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SCIENCE
QUARTER 3
UNDERSTANDING
MIRROR EQUATION AND MAGNIFICATION

This learning module belongs to:

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 INTRODUCTORY
MESSAGE
For the facilitator:

This is Science 9 Alternative Delivery Mode module on Understanding Mirror

Equation and Magnification.

This Module was designed and developed to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator, in helping the learners meet the standard set by K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints brought
about by the pandemic.

It is hoped that this learning resources will engage the learners through
guided and independent learning activities that can be performed
asynchronously. Furthermore, it aims to help the learners acquire the needed
21st century skills while taking into consideration the new normal setup.

As a facilitator you are expected to guide the learners on maximizing the use
of this module. You also need to keep track the learner’s progress while giving
them leeway to manage their learning.

Whether as a teacher or facilitator, you can use this module to help overcome
the new challenges in educating learners today.
 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

There are various ways in determining the image location, size, orientation and
type of image formed of objects when placed at a given location in any type of
mirror. We have ray diagramming, mirror equation and magnification. This
module will help you understand and determine numerical information about
image distance and object size on a certain mirror using one of the two ways in
determining the characteristics of an image.

This module helps you to determine the image location, size, orientation and
type of image formed of objects when placed at a given location in any type of
mirror through numerical information.

This module particular discuss the concept of:

 Mirror Equation and Magnification

After answering the assessment and activities, the students will be able to:

A. Predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification)

of images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses; (S10FE-IIg50)
B. Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their
use in optical instruments (e.g., cameras and binoculars); (S10FE-IIh52)

During the exercises and activity, you as an active, collaborative learner will work
on physical setting. The developer of this module hope that you will find insightful
and relevant in physics lesson, specifically understanding mirror equation and
magnification.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

The developer of this module is a pre-service teacher

of College of Development Education at Central Bicol
State University of Agriculture. Mary Joy S. Pelaez, 4th
year student, under Bachelor of Secondary Education
major in Science.
 WHAT I KNOW

Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. An image is formed upside down in front of mirror and seems bigger by 2 times
from the actual size. What might be the type of mirror uses?
A. Concave mirror
B. Convex mirror
C. Plane mirror
D. Concave lens
2. The variable 𝑑𝑖 represents_____
A. Image height
B. Object distance
C. Image Distance
D. Object height
3. If the distance of the image from the mirror (di) is positive. The image is
considered....
A. Upright
B. Real
C. Inverted
D. Virtual
4. In the mirror equation, 𝑑𝑜 represents_______.
A. Image height
B. Object distance
C. Image Distance
D. Object height
5. When the image distance is positive and the image height is negative, what will
be the image formed?
A. Real and upright
B. Virtual and upright
C. Virtual and inverted
D. Real and inverted
6. What will be the size of the image if the magnification value will equal to 0.5
A. Image is larger than the object.
B. Image is smaller than the object.
C. Image is same size as the object.
D. No image is form
7. What will be the formula in finding image distance?
𝒇𝒉𝒐
A. 𝒅𝒊 =
𝒉𝒐 −𝒇
𝒇𝒅𝒐
B. 𝒅𝒊 =
𝒅𝒐 −𝒇
𝒇𝒅𝒊
C. 𝒅𝒊 =
𝒅𝒊 −𝒇
𝒇𝒉𝒊
D. 𝒅𝒊 =
𝒉𝒊 −𝒇

8. In the mirror equation, ℎ𝑜 represents

A. Image Height
B. Object Height
C. Image Distance
D. Object Distance
9. What will be the formula in finding Object distance?
𝒇𝒉𝒐
A. 𝒅𝒐 =
𝒉𝒐 −𝒇
𝒇𝒅𝒊
B. 𝒅𝒐 =
𝒅𝒊 −𝒇
𝒇𝒅𝒐
C. 𝒅𝒐 =
𝒅𝒐 −𝒇
𝒇𝒉𝒊
D. 𝒅𝒐 =
𝒉𝒊 −𝒇

10. In the mirror equation, ℎ𝑖 represents

A. Image Height
B. Object Height
C. Image Distance
D. Object Distance
 WHATS IN
DIRECTION: Fill the crossword puzzle with the words being describe by each
sentence found on the right side of the puzzle. If filled out correctly, the words will
fit neatly to the puzzle.

