Robotic Industry 4.

0
Unit 1

Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 aims to create a smart factory where machines, devices, and products communicate,
increasing efficiency and productivity.

Robotic Industry 4.0

Industrial automation and robotics are the use of computers, control systems and information
technology to handle industrial processes and machinery, replacing manual labour and improving
efficiency, speed, quality and performance.

In recent years, robotics has emerged as a crucial technology in implementing Industry 4.0
objectives. Robotics, in simple terms, is the use of machines to perform tasks that humans would
otherwise perform. With the advancement in robotics technology, it has become possible to
automate even complex and repetitive tasks, increasing productivity and efficiency in
manufacturing processes. Robotics can bring about a paradigm shift in manufacturing, leading to
a more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable industry.

From manufacturing and logistics to healthcare and agriculture, robots are increasingly being
deployed to perform repetitive tasks with precision and efficiency. By automating mundane and
labour-intensive processes, businesses can reduce costs, increase productivity, and improve
overall operational performance.
Robotics Industry 4.0 relation with automation
Automation in robotics is the use of artificial intelligence and robotic technology to automate or
replace manual labor processes. Automation in robotics can take many forms, from simple
systems that control a single robot arm to highly sophisticated software-driven solutions for
managing hundreds of robots.

As automation in robotics continues to develop, it’s important to understand both its potential
and its implications for the future. In this blog post, we’ll discuss what automation in robotics is
and highlight some examples of how it is being used in the modern workplace.

Industrial robotics is the use of a robot for manufacturing or other industrial process, including
assembly, packing, labelling, painting, inspection, testing, welding, and more. The use of robots
for these tasks should provide high endurance, precision and speed for the tasks.

The Benefits of Automation in Robotics

As technology advances, so too does the Automation in Robotics. By definition, Automation is
the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in
factories, and heat treating ovens. Robotics is a branch of engineering that deals with the design,
construction, operation, and application of robots. In other words, it’s the interaction between
robots and humans.

The benefits of automation in robotics are many. They include:

1) Increased productivity: When machines are used to do tasks that are repetitive or require
precision, they can work faster and more accurately than humans. This increases productivity
and allows businesses to get more work done in less time.
2) Reduced costs: Automation can help reduce labor costs by replacing human workers with
cheaper machines. In some cases, it can also help reduce material costs by using less expensive
materials or by recycling materials that would otherwise be wasted.

3) Improved safety: Robots can be used to do tasks that are dangerous for humans, such as
working in hazardous environments or handling hazardous materials. This improves safety for
both workers and the general public.

4) Greater flexibility: Machines can be programmed to do a variety of tasks, which

gives businesses greater flexibility in how they use them. For example, a robotic arm could be
programmed to weld one day and paint the next.

5) Better quality: Machines can often produce products with fewer defects than those produced
by human workers. This is because they

Types of Robotics in Manufacturing

Different types of robotics are utilized, each with unique features and capabilities. These are –

i) Industrial Robots: Industrial robots are the most common type of robots used in

manufacturing. Industrial robots are highly precise, can work long hours without breaks, and

perform tasks such as welding, painting, and assembly.

ii) Collaborative Robots: Robots designed to work alongside human operators are called

collaborative robots. These robots are equipped with sensors that allow them to detect the
presence of humans and adjust their movements accordingly. Collaborative robots are ideal for

tasks that require human-robot interaction, such as packaging and material handling.

“A cobot, or collaborative robot, is a robot intended for direct human-robot interaction within a

shared space, or where humans and robots are in close proximity”

Cobots role in Robotic industry 4.0

They contribute to decentralizing decision-making. The interoperability of collaborative robots

