, and dangerous activities.
Table 1: Capabilities and characteristics of UAV
UAVs are dynamic. They are nano, micro, mini, short-range,
Larger than MAVs are Small UAVs (SUAVs) like the MLB Bat. and tactical medium- and high-altitude combat aircraft
SUAVs are largely used for traffic surveillance oriented whose diverse platforms complement a functional
research as they are designed for small regional scales and versatility. They are manufactured in all shapes and sizes,
carry a payload of a few kilograms. They are portable, from hand-held devices that weigh a mere few ounces to the
flexible and autonomous in their applications. Medium several-thousand pound hunter-killer machines like the
altitude and medium endurance UAVs (MUAVs) are used for Predator B and Northrop-Grumman Global Hawk. In terms of
regional scale observations. They can be used for performance, UAVs can be indefatigable relative to manned
applications such as mapping and monitoring of firehazards, operations. For example, the hand launched Qinetiq Zephyr
weather phenomena etc. UAVs that operate in High Altitude solar-powered UAV can lift a small communications payload
with Long Endurance (HALE) range, like the Helios, are used above 40,000 feet and stay aloft for two weeks. Some UAVs
for applications such as mapping, communication, and are even entirely autonomous. The U.S. Air Force is training
monitoring tasks of the earth surface and the atmosphere, as more unmanned aircraft pilots than on-board pilots. While
they can work at altitudes up to 100,000 feet. the path for UAV development in the military, civil, and
commercial sectors domestically and internationally seems
clear, the saying that the sky s the limit may literally be
true as UAVs increasingly become part of the national
airspace system (NAS). They may be controlled either
manually or through an autopilot using a data link to connect
the pilot to the aircraft. They range in size from wingspans of
six inches to 246 feet; and can weigh from approximately
four ounces to over 25,600 pounds. In the United States
alone, approximately 50 companies, universities, and
government organizations are developing and producing
some 155 unmanned aircraft designs. Regulatory standards
need to be developed to enable current technology for
unmanned aircraft.

II.UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) AIRCRAFT

SYSTEM OVERVIEW

UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system

(UAS); which include a UAV, a ground-based controller, and
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines a UAV as a system of communications between the two. The flight of
an unmanned aircraft or device that is used or intended to UAVs may operate with various degrees of autonomy: either
be used for flight in the air that has no onboard pilot. This under remote control by a human operator or autonomously
includes all classes of airplanes, helicopters, airships, and by onboard computers. This UAV system has consists of
translational lift aircraft that have no onboard pilot. three modules namely
Unmanned aircraft are known by a host of names including
remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs), drones, robot planes, and A. Transmitter (UAV)
unmanned combat aerial vehicles, but do not include B. Receiver (GCS)
missiles and rockets. UAVs serve myriad military missions, C. Data Processing (Front end software)
have commercial and civilian applications, and possess
capabilities that are as varied as their designs. Military uses
include national defense, disaster response, homeland
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A. TRANSMITTER

Transmitter module consists of the following important

components

1. Power supply 2. Auto Pilot 3. ESC

4. Propellers
5. 3Phase Brushless Motor
6. GPS Receiver
7. RF Modem
8. Servo Expansion Board
9. Video Camera LiPo batteries can be found in packs of everything from a
10. Video Transmitter single cell (3.7V) to over 10 cells (37V). The cells are usually
connected in series, making the voltage higher but giving the
same amount of amp-hours.The 3SP1 batteries which means
3 cells connected in series as 1 parallel (just forget the
parallel, as it has no sense because we just use 3 cells in
series). This should give us 11.1V but at fully charged it
actually gives us around 12V instead.

For a brushless motor with a Kv-rating of 1000, this gives us

a maximum of 12000 rounds per minute. This number is
totally fictive as the battery voltage will drop immediately to
around 11.1V (at fully charged state) when current is being
drained. Anyways, this gives us a good idea about how fast
the propellers will be spinning As for the battery capacity
regards you should make some calculations on how much
power your motors will draw and then decide how long
flight time you want and how much influence the battery
weight should have on the total weight. A good rule of thumb
is that you with four EPP1045 propellers and four Kv=1000
rated motor will get the number of minutes of full throttle
flight time as the same number of amp-hours in your battery
capacity. This means that if you have a 4000mAh battery,
you will get around 4 minutes of full throttle flight time –
though with a 1KG total weight you will get around 16
minutes of hover.