DOWN

1. A material thing that can be seen and touched.

3. The extent or amount of space between two things, points, lines, etc.

5. A polished or smooth surface (as of glass) that forms images by reflection.

CROSS

2. Actually existing as a thing or occurring in fact; not imagined or supposed.

4. The measurement from base to top or (of a standing person) from head to foot.

6. A representation of the external form of a person or thing in art.

 WHAT IS IT?

MIRROR EQUATION AND MAGNIFICATION

The mirror equation expresses the quantitative relationship
Important
between the object distance (do), the image distance (di), and
Question
the focal length (f). The equation is stated as follows:
WHAT IS MIRROR
EQUATION AND 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
MAGNIFICATION 𝒇 𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒊

The magnification equation relates the ratio of the image

W Image distance distance and object distance to the ratio of the image height
Image height (hi) and object height (ho). The magnification equation is
O
Focal length
R stated as follows:
Object distance
D
Object height
𝒉𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝑴= = −
𝒉𝒐 𝒅𝒐

OBJECT DISTANCE - the distance of

the object from the vertex to the object.
This is denoted by the symbol 𝒅𝒐 .

IMAGE DISTANCE – Distance from the

vertex up to the image form. This is
denoted by the symbol 𝒅𝒊 .

OBJECT HEIGHT – height of an

object. This is denoted by the
symbol 𝒉𝒐 .

IMAGE HEIGHT – Height of an

image form by the object. This is
denoted by the symbol 𝒉𝒊 .
These two equations can be combined to yield information about the image distance
and image height if the object distance, object height, and focal length are known.

SIGN CONVENTIONS

MAGNIICATION
If M is equal to 1, the image is the same size as the object.
If M is less than 1, the image is the smaller than the object.
If M is greater than 1, the image is the bigger than the object.

MIRROR EQUATION

SYMBOL POSITIVE NEGATIVE

𝒅𝒐 Always -----------------

𝒅𝒊 Real Virtual
𝒇 Concave Convex

𝒉𝒐 Always -----------------

𝒉𝒊 Upright Inverted

NOTE: If the mirror is convex, you are going to put negative sign on the equation to indicate
that it is convex mirror.

GENERAL FORMULA: Where:

𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡
= = +
𝑹 𝒇 𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝟏
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑑𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑑𝑜 = 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
 DERIVED FORMULA
𝑹
𝒇=
𝟐
𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐
𝒇=
𝒅𝒊 + 𝒅𝒐
𝒇𝒅𝒐
𝒅𝒊 =
𝒅𝒐 − 𝒇
𝒅𝒊 𝒇
𝒅𝒐 =
𝒅𝒊 − 𝒇

MAGNIFICATION
GENERAL FORMULA:
Where:
𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 −𝒅𝒊
𝐌= = 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒅𝒐
𝒉𝒊 𝑑𝑜 = 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
=
𝒉𝒐

DERIVED FORMULA:
𝒉𝒊 = 𝑴𝒉𝒐
−𝒅𝒊 × 𝒉𝒐
𝒉𝒊 =
𝒅𝒐

SAMPLE PROBLEM
PROBLEM 1: An object is place 20.0 cm in front of concave mirror of radius 50.0
cm.

(a)What is the focal length of the mirror?

(b) Where is the image located?

(c) Characterized the image.

Given:

𝑹 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟎 𝒄𝒎

𝒅𝒐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟎 𝐜𝐦
SOLUTION
(a)What is the focal length of the mirror?
𝑅
𝑓=
2
50.0 𝑐𝑚
𝑓=
2
𝒇 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟎 𝒄𝒎

(b) Where is the image located?