makes it easier to coordinate production resumes and interruptions, as well as the introduction of
modifications during the process.
 Industry 4.0-ready
As devices, most cobots – and certainly cobots from Universal Robots – are fully compatible
with Industry 4.0 design principles. Equipped with powerful onboard computers, they are
interoperable and easily able to join the Internet of Things (IoT) in any factory environment.
They promote information transparency via their ability to collect data and pass it on to other
systems for analysis, modelling and so on. They provide technical assistance, in the sense that
they “physically support humans by conducting a range of tasks that are unpleasant, too
exhausting, or unsafe for their human co-workers.”12 And they are able to facilitate
decentralized decisions – although cobots are normally used more as tools wielded by their
operators than as autonomous entities (see “What cobots tell us about Industry 4.0” below). In
addition, cobots are classic Industry 4.0 products in that they are digital products that continue
evolving through software updates and their own programmability. They even support digital
(XaaS) business models, as companies like Hirebotics – which rents cobots by the hour – are
proving.
 Democratizing automation
Beyond their innate Industry 4.0 compatibility, cobots have played a major role in enabling
companies that might not have been able to afford industrial robots to start automating their
processes. Because they are versatile, easy to program, small, lightweight and affordable, cobots
are being deployed at SMEs, to retrofit older factories belonging to companies that might not be
in a position to build a turnkey Industry 4.0 facility, and at companies of all sizes in developing
countries. These same qualities – versatility, user-friendliness, small footprint and affordability –
also make cobots eminently suitable for deployment in processes that were not previously
automated. By “democratizing” robotic automation in this way, cobots help companies
everywhere join the latest wave of automation, even if they are not ready to go all the way to
Industry 4.0.
 When the lights are not out
In theory at least, the ultimate goal of Industry 4.0 is the “lights out” factory – a factory that is
fully automated and requires no human presence on site. There are a few factories in operation
today that come very near this ideal, including a Philips factory in the Netherlands that
manufactures electric razors with no human workers except nine QA specialists deployed at the
very end of the manufacturing process.13 Interestingly, when cobots are deployed in advanced
Industry 4.0 environments, it is often at exactly the few points where human workers are
required – such as at reworking stations. This is because cobots can not only receive instructions
from other IoT devices and systems, but can – with the help of human operators – feed devices
and systems with input deriving from operator observations, one-off change requests and so on.

 The elephant in the room

Despite the touchpoints between cobots and Industry 4.0 discussed above, there is still a
proverbial elephant in the room. For while the ultimate aim of Industry 4.0 is to do away with
factory workers, cobots are designed to work with humans retained intentionally on the factory
floor. In short, there’s no room for factory workers in Industry 4.0, while factory workers are
vital to the success of environments where collaborative robots are deployed. Under “What
cobots tell us about Industry 4.0” below, we will examine this problem, highlighting what cobots
do that Industry 4.0 cannot, and – we hope – revealing some of the limitations of Industry 4.0
that are sometimes overlooked in all the hype surrounding this admittedly fascinating concept.
 Cobots enable factories to keep process ownership and knowledge in house

Another limitation with Industry 4.0 involves the ownership of processes and the knowledge it
takes to manage them. The automated systems behind Industry 4.0 environments are often
designed, monitored and managed by external consultants. Yet today, the availability of process
knowledge – along with proximity to markets – is displacing low-cost labor as the main criterion
when companies choose their manufacturing sites.

iii) Mobile Robots: These robots are designed to move around a factory floor or warehouse.

They are equipped with sensors and cameras to navigate and avoid obstacles. Mobile robots are

ideal for material handling, transportation, and inventory management.

Data Analytics and how data analytics is used to improve robotic performance
in Industry 4.0
To leverage industry 4.0 data analytics, manufacturers must first identify the data sources most
relevant to their operations. This involves understanding what types of data are available, where
they are coming from, and how they can be used to improve processes.
Analyzing massive data sets to find hidden trends, patterns, and correlations is known as data
analytics. Data analytics in the context of Industry 4.0 robotic systems refers to the use of
complex algorithms to the analysis of the massive volume of sensor data produced by robots.
In Industry 4.0, data analytics is applied to enhance robotic performance in the following ways:
Self-calibration: Sensor data from internal components, such as gripper position and motor
temperature, can be encoded into robots. Robots are able to self-adjust their settings in order to
maintain maximum performance by recognizing departures from regular operating ranges.
Predictive maintenance: By looking for anomalies in sensor data, data analytics can be utilized
to forecast equipment problems. For instance, a motor's temperature gradually rising could be a
sign of a possible bearing failure. The use of predictive maintenance enables
Process optimization: Engineers can find bottlenecks and potential improvement areas by
examining data on manufacturing processes. Data may show, for example, that a specific robot
 arm is routinely going beyond cycle time. This can point to a problem with the robot's mechanics
or the need for better programming.