Another thing to be-aware of when selecting the right

battery is the discharge rate, formerly known as the C-value.
The C-value together with the battery capacity indicates how
much current you are able to source from the battery. The
calculations follow this simple rule: Max Source = Discharge
1. Power Supply Rate x Capacity

All this leads to the battery, the power source for the whole 2.Autopilot
device. For the battery two types can be used, where of one
of them is highly recommended. The NiMH and the LiPo. as An autopilot is often an integral component of a Flight
they first and foremost are not able to provide enough Management System. Modern autopilots use computer
current and secondly they weight a lot more than LiPo software to control the aircraft. The software reads the
batteries when they have the necessary current ratings. aircraft's current position, and then controls a flight
Instead we should talk about LiPo batteries, but in this world control system to guide the aircraft. Alternately defined
there are also a lot of different variants of these too. autopilot system is a mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic
system used to guide a vehicle without assistance from a
human being. It can make the plane automatically fly
according to certain attitude, course, altitude. It consists of a
sensor, a computer and a servo mechanism. When a
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disturbance accrued to the plane deviated from the original

posture, the sensitive element (for example, the gyroscope)
will detect the change of attitude; the Computer calculate
the rudder deviator; the Servo (or called the rudder) will
correct it. The autopilot system and plane form a feedback
circuit to ensure the stable flight.

For the control it is usually just a simple PPM signal (similar

to PWM) that ranges from 1ms (min speed=turn off) to 2ms
(max speed) in pulse width. The frequency of the signals
does also vary a lot from controller to controller, but for a


UAV it is recommended to get a controller that supports at
Input voltage 12v DC

least 200Hz or even better 300Hz PPM signal, as it should be
Operating power (no modem) 800mW

possible to change the motor speeds very quickly to adjust
Operating power (With modem) 1200mW

the UAV to the stable position. It is also possible to get ESCs
that is controlled thru One Wire of I2C. These tends to be
much more expensive though, but sometimes it is also
possible to mod other ESCs to add the ) C feature

4. Propellers

A Propeller Lifts an Airplane Forward. Think of

a propeller as a spinning wing. Like a wing, it produces lift,
but in a forward direction—a force we refer to as thrust. Its
rotary motion through the air creates a difference in air
pressure between the front and back surfaces of its blades.
Other words A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power
by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure
difference is produced between the forward and rear
surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blade, and a fluid (such as air
or water) is accelerated behind the blade. Combine this with
3. Electronic Speed Controller any forward speed the propeller may have, the relative
airflow is also different from the hub to the tips. To keep
As the brushless motors are multi-phased, normally 3 thrust equal along the blade, they have a build in twist. The
phases, you can t just apply power to it to make it spin. The design is such that the blade is thick at the hub with a
motors requires some special phase-control electronics that large blade angle and thin at the tip with a low blade angle.
is capable of generating three high frequency signals with
different but controllable phases, but the electronics should
also be able to source a lot of current as the motors can be
very power-hungry . In this case we got the Electronic
Speed Controllers, known as ESC s. The ESCs is simply a
brushless motor controller board with battery input and a
three phase output for the motors

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5. Brushless Motor 7. RF Modem

UAV have motors with a propeller. Most of the times the so Radio modems transfer data wirelessly across a range of up
called Brushless Motors are used to drive the propellers. to tens of kilometers. Using radio modems is a modern way
Brushless motors are a bit similar to normal DC motors in to create Private Radio Networks (PRN). Private radio
the way that coils and magnets are used to drive the shaft. networks are used in critical industrial applications, when
Though the brushless motors do not have a brush on the real-time data communication is needed. Radio modems
shaft which takes care of switching the power direction in enable user to be independent of telecommunication or
the coils, and this is why they are called brushless. satellite network operators. In most cases users use licensed
Instead the brushless motors have three coils on the inner frequencies either in the UHF or VHF bands. In certain areas
(center) of the motor, which is fixed to the mounting. On the licensed frequencies may be reserved for a given user, thus
outer side it contains a number of magnets mounted to a ensuring that there is less likelihood of radio interference
cylinder that is attached to the rotating shaft. So the coils are from other RF transmitters.
fixed which means wires can go directly to them and there
for there is no need for a brush.

