UNIT – 1 Emotional Intelligence Semester – II VAC

Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and manage emotions effectively, as well as recognize and
influence the emotions of those around you.
Their effective management is essential for succeeding in academic, personal, social, and professional relationships.

MAYER AND SALOVEY (1990) defined EI as the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilateemotion and
regulate emotion in self and others.

EI is a subfield of social intelligence.

BAR-ON (1997) defined EI as “an array of non-cognitive capabilities, competencies, and skills thatinfluence one’s
ability to cope with environmental demands and pressures.”

MARTINEZ PONS (1997) suggested that EI helps people interact with their social environments more suitably.

GOLEMAN, BOYATZIS, AND RHEE (2000) described EI as the capacity for recognizing our feelings andthose of others
motivating ourselves and managing emotions effectively in others and ourselves.

Although various definitions of EI are not precisely similar, their main features are common, and undoubtedly, one
can conclude that they complement each other. According to the definitions, the primary skills of emotional
intelligence are to identify emotions, deploy them, and manage them.

Significance of EI
 Can be placed at the intersection of cognition and emotion.

 Plays an integral role in forming and developing meaningful human relationships.

 Plays a significant role in academic and professional success and mental and physical health.Equips an
individual to cope with the stressors of daily life.

 Enhanced Leadership

 Conflict Resolution

 Effective Communication

Models of Intelligence

1. MAYER AND SOLVEY’S ABILITY MODEL OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

EI is the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s and other’s feeling and emotions,
to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions.

This is a model of four interrelated abilities that are arranged in a hierarchical manner such that basic, less
complex is at the bottom and advanced psychologically challenging processesare at the top.
1. Perceiving emotions: ability to recognize and distinguish one’s emotions within oneselfand others. (Through
photographs, artworks, objects, and other form of media using clues like sound, appearance, color, language.
2. Using emotions to facilitate thoughts: to facilitate cognitive processes like reasoning,problem – solving,
decision making, interpersonal communication.
3. Understanding emotions: understanding of the antecedents of emotions andcomprehension of language

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 and meaning of emotions. (label emotions)
4. Managing emotions: the ability to reduce, enhance, modify or prevent an emotionalresponse in oneself and
others.

2. MIXED MODELS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Two models are considered under this:

a. BAR-ON’S MIXED MODEL OF EMOTIONAL – SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE

“cross-section of interrelated emotional and social competencies, skills and facilitators that determine how
well we understand and express ourselves, understand others and relate with them, and cope with daily
demands, challenges and pressures”

 Intrapersonal: self - awareness and self – expressionConsist of

A) SELF-REGARD: capability to perceive, accept and understand oneself accurately.
B) EMOTIONAL SELF-AWARENESS: to be aware of and understand one’s emotions.
C) ASSERTIVENESS: to effectively and constructively express one’s feeling andoneself.
D) INDEPENDENCE: self - reliant and free of emotional dependency on others.
E) SELF ACTUALIZATION: to strive to achieve personal goals and actualize one’spotential.

 Interpersonal: social awareness and interpersonal relationshipsConsists of

A) EMPATHY: to be aware and understand how other feel
B) INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS: to establish mutually satisfying relationshipsand relations with
others.

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  Stress management: emotional management and control
A) STRESS TOLERANCE: to effectively and constructively manage emotions.
B) IMPULSE CONTROL: to effectively and constructively control emotion in astressful condition.

 Adaptability:
A) REALITY TESTING: objectively validating one’s feeling and thinking with externalreality
B) FLEXIBILITY: level to which a person adapts and adjust one’s feelings andthinking to new situations
C) PROBLEM SOLVING: to solve personal and relationship-related issues.

 General mood:Consist of:

A) OPTIMISM: to be positive and look at the brighter side of life
B) HAPPINESS: to which a person feels content with oneself, others, and life ingeneral.

b. GOLEMAN’S MIXED MODEL OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE:

“The capacity for recognizing our feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves,and for managing
emotions well in ourselves and our relationships”

The four clusters are categorized under two broad domains: Personal competence and Social Competence:

A) SELF-AWARENESS: concerns knowing one’s internal states, preferences,resources

and intuition. It comprises of:
1. Emotional awareness: ability to recognise one’s emotions and the effectsthey have.
2. Accurate self-assessment: to know one’s weakness and strength.
3. Self-confidence: person’s capabilities and a sense of self-worth.

B) SELF-MANAGEMENT: managing one’s internal states, impulse, resourcesit

comprises of:
1. Emotional self-control: to keep impulses and disruptive emotions undercheck.
2. Transparency: maintaining the integrity and acting congruently with one’svalues.
3. Adaptability: deal with changes
4. Achievement: to prove or achieving a standard of excellence
5. Initiative: readiness to act on new opportunities
6. Optimism: pursuing goals with persistence even when faced with obstaclesand
setbacks.

C) SOCIAL COMPETENCE: handle relationships and are aware of other’s feelings,needs,

concerns and the relationship management cluster. Includes:
1. Empathy: sensing other’s feeling and perspectives and taking an activeinterest in

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 their concerns.
2. Organizational awareness: to interpret a group’s relationship with power andflow of
emotions
3. Service orientation: anticipating, recognizing and meeting consumers need

D) RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT:
1. Developing others: assessing others ability and needs
2. Inspirational leadership: to inspire other groups and individuals
3. Change catalyst: ability to manage or initiate change
4. Influence: wielding effective tactics for persuasion
5. Conflict management: to work through disagreements and negotiate
6. Teamwork and collaboration: to work well with others on common goals andcreate a
sense of teamwork.

3. TRAIT MODEL OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE by Konstantin Vasily Petrides

Konstantin Vasily Petrides developed the Trait Model of Emotional Intelligence, also known as the Trait Emotional
Intelligence (Trait EI) model.
“Constellation of self-perceptions located at the lower levels of personality hierarchies”
Here are the key points of this model:

1. Emotional Self-awareness (ESA): Recognizing and understanding one's own emotions.

2. Emotional Expression (EE): Effectively expressing one's emotions to others.
3. Emotional Regulation (ER): Managing and controlling one's own emotions
4. Emotional Empathy (EE): Sensing and understanding the emotions of others.
5. Social Expertness (SE): Navigating social situations with skill and ease.
6. Trait Empathy (TE): A broader aspect of empathy, involving a general tendency to be empathetic
across various situations.
7. Trait Happiness (TH): Measuring an individual's characteristic level of happiness.

BUILDING BLOCKS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

In most general terms, Emotional Intelligence (EI) may be defined as the overlap between emotion and intelligence,
or in other words, the intelligent use of emotions. It can pave the path to a fruitful and successful life. There are four
building blocks of Emotional Intelligence. These are Self Awareness, Self-Management, Social Awareness, and
Relationship Management.

1. Self-awareness: understanding of how we feel and why we feel that way. Self-awareness is adeep
understanding of one’s strengths, weaknesses, emotions, needs, and desires.

2. Self-Management: as the ability to manage one’s actions, thoughts, and feelings flexibly toget desired
results.

3. Social Awareness: to accurately perceive the emotions of others and “read” situationsappropriately.

4. Relationship Management: to take in’s own and other’s emotions and the context in whichthey occur, to
manage social interactions effectively.