INTRODUCTION:

Logic gates and truth table are the primary building blocks of

digital circuits. Logic gates performs binary operations and its

behaviours are defined by truth tables. Logic gates and truth table

collectively for circuits. It has various functions and applications in

various fields.

Lets get to know more about logic gates and truth table along with

their functions and applications here in detail.

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LOGIC GATES:

A logic gate is a fundamental building block of digital circuits that

performs a basic logical operation on one or more binary inputs (0

1) and produces a single binary output, with its behaviour defined by a

truth table. Logic gates are electronic circuits that implement logical

operations on binary inputs. They are the electronic circuits that

make logical decisions based on one or more inputs and produce a

single output.

The primary gates are

 AND Gate
 OR Gate

 NOT Gate

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Additional gates include:
 NAND Gate

 NOR Gate

 XOR Gate

 XNOR Gate

A universal gate is a type of logic gate that can implement any

Boolean function without the usage of any additional logic gates.

 NOR Gate

 NAND Gate

Logic diagrams/prints are used to show a wide variety of circuit

information using logical symbols (AND, OR, NOT, XOR, etc.),

and logical inputs and outputs (the 1s and 0s).

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BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:

A Boolean expression is a logical statement that evaluates to either true

or false. Boolean expressions are used in programming languages,

databases, and other applications.

Boolean algebra is a branch of algebra dealing with logical operations

and binary variables, primarily representing truth values (true or false)

as 1 and 0. It's fundamental in computer science, digital electronics,

and programming, and provides the foundation for logical processing

and decision-making.

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FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF LOGIC GATES :

FUNCTIONS :
 AND Gate: Output is 1 only when all inputs are 1.

 OR Gate: Output is 1 when at least one input is 1.

 NOT Gate: Inverts the input.

 NAND & NOR Gates: Inverse of AND & OR respectively.

 XOR Gate: Output is 1 only when inputs are different.

 XNOR Gate: Output is 1 when inputs are the same.

APPLICATIONS :
 Digital calculators
 Alarm systems
 Microprocessors
 Traffic light controllers
 Voting machines
 Data transmission and communication systems

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LOGIC DIAGRAMS :

Logic diagrams are graphical representations of logic gates and

circuits.
They are used to visually design and understand how a digital circuit
processes binary input values (0s and 1s) to produce output values.
Each
gate in the diagram has a unique shape and symbol, making it easy to
identify the operation it performs.

Basic Logic Gates and Their Symbols:

1. AND Gate
1. Symbol: D-shaped with two or more inputs and one
output.
2. Operation: Outputs 1 only if all inputs are 1.

2. OR Gate
1. Symbol: Curved shape with two or more inputs.

2. Operation: Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1.

3.NOT Gate (Inverter)

1.Symbol: Triangle with a small circle at the output.
2.Operation: Outputs the opposite of the input.

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 4.NAND Gate
1.Symbol: AND gate with a small circle at the output.
2.Operation: Outputs 0 only if all inputs are 1.

5. NOR Gate
1. Symbol: OR gate with a small circle at the output.

2. Operation: Outputs 0 if at least one input is 1.

6.XOR Gate (Exclusive OR)

1.Symbol: OR gate with an extra curved line on the input
side.
2.Operation: Outputs 1 only if inputs are different.

7. XNOR Gate (Exclusive NOR)

1.Symbol: XOR gate with a small circle at the output.
2.Operation: Outputs 1 only if inputs are the same.

Importance of Logic Diagrams:

 Design Tool: Engineers use them to build and simplify digital
circuits.
 Visualization: They make it easier to understand logical flow.

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  Debugging: Help in tracing output issues in a circuit.

 Education: Widely used in textbooks and learning materials.

Logic diagrams bridge the gap between theoretical Boolean

expressions and practical hardware implementations, helping us
visualize how binary data flows through a system.

The implementation of logic circuits involves creating actual digital

circuits from Boolean expressions or truth tables using basic logic
gates.
These circuits perform specific logical operations and are the
foundation of all digital electronics.

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TRUTH TABLE :
A truth table is a tabular representation that shows all possible input
combinations and their corresponding outputs for a logic function. It
helps analyze and design logical operations clearly and systematically.

Each and every logic gates have its own and unique truth table.

Purpose of a Truth Table:

 To describe the behaviour of a logic gate or circuit.
 To predict the output for every possible input combination.