Specifications:
Brushless motor Brushless motor internal
1. Frequency 902-928MHz 2. Input voltage 3.3v
The reason why we use brushless motors instead of normal 3. Output power 500mW 4. Data rate 115.200Kbps
DC motors is the much higher speeds and less power usage
5. Range 11km (dipole antenna) 6. RX sensitivity -
for the same speed. The brushless motors are more efficient
100dBm
as there is no power lost as there is in the brush-transition 7. FHSS Spread spectrum 8. 2dBi dipole antenna
on the DC motors
8. Servo Expansion Board
6. GPS Receiver
The Servo Expansion has a micro-controller (MCU) that can
A GPS navigation device, GPS receiver, or simply GPS is a be programmed to generate Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM)
device that is capable of receiving information from GPS signals. It has 16 connectors for PWM devices. It was
satellites and then to calculate the device's geographical designed with servo motors in mind, they can be plugged in
position. Using suitable software, the device may display the right out of the box This expansion is ideal for building
position on a map, and it may offer directions. The Global anything that uses servos: robotic arms, walking spiders, etc,
Positioning System (GPS) uses a global navigation satellite or anything that uses PWM in general like LED lights.
system (GNSS) made up of a network of a minimum of 24,
but currently 30, satellites placed into orbit A GPS device can
retrieve from the GPS system location and time information
in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth. A
GPS reception requires an unobstructed line of sight to four
or more GPS satellites

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Specifications:

 Used for Gimbal azimuth, Gimbal elevation ,

Gimbal retract
 8 Channel
 Current consumption 5mA
 Pulse rate 50Hz
 Light weight 2.9 g

9. Video Camera Specifications:

To make pictures and video look like a professional you can  Frequency 1.3GHz
add a Camera Gimbal to your Aerial Video and Aerial  Input voltage 12v DC
Photography Drone for camera stabilization. These come in  Output power 300mW
different formats to suit either an Action Camera or DSRL  Power consumption 120mA
Style cam  Channel 4
 FM Modulation
 Vertical polarization
 RCA Adapter cable

B. RECEIVER/GROUND CONTROL STATION

I found that a conventional laptop computer is fragile for use

in the field and decided to create my own ruggedized PC that
would be suitable for use in the field and the workshop.
Having upgraded my desktop, I have a spare socket AM3
motherboard. The motherboard has an integral video
adapter, so will not require a bulky graphics card. To power
the PC, I will use a 12 volt ATX power supply. A 19" Samsung
Specification: LED LCD will be used. The screen comes with a 14.2V mains
power supply, this is more than the intended 12v input. I
 The BTC-40 – 40mm Ball Turret Camera features a attempted to power the screen with 12V but it would not
rigid and ultra light composite chassis coupled with switch on. To ensure the the LCD will have a consistent
a novel movement that keeps inertia low and results 14.2V input, I will use a buck-boost regulator. This means the
in fast and smooth action. PC will be able to take a wide input range from 10-20V. The
 6-12V DC case is constructed from sheet aluminum and 1" aluminum
 Maximum 2.1 watts equal angle and held together using M4 stainless-steel cap
headed bolts. I think it should be up to the job when it's
10. Video Transmitter finished.

Video transmitters are designed for secure, high quality

video transmission in multipath environments such as
metropolitan areas . A high efficiency transmitter design
with 100 mWatts RF output power and features such as full
frequency band channelization, MPEG2 or MPEG4 video
encoding, DVB-T or narrow or ultra-narrow bandwidth
settings, QPSK or 16QAM or 64QAM modulation, stereo
audio, auxiliary data channel, and variable power output.
Transmitters are designed to withstand harsh environments
and are ideal for Drones, UAS, UAV, UGV, military, and other
applications requiring high quality video transmission in a
compact, rugged package.
UAV Receiver module contains

I. Video Receiver with Antenna

II. COMM BOX (Main Board, RF Modem) with Antenna

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III. RC Transmitter ii. Communication Box with Antenna

IV. LAPTOP with Virtual aircraft software
V. Spectrum Analyser Data received from transmitter and display through the GUI
based front end software applications. RC transmitter link
for direct control for primary flights. Wireless modems like
Maxstream 9Xtend, freewaveMM2, Aerocomm, AC4868,
AC2248.GPS supports UTC time with pulse synchronization
for millisecond accuracy. UTC time stamping for telemetry.
Ground station position reference. Video overlay of UAV
state information of latitude, longitude, altitude, airspeed,
battery voltage, UTC date &time etc..un interrupt able power
supply (UPS)charges internal battery over two hour
operation using internal battery. Small rugged metal case.