Benefits of Automation in Robotic Industry 4.0:

 Increased Efficiency and Productivity: Robots can work tirelessly, performing tasks
consistently and quickly, leading to higher output and faster production times.
 Enhanced Quality and Precision: Automated processes minimize human error, resulting in more
consistent and higher-quality products.
 Reduced Costs: Automation can bring down labor costs, particularly for repetitive tasks.
Additionally, predictive maintenance based on data analytics can minimize downtime and
maintenance expenses.
 Improved Safety: Robots can handle dangerous tasks, reducing the risk of workplace injuries
for human workers.
 Greater Flexibility and Scalability: Modern robots can be programmed for various tasks and
easily adapt to production changes. Scaling production up or down becomes quicker and more
manageable.
 Real-time Data and Process Optimization: Data collected by robots can be used for
continuous monitoring and improvement of production processes. This allows for faster
identification and rectification of inefficiencies.
Challenges of Automation in Robotic Industry 4.0:
 High Initial Investment: Implementing advanced robotic systems can be expensive, including
the cost of robots themselves, programming, and integration with existing infrastructure.
 Job displacement: A significant concern is that automation may lead to job losses, particularly
for tasks currently performed by human workers.
 Technical Expertise: Operating and maintaining complex robotic systems requires specialized
skills and training for the workforce.
 Security Concerns: Increased reliance on automation raises cybersecurity risks, as hackers
could potentially disrupt or manipulate robotic systems.
 Ethical Considerations: The development and deployment of advanced robots raise ethical
questions surrounding job displacement, the potential for autonomous weapons, and the impact
on society as a whole.
 Advanced Industrial Control Systems (AICS)

Advanced Industrial Control Systems (AICS) are complex networks that orchestrate and manage
various industrial processes. Here are the key components that make up an AICS:
Field Devices:
 Sensors: These are the eyes and ears of the AICS, collecting real-time data on physical
parameters like temperature, pressure, flow rate, and equipment vibration. Examples include
temperature sensors, pressure gauges, and flow meters.
 Actuators: These are the hands and feet of the AICS, responsible for physically manipulating the
process based on controller instructions. Examples include valves, motors, and robotic arms.
Controllers:
 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): These are specialized industrial computers that receive
sensor data, execute pre-programmed control logic, and send commands to actuators. They
handle real-time control of specific processes within the system.
 Distributed Control Systems (DCS): For larger, complex processes, DCS are used. They consist
of a network of interconnected controllers that work together to manage the entire operation.
Human-Machine Interface (HMI):
This is the operator interface, typically a computer screen, that allows human operators to
monitor the AICS, visualize process data, and send control commands when necessary.
Communication Networks:
Industrial networks connect all the components of the AICS, enabling data exchange between
sensors, controllers, HMIs, and other devices. Common protocols include Modbus, EtherNet/IP,
and PROFIBUS.
Additional Components:

 Data Acquisition Systems (DAS): These systems collect and store data from sensors and other
devices, making it available for analysis and process optimization.
 Industrial PCs (IPC): These high-performance computers can be used for complex control
algorithms, data visualization, and integration with enterprise systems.
 Security Systems: AICS are increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks. Firewalls, intrusion
detection systems, and secure communication protocols are crucial for protecting the system.
 Ethical considerations related to the automation of jobs in the robotic
industry 4.0
The automation revolution in Industry 4.0 presents a double-edged sword when it comes to jobs.
While robots offer incredible efficiency and productivity gains, the ethical implications of
widespread job displacement cannot be ignored. Here are some key ethical considerations related
to automation:
 Job displacement and economic impact: A major concern is that robots will take over jobs
currently done by humans, leading to unemployment and economic hardship. This could
exacerbate income inequality and social unrest.
 Reskilling and retraining: If automation leads to job losses, governments and businesses have
an ethical responsibility to invest in retraining programs to equip displaced workers with the
skills needed for new jobs in the automated workplace.
 Universal Basic Income (UBI): Some propose UBI as a solution to ensure a minimum standard
of living for everyone, even if traditional jobs become scarce due to automation. However, UBI
raises its own ethical and economic questions.
 Transparency in automation decisions: Companies have an ethical obligation to be transparent
about their automation plans and how they will impact the workforce. Open communication with
employees and unions can help manage the transition and minimize disruption.
 The future of work: Automation raises questions about the very nature of work and human
value in society. We may need to redefine work and explore alternative models of employment
and income generation in a highly automated future.
Here are some additional considerations:
 Ethical sourcing of materials: The production of robots and the materials they require should
be done ethically, considering environmental and human rights concerns.
 Bias in algorithms: Algorithms used to control robots can become biased based on the data they
are trained on. This can lead to discriminatory outcomes in areas like job selection or resource
allocation.
 The impact on mental health: Increased automation may lead to feelings of alienation and a
lack of purpose for some workers. Businesses should consider the psychological impact of
automation on their employees.
 Role of artificial intelligence in the automation of manufacturing processes in
the robotic industry 4.0

