Assignment-2

1. Neglecting the temperature effect, an empirical pressure-density relation for

p 1/ 7
water is p =3001× ( ρ/ ρa ) −3000 , where subscript a refers to atmospheric
a

conditions. Determine the isothermal bulk modulus of elasticity and

compressibility of water at 1, 10 and 100 atmospheric pressures.
2. A cylinder contains 0.35 m3 of air at 50°C and 276 kN/m 2 absolute. The air is
compressed to 0.071 m3. (a) Assuming isothermal conditions, what is the
pressure at the new volume and what is the isothermal bulk modulus of
elasticity at the new state. (b) Assuming isentropic conditions, what is the
pressure and what is the isentropic bulk modulus of elasticity? (Take the ratio of
specific heats of air γ = 1.4)
Surface Tension and capillarity
1. What is the pressure within a 1 mm diameter spherical droplet of water
relative to the atmospheric pressure outside? Assume s for pure water to be
0.073 N/m.
2. A spherical water drop of 1 mm in diameter splits up in air into 64 smaller
drops of equal size. Find the work required in splitting up the drop. The surface
tension coefficient of water in air = 0.073 N/m.
3. A spherical soap bubble of diameter d1 coalesces with another bubble of
diameter d2 to form a single bubble of diameter d3 containing the same amount
of air. Assuming an isothermal process, derive an analytical expression for d 3 as
a function of d1, d2, the ambient pressure P0 and the surface tension of soap
solution s. If d1 = 20 mm, d2 = 40 mm P0 = 101 kN/m2 and σ = 0.09 N/m,
determine d3.
4. By how much does the pressure in a cylindrical jet of water 4 mm in diameter
exceed the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere if the surface tension of
water is 0.0718 N/m?
5. Calculate the capillary depression of mercury at 20°C (contact angle θ =
140°) to be expected in a 2.5 mm diameter tube. The surface tension of mercury
at 20 °C is 0.4541 N/m.
Fluid Statics
1. The density of a fluid mixture ( ρ∈kg /m3) in a chemical reactor varies with the
vertical distance z (in metre) above the bottom of the reactor according to the
relation:
 [ ( )]
2
z z
ρ=10.1 1− +
500 100

Assuming the mixture to be stationary, determine the pressure difference

between the bottom and top of a 60 m tall reactor.
2. A multitube manometer using water and mercury is used to measure the
pressure of air in a vessel, as shown in Figure. For the given values of heights,
calculate the gauge pressure in the vessel.
h1=0.4 m , h2=0.5 m ,h 3=0.3 m , h4=0.7 m, h5 =0.1 m, h6=0.5 m

3. Determine the gage pressure in kPa at point a, if liquid A has SG=1.2 and
liquid B has SG=0.75. The liquid surrounding point a is water, and the tank on
the left is open to the atmosphere.

4. Water flows downward along a pipe that is inclined at 30 o below the

horizontal, as shown. Pressure difference P A −PB is due partly to gravity and
partly to friction. Derive an algebraic expression for the pressure difference.
Evaluate the pressure difference if L=1.5 m and h=6in.
5. A rectangular gate (width w=2m) is hinged as shown, with a stop on the
lower edge. Determine the depth H that will tip the gate.

6. A vertical rectangular gate 2.4 m wide and 2.7 m high is subjected to water
pressure on one side, the water surface being at the top of the gate. The gate is
hinged at the bottom and is held by a horizontal chain at the top. Determine the
tension in the chain.
7. A plane gate of uniform thickness holds back a depth of water as shown. Find
the minimum weight needed to keep the gate closed.

8. A tank of water 4 m wide with a hinged gate is shown in the figure.

Determine the magnitude and direction of the force at location A needed to hold
the gate in the position shown and the moment around the hinge O. Determine
what the moment would be if the hinge were at location A.
9. A gate, in the shape of a quarter-cylinder, hinged at A and sealed at B, is 3 m
wide. The bottom of the gate is 4.5 m below the water surface. Determine the
force on the stop at B if the gate is made of concrete; R=3m.

10. Show that the centre of pressure for a vertical semicircular plane submerged
in a homogeneous liquid and with its diameter d at the free surface lies on the
centre line at a depth of 3πd/32 from the free surface.
11. Find the weight of the cylinder (dia. = 2 m) per metre length if it supports
water and oil (Sp. gr. 0.82) as shown in Figure. Assume contact with wall as
frictionless.

12. Calculate the force F required to hold the gate in a closed position, if R = 0.6
m.

Buoyancy and Flotation

1. A cylindrical log of specific gravity 0.425 is 5 m long and 2 m in diameter. To
what depth the log will sink in fresh water with its axis being horizontal? Ans.
(0.882 m)
2. A sphere of 1219 mm diameter floats half submerged in salt water (ρ= 1025
kg/m3). What minimum mass of concrete (ρ= 2403 kg/m3) has to be used as an
anchor to submerge the sphere completely? Ans. (848.47 kg)
3. A long prism, the cross section of which is an equilateral triangle of side a,
floats in water with one side horizontal and submerged to a depth h. Find:
(a) h/a as a function of the specific gravity S of the prism.
(b) The metacentric height in terms of side a for small angle of rotation if

(
specific gravity, S = 0.8. Ans: √ , 0.11a
3s
2 )
4. A uniform wooden cylinder has a specific gravity of 0.6. Find the ratio of
diameter to length of the cylinder so that it will just float upright in a state of
neutral equilibrium in water. Ans. (1.386)
5. Find the minimum apex angle of a solid cone of specific gravity 0.8 so that it
can float in stable equilibrium in fresh water with its axis vertical and vertex
downward. Ans. (31.12°)
6. A ship of mass 2 ×106 kg has a cross section at the waterline as shown in
Figure. The centre of buoyancy is 1.5 m below the free surface, and the centre
of gravity is 0.6 m above the free surface. Calculate the meta-centric height for
rolling and pitching of the ship with a small angle of tilt. Ans. (0.42 m, 25.41
m)

7. Determine the specific weight of the cube when one-half is submerged as

shown in the figure. Determine the position of the centre of the cube relative to
the water level when the weight is removed.

8. An open rectangular tank of 5 m x 4 m is 3 m high. It contains water up to a

height of 2 m and is accelerated horizontally along the longer side. Deter mine
the maximum acceleration that can be given without spilling the water and also
calculate the percentage of water spilt over, if this acceleration is increased by
20%.
9. A rectangular container of water undergoes constant acceleration down an
incline as shown. Determine the slope of the free sur face using the coordinate
system shown.