 To help derive Boolean expressions for complex circuits.

Structure of a Truth Table:

A truth table consists of:
 Columns for each input variable.

 One or more columns for the output(s).

 Rows representing every possible combination of input values.

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TRUTH TABLE FOR EACH LOGIC GATES

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FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF TRUTH TABLE :

FUNCTIONS
 Lists all possible input states
 Defines expected output for each input
 Helps derive Boolean expressions
 Useful for circuit verification and simulation

APPLICATIONS
 Digital circuit design and testing
 Error detection in digital systems
 Logic gate-based problem solving
 Programming digital control systems
 Used in logic gate design and circuit verification.

 Helps convert logic into Boolean expressions.

 Useful for troubleshooting and identifying logical errors.

 Used in computer programming for decision-making conditions.

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LOGIC CIRCUITS:
Logic circuits are combinations of logic gates wired together to

perform specific functions based on Boolean algebra. These

circuits can be:

 Combinational (output depends only on current input)

 Sequential (output depends on current input and past inputs)

Logic circuits use logic gates to process input signals and produce

output signals. The output of a logic circuit depends on the logical

relationship between the inputs and the type of logic gate used. It

process and manipulate binary data, enabling data processing and

decision-making The implementation of logic circuits involves

creating actual digital circuits from Boolean expressions or truth

tables using basic logic gates. These circuits perform specific

logical operations and are the foundation of all digital electronics.

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Steps for Implementation:
 Start with a Truth Table or Problem Statement:

Identify the required logic function or desired output for all

possible input combinations.

 Derive the Boolean Expression:

Use the truth table to write a Boolean expression using sum-

of-products (SOP) or product-of-sums (POS) form.

 Simplify the Expression (Optional):

Apply Boolean algebra rules or Karnaugh Maps (K-Maps)

to
simplify the expression for a more efficient circuit.

 Draw the Logic Diagram:

Use standard logic gate symbols (AND, OR, NOT, etc.) to

create a diagram representing the simplified expression.

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 Build the Circuit:

Physically implement the circuit using components like

logic gate ICs (e.g., 7400 series), breadboards, or digital
design software (like Tinkercad or Logisim).

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HOW TO DESIGN A LOGIC GATE COMBINATION FOR
A TRUTH TABLE:

Materials Required:
 Breadboard
 Logic gate ICs (7408 - AND, 7432 - OR, 7404 - NOT, etc.)
 Jumper wires
 Power supply (5V)
 LEDs and resistors
 Logic probe / Multimeter (optional)

Sample Truth Table:

Let’s use a 2-input XOR as an example:

Output
A B
(Y)

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
Y=A⊕B=A′B+AB′

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Circuit diagram :

Components used:
 NOT gates for A' and B'

 AND gates for A'B and AB'

 OR gate to combine the two terms

Implementation Steps:
1. Connect power (5V and GND) to your breadboard.
2. Place NOT, AND, and OR ICs on the breadboard.
3. Connect inputs A and B using switches or jumper wires.
4. Wire the circuit to match the Boolean expression.

5. Connect an LED to the output (with a 330Ω resistor).

6. Test all input combinations and verify the output matches the
truth table.

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RESULT:
Create a table to verify inputs and outputs during testing.

Observed Expected Match

A B output output (Yes/No)

0 0 0 0 Yes

0 1 1 1 Yes

1 0 1 1 Yes

1 1 0 0 Yes

Such type of logic gates and truth table are used to create many digital
circuits .This process forms the foundation of digital circuit design
used in computers, calculators, and control systems.

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CONCLUSION:
Logic gate design is a key concept in digital electronics. This project
demonstrates how a simple truth table can lead to a functional digital
circuit. By understanding gate functions and logic expressions, we gain
foundational knowledge applicable in computing, robotics, and
electrical engineering.

A truth table can be used to derive a Boolean equation, which is then

implemented using a combination of basic logic gates. This process
forms the foundation of digital circuit design used in computers,
calculators, and control systems.

It has its own real life applications in many area including calculators,
security systems , voting machines , etc.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 www.sciencedirect.com
 www.textbook.com
 www.ilearnengineering.com
 www.electronics-tutorials.ws
 www.byjus.com
 en.wikipedia.org
 www.techtarget.com

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