The integration of Industry 4.0 and AI has significant implications for the manufacturing
industry, including: Increased Efficiency: By automating processes and using AI to optimize
them, manufacturers can achieve greater efficiency and productivity, reducing waste and
increasing output.

Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a transformative role in automating manufacturing processes

within Industry 4.0. Here's how AI is revolutionizing robotic automation:
1. Enhanced Robot Capabilities:

 Improved decision-making: AI algorithms enable robots to analyze sensor data and make real-
time decisions in dynamic environments. This allows robots to handle complex tasks that were
previously impossible, like adapting to variations in product shape or size.
 Vision and Machine Learning: AI-powered vision systems equip robots with superior object
recognition and grasping capabilities. Robots can now identify and handle delicate or even
irregular objects with greater precision.
 Machine Learning for Skills Acquisition: Robots can learn from experience through machine
learning. By analyzing past performance data, robots can continuously improve their movements
and refine their skills for specific tasks.
2. Process Optimization and Control:
 Predictive Maintenance: AI can analyze sensor data from robots and equipment to predict
potential failures. This allows for preventive maintenance, reducing downtime and maintenance
costs.
 Process Monitoring and Optimization: AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of production
data to identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies in the manufacturing process. This enables
continuous improvement and optimization of production workflows.
 Quality Control with Machine Vision: AI-powered vision systems can be used for automated
quality control inspections. Robots can identify defects with much higher accuracy and
consistency compared to human inspectors.
3. Collaborative Automation:
 Human-Robot Collaboration: AI facilitates seamless collaboration between robots and human
workers. Robots can handle dangerous or strenuous tasks, while humans oversee complex
decision-making and problem-solving.
 Safe Human-Robot Interaction: AI can ensure safe interaction between robots and humans in
shared workspaces. Robots can be programmed to detect human presence and adjust their
movements accordingly, minimizing the risk of accidents.

Integrated concept of material handling systems 4.0

Industry 4.0 offers a high-speed high-tech system that allows management to know at a defined
moment what is occurring in warehouses or factories; output of equipment, weather, energy
consumption, product conditions, or inventory movement.
An integrated system connects all material handling equipment and software in order to support
all aspects of the production cycle, including receiving, processing, storage, picking and
shipping.
An integrated material handling system 4.0 builds upon traditional material handling by
incorporating the key features of Industry 4.0 – interconnectivity, automation, data-driven
decision making, and cyber-physical integration. Here's how it works:
Holistic Approach: It considers the entire material flow within a facility, from receiving raw
materials to shipping finished goods. This includes storage, picking, packing, and transportation
within the facility.
Smart Equipment and Connectivity: The system comprises various interconnected machines
and devices, including robots, conveyors, automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS), and
autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs). These components communicate with each other and a
central control system to share data and coordinate operations.
Real-time Data and Analytics: Sensors embedded throughout the system collect real-time data
on factors like material location, inventory levels, and equipment performance. This data is
analyzed by sophisticated algorithms to optimize workflows, predict issues, and identify areas
for improvement.
Automation and Optimization: Repetitive tasks like picking, packing, and palletizing are
automated using robots and other intelligent machines. Data analytics helps optimize routes,
minimize wait times, and ensure smooth material flow throughout the process.
Integration with Enterprise Systems: The material handling system seamlessly integrates with
other enterprise systems like Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) and Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) software. This allows for real-time data exchange and synchronization across
various departments, leading to better planning and resource allocation.
 Benefits of Integrated Material Handling Systems 4.0:

