Introduction to Trigonometry
Teacher: Ev Papoula
Email address: [email protected]
Introduction to Trigonometry
Introduction
• Learning outcomes Class 1
✓ Understand the notion of oscillations and how they are useful in (macro)economics
✓ Identify sin, cos, and tan and how they relate to a cycle
✓ Transform degrees of an angle to radians
✓ Use a calculator to estimate radians
Trigonometry
• Greek for triangle + measurement
• It’s all about angles, but we use triangles to define concepts
1. The six
Trigonometric
functions
• The various ratios
between the lengths of
these 3 sides of a right
triangle.
Important to remember!
1. Trig functions are properties of angles, not triangles.
2. Trig functions are unitless.
3. Trig functions are written and read as sin 𝜃 and not sin 𝜃 .
4. Squared trig functions are written and read as sin2 𝜃 ,and not
sin 𝜃 2 .
2. Cartesian coordinates and quadrants (reminder!)
Angle measurement in degrees and radians
1 radian = 1 radius worth of angle
4. The Pythagorean Theorem
5. The Unit Circle
• A circle with a radius of 1.
sin 𝜃 = 𝑦
cos 𝜃 = 𝑥
You only really need the first quadrant….
Solve anything by using this method.
13𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= + 2𝜋 (start at then rotate once around counterclockwise)
6 6 6
𝜋
So, + 2𝜋𝑛, n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, … , where 𝑛 is the number of
6 𝜋
complete revolutions you make around the unit circle starting at .
6
Positive values of 𝑛 correspond to counterclockwise rotations, and
negative values of 𝑛 correspond to clockwise rotations.
Exercise: Calculate the following:
2𝜋 2𝜋
1. sin and sin −
3 3
7𝜋 7𝜋
2. cos and cos −
6 6
𝜋 7𝜋
3. tan − and tan
4 4
9𝜋
4. sin 4
Useful properties
1. A sine function is an odd function: sin −𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 .
2. A cosine function is an even function: cos −𝜃 = cos 𝜃 .
3. A tangent function is an odd function: tan −𝜃 = − tan 𝜃 .
Class 2 - Trig functions: Graphs and Equations
Learning outcomes:
At the end of this class you should be able to:
✓Identify the graphs of trigonometric functions
✓Graph trigonometric functions
✓Identify the period, frequency and amplitude in graphs of trigonometric functions
✓Apply basic trigonometric properties and formulas
✓Solve trigonometric equations using familiar values, and your calculator
Graphs of Trigonometric
Functions
Sine Function Graph
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
Periodic function
with a period of 2𝜋
−1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1
What is the domain
and range?
Cosine Function Graph
𝑦 = cos 𝑥
Periodic function
with a period of 2𝜋
−1 ≤ cos 𝑥 ≤ 1
What is the domain
and range?
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝝅
𝟐
Tangent Function Graph
𝑦 = tan 𝑥
sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
Tangent will not exist where
cosine is 0, so at: 𝑥 =
5𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
⋯,− ,− ,− , , ,
2 2 2 2 2
5𝜋
,…
2
𝜋
So for 𝑥 = + 𝑛𝜋
2
Periodic function with a
period of 𝜋
Draw the following functions.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 on the interval 0,2𝜋 .
a) What is the domain and range of the function?
b) What is the period and frequency of the graph?
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2sin 𝑥 .
a) What is the domain and range of the function?
b) What is the period, frequency, and amplitude of the function?
For homework:
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = −3cos 2𝑥 on the interval 0,2𝜋 .
1
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥 on the interval 0,2𝜋 .
2
Solving trigonometric equations
• Demonstration on the board. Take notes!
• Watch the pre-recorded lectures on MS Teams for revision at
home before you attempt the homework.
• Please make sure your calculator is in Radian Mode!
Basic Formulas of Trigonometric
Functions
Basic formulas (no proofs needed!)
1. sin −𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
2. cos −𝑥 = cos 𝑥
3. tan −𝑥 = − tan 𝑥
4. sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
5. cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦
6. tan 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
7. sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
8. cos 2𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
2 tan 𝑥
9. tan 2𝑥 = 1−tan2𝑥