i. Video Receiver with Antenna

The range of the wireless video link is limited by a number of iii. RC Transmitter and Receiver
factors. The path loss itself will diminish the signal when
distance increases, and obstacles in the line of sight can give The R/C pilot controls the model by a radio link, which
additional attenuation. However in a natural environment means by using electromagnetic radiation. Basically the R/C
there are some less obvious challenges to the radio-link that equipment consists of a Transmitter operated by the pilot
require clever solutions. We will take an in-depth look at the and the airborne units consisting in a Receiver together with
two main issues. Interference and Multipath fading due to one or more Servos depending on the number of channels
reflection. If the interfering signals occur in the same used and a Battery pack. Mode 1-4 selectable, 127segment,
frequency band as the wireless video link it will act as 40*40 LCD, digital transmission memory is used. End point
inband noise. This will reduce the signal to noise ratio, adjustment (EPA), sub trims & servo reversing. dual rates &
resulting in a noisy video image and limited range of the link exponential (ail/ele/rud) fail safe (all-channels; in S-FHSS
Even with a strong, noise free signal, a radio link can get mode only)throttle cut, trainer system(cord
sudden dropouts, especially in cluttered or urban required),throttle position, mix & low battery warnings.
environments. This can be due to the reflected propagation Up/down & model timer, it range check mode. R2000GS S-
path cancelling the direct propagation path. The cancelling FHSS receiver.
occurs because of the phase shift associated with different
propagation delay.

Frequency 1.3GHz Input voltage 12V DC

iv. Spectrum Analyzer

Checking frequency interference between data transmission

and video transmission.

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 Its frequency range is 100MHz to 4GHz,

 Amplitude is 90dBm to 0 dBm(typ),
 lower sample time is 100ms,
 Resolution is 100kHz to 50mHz.
 Units are dBm, dBuV, V/m, A/m, W/m2
(dBuV/m,W/cm2etc..via PCsoftware).
 The detectors is RMS and pulse. The input give it to
be 50Ohms SMA Rf input(f).accuracy is +/- 3dB
(typ).
 Interface is USB 2.0/1.1.
 Dimensions (L/W/D) are 250*86*27mm weight
was 420gr.

CONCLUSION

Many of the constraints associated with manned aircraft,

many developers of UAVs are at liberty to apply new ideas
and experiment with unusual, often cutting edge
technologies. Advances brought on by UAVs will spawn and
facilitate the advent of novel communication architectures,
collision avoidance systems, information sharing networks,
alternative fuels, and autonomous controls. Many of these
advances will likely have an impact on manned aircraft, such
C. DATA PROCESSING MODULE as improving cockpit and air traffic automation and by

creating an environment conducive to automated traffic
GUI Based front end software

separation. These changes, if adequately encouraged and
Data Analyze – OFF LINE

managed, will help in dealing with the mounting complexity
Rally point fixing for particular area

of air traffic system. This way we can integrate the UAV for
Track the Object/Moving object

surveillance for many applications.
Plot the graph for various data
ACKNOWLWDGEMENT

We are highly indebted to our beloved Principal and HOD of

Alpha College of Engineering, for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information
regarding this paper. We would like to express our gratitude
towards our parents for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which help us to completion of this paper
We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to
our management for supporting all the way to complete this
paper successfully. I would like to extend my sincere thanks
Virtual cockpit main screen On board data logging to all of them.

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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(istory‖ , A Mitchell institute study July . DEPLOYMENT‖, A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
[ ] ―UAS ROADMAP - ‖
[17] STEVEN JZALOGA, )AN PALMER, ―Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles Robotic Air Warfare 1917- ‖, Osprey
Publishing Ltd. AUTHORS BIOGRAPHIES

[18] Christopher T. Petrock Lieutenant Commander, L.Subhashree is currently pursuing

―UNMANNED A)RCRAFT SYSTEMS: T(E ROAD TO final year in the department of
EFFECT)VE )NTEGRAT)ON‖, USN, February Electronics and Communication
Engineering at Alpha College of
[ ] ―Next Generation Air Transportation System Engineering, Anna University in
Unmanned Aircraft Systems Research, Development and Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. She is very
Demonstration Roadmap‖ March , much interested Research and
Development in the field of UAV. and
[20] HaiYang Chao, YongCan Cao, and YangQuan Chen,
international conferences.
―Autopilots for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Survey‖,
International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
(2010),< http://www.springer.com/12555>

© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1508
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

T.Kousalya is currently pursuing final

year in the department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering at
Alpha College of Engineering, Anna
University in Chennai, Tamilnadu,
India. She is very much interested
Research and Development in the field
of UAV. and international conferences.

T.Aruna is currently pursuing final

year in the department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering at
Alpha College of Engineering, Anna
University in Chennai, Tamilnadu,
India. She is very much interested
Research and Development in the field
of UAV. and international conferences.

G.TonySanthosh is currently an
Assistant Professor in the faculty of
Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department at the Alpha
College of Engineering in Chennai,
Tamilnadu, India. He is pursuing PhD
in Anna University He also presented
various academic as well as research-
based papers at several national and
international conferences.

© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1509