 Increased Efficiency and Productivity: Streamlined workflows, optimized routes, and automated
tasks significantly enhance overall throughput and production speed.
 Improved Accuracy and Reduced Errors: Automated systems minimize human error in picking,
packing, and inventory management, leading to higher accuracy and fewer product defects.
 Enhanced Safety: Robots can handle dangerous tasks and heavy lifting, reducing the risk of
workplace injuries for human workers.
 Reduced Costs: Automation can lower labor costs associated with manual material handling.
Additionally, predictive maintenance based on data analytics minimizes downtime and
maintenance expenses.
 Greater Flexibility and Scalability: The system can be easily adapted to changing production
demands and product variations.

Key technologies that are used to enable the integration of material handling

systems in the Industry 4.0

Several key technologies converge to enable the integration of material handling systems in

Industry 4.0, creating a smart and interconnected network. Here are some of the most important:

 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): This forms the foundation for communication between
various devices within the material handling system. Sensors embedded in machines, robots, and
storage systems collect real-time data on equipment status, inventory levels, and material
location. This data is transmitted via industrial networks, enabling real-time monitoring and
control.
 Big Data and Analytics: The vast amount of data generated by IIoT sensors needs processing
and analysis. Big data analytics tools play a crucial role in extracting meaningful insights from
this data. These insights are used to optimize workflows, predict maintenance needs, and identify
bottlenecks in the material handling process.
 Cloud Computing: Cloud-based platforms offer a scalable and cost-effective solution for
storing and managing the massive datasets generated by material handling systems. Additionally,
 cloud computing allows for remote access and control of the system, facilitating centralized
management and monitoring.
 Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS): These systems integrate physical machinery with
computational algorithms. In material handling, CPS can enable robots to receive sensor data,
make decisions based on pre-programmed logic or machine learning, and physically manipulate
objects within the environment.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): AI and machine learning algorithms
are transforming material handling by enabling intelligent automation. Robots can be
programmed to learn from past data and improve their performance over time. AI can also be
used for real-time decision-making, allowing robots to adapt to changing situations within the
material handling environment.
 Digital Twins: A digital twin is a virtual replica of the physical material handling system. By
simulating real-time data and operational scenarios, digital twins allow businesses to test and
optimize workflows, predict potential issues, and identify areas for improvement before
implementation in the physical system.
 Simulation and Modeling: Advanced simulation and modeling software can be used to design
and optimize the layout of a material handling system before its physical construction. This helps
ensure efficient material flow, minimize bottlenecks, and optimize overall system performance.

GROUP TECHNOLOGY (GT)

GT is a manufacturing philosophy in which similar parts are identified & grouped together to
make advantage of their similarities in design and production. Similar parts bare arranged into
part families, where each part family possesses similar design and/or manufacturing
characteristics. Grouping the production equipment into machine cells, where each cell
specializes in the production of a part family, is called cellular manufacturing
Implementing Group Technology (GT)
1. Identifying the part families If the plant makes 10,000 different parts, reviewing all of the part
drawings and grouping the parts into families is a substantial task that consumes a significant
amount of time.
2. Rearranging production machines into cells It is time consuming and costly to plan and
accomplish this rearrangement, and the machines are not producing during the change over.
Part Families
• Part family- Group of similar parts
• Machine cell- Group of machineries used to process an individual part family
• Part family is a Collection of parts that are similar either because of geometric shape and size
or because similar processing steps are required in their manufacture.

BENEFITS OF GT

 Engineering Design
 Tooling and setups
 Materials and Handling
 Production and Inventory control
 Process planning
 Management and employees

METHODS FOR PART FAMILY

There are three general methods for solving part families grouping. All the three are time
consuming and involve the analysis of much of data by properly trained personnel. The
three methods are:
I. Visual inspection.
II. Parts classification and coding.
III. Production flow analysis.
Cellular Manufacturing
Application of group technology in which dissimilar machines or processes are aggregated into
cells, each of which is dedicated to the production of a part family or limited group of families.

Typical objectives of cellular manufacturing:

 To shorten manufacturing lead times

 To reduce WIP
 To improve quality
 To simplify production scheduling
 To reduce setup times

Cellular manufacturing is a production system that combines the processes of a production line
into a single, unified manufacturing cell. It is a type of lean manufacturing system that reduces
waste and improves efficiency. It achieves this by reducing the time it takes to transfer products
between machines.
 Key Features:

 Focus on one product or product family: Each cell focuses on completing a specific product or a
family of similar products.
 Multi-skilled workers: Workers within a cell are cross-trained to perform multiple tasks involved
in assembling the product.
 One-piece flow: Materials are processed one unit at a time, continuously moving through the cell
from start to finish.
 Reduced work-in-process (WIP) inventory: Cellular manufacturing aims to minimize the amount
of partially completed products waiting at each stage.
 Emphasis on continuous improvement: Cellular manufacturing encourages a culture of
continuous improvement, with workers actively involved in identifying and eliminating
inefficiencies.

Benefits:

 Increased efficiency and productivity: Reduced material handling, one-piece flow, and multi-
skilled workers lead to faster production times.
 Improved quality: Closer worker proximity and focus on a single product allow for better quality
control.
 Enhanced flexibility: Cells can be easily reconfigured to adapt to production changes or new
product introductions.
 Improved employee engagement: Cross-training and involvement in problem-solving can lead to
higher employee morale and job satisfaction.
Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)

1. FMS user flexibility

2. FMS supplier flexibility.

1. FMS user flexibility The first area is that in which the FMS user is interested. This most
important area for the available flexibilities are provided for the FMS user to be able to satisfy
the demands of their customers.

2. FMS supplier flexibility. The second type of flexibility concerns the method of applying
FMSs.this is of extreme interest to the FMS host supplier. Every FMS application’s different,
and no. of FMS supplier can start from scratch to supply a FMS host solution every time for each
new FMS user. A supplier’s solution need to be flexible enough to integrate the different
machine types in to different FMS configurations and layouts for different product mixes.
Components of FMS systems:

Benefits of FMS

 The various benefits are listed below,

 Higher machine utilization
 Reduced work in process
 Lower manufacturing lead time
 Greater flexibility in production scheduling.


Feature Traditional Manufacturing Systems Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)

High-volume production of identical Adaptable production for a variety of
Focus products similar products
Flexibility Low High
Automation Lower Higher
Workstations Dedicated production lines Modular and reconfigurable workstations
Batch Sizes Large Smaller
Inventory High WIP inventory Reduced WIP inventory
 Advanced Industrial Control Systems (AICS), and how do they differ from
traditional control systems

Advanced Industrial Control Systems (AICS) represent a significant leap forward compared to
traditional control systems used in industrial processes. Here's a breakdown of the key
differences:

Traditional Control Systems:

 Stand-alone and Limited Scope: Traditional systems are typically independent units controlling specific
machines or processes. They lack the interconnectivity and ability to share data with other systems.
 Limited Automation: Traditional systems rely more on manual operation and control, requiring human
intervention to adjust settings or respond to changes.
 Reactive Management: These systems primarily focus on monitoring and maintaining pre-set parameters.
They offer limited capabilities for real-time optimization or predictive maintenance.
 Lower Level of Communication: Communication between components is often limited, hindering overall
system visibility and optimization.
 Less Data-driven: Traditional systems generate less data, and the data analysis capabilities are limited.
Advanced Industrial Control Systems (AICS):
 Integrated and Networked: AICS components like PLCs, DCS, HMIs, and sensors are interconnected through
industrial networks, enabling them to communicate and share data seamlessly.
 Highly Automated: AICS leverage programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and other automation technologies
to automate various tasks and processes, reducing human intervention.
 Proactive and Predictive: AICS can analyze sensor data in real-time to identify potential issues and predict
equipment failures before they occur. This allows for preventive maintenance and minimizes downtime.
 Extensive Communication: Industrial networks facilitate continuous communication between all components
within the AICS, providing a holistic view of the entire operation.
 Highly Data-driven: AICS generate vast amounts of data from sensors and other devices. This data is
analyzed by sophisticated algorithms to optimize processes, improve quality control, and identify areas for
improvement.

Feature Traditional Control Systems Advanced Industrial Control Systems (AICS)

Scope Stand-alone, limited control Integrated, networked control

Automation Limited Highly automated

Management Style Reactive Proactive and Predictive

Communication Lower level Extensive communication

Data-driven Less data-driven Highly data-driven