𝑑𝑜 × 𝑓
𝑑𝑖 =
𝑑𝑜 − 𝑓

20.0 𝑐𝑚 × 25.0 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑖 =
20.0 𝑐𝑚 − 25.0 𝑐𝑚

500 𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝑖 =
−5 𝑐𝑚

500 𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝑖 =
−5 𝑐𝑚

𝒅𝒊 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎

The image virtual since the image distance (𝑑𝑖 ) is negative (-).

(c) Characterized the image

−𝒅𝒊
𝐌=
𝒅𝒐

−(−𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎)
𝐌=
𝟐𝟎. 𝟎 𝒄𝒎

𝐌 = 𝟓. 𝟎

The image is larger than the object since the magnification (M) is greater
than 1.

PROBLEM 2: The height of an object is 5cm and placed 30 cm in front of a mirror

that has focal length of 20 cm. calculate the following:
(a) Distance of the image
(b) Magnification
(c) Height of the image

Given:
𝒅𝒐 = 𝟑𝟎𝒄𝒎

𝒉𝒐 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎

𝒇 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎
SOLUTION
(a)Distance of the image.
𝑑𝑜 × 𝑓
𝑑𝑖 =
𝑑𝑜 − 𝑓

30 𝑐𝑚 × 20 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑖 =
30 𝑐𝑚 − 20 𝑐𝑚

600 𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝑖 =
10 𝑐𝑚

600 𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝑖 =
10 𝑐𝑚

𝒅𝒊 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒎

The image real since the image distance (𝑑𝑖 ) is positive (+).

(b) Magnification
−𝒅𝒊
𝐌=
𝒅𝒐

−(𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒎)
𝐌=
𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎

−(𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒎)
𝐌=
𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝐌 = −𝟐
The image is smaller than the object since the magnification (M) is less than
1.
(c) Height of the image
𝒉𝒊
𝐌=
𝒉𝒐

𝐌𝒉𝒐 = 𝒉𝒊

-2(5cm)= ℎ𝑖

-𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝒎 = 𝒉𝒊

The image is virtual since the image height (𝒉𝒊 )is negative (-).

PROBLEM 3: A convex mirror has a focal length of 15 cm. A 1.67 cm tall

person stands 10 cm in front of a convex mirror.

Calculate the following:

(a)Distance of the image.

(b) Height of the image.

 Given:

𝒅𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎

𝒉𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎

𝒇 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
SOLUTION
(a)Distance of the image.
𝑑𝑜 × 𝑓
𝑑𝑖 =
𝑑𝑜 − 𝑓

10 𝑐𝑚 × (−15 𝑐𝑚)
𝑑𝑖 =
10 𝑐𝑚 − (−15 𝑐𝑚)

−150 𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝑖 =
25 𝑐𝑚

−150 𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝑖 =
25 𝑐𝑚

−150 𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝑖 =
25 𝑐𝑚

𝒅𝒊 = −𝟔 𝒄𝒎

The image virtual since the image distance (𝑑𝑖 ) is negative (-).

(b) Height of the image.

−𝒅𝒊 × 𝒉𝒐
𝒉𝒊 =
𝒅𝒐
−(−𝟔 𝒄𝒎) × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎
𝒉𝒊 =
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟔 𝒄𝒎 × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎
𝒉𝒊 =
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝒉𝒊 =
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝒉𝒊 =
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝒉𝒊 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒄𝒎

The image is upright since the image height (𝒉𝒊 )is positive (+).
 WHAT TO TRY

PART 1/INSTRUCTION: Answer the worded problem below.

Write your solution on a separate sheet of paper and attached
here.
PROBLEM 1: An object is place 36 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal
length of 22.5 cm.
(a) What is the radius of curvature of the mirror?
(b) Where is the image of the object located?
(c) Characterized the image.

PART2/INSTRUCTION: Identify the characteristics of an image

according to given numerical value or give sign (+ or -) on the
statement. Write the correct answer on the space provided.
1. If my image distance (𝑑𝑖 ) is NEGATIVE and my image height (ℎ𝑖 ) is`
POSITIVE, what type of image I am?

_____________________________________________________

2. If I have a POSITIVE image distance (𝑑𝑖 ), NEGATIVE image height (ℎ𝑖 )

and -1 magnification, how will you describe my image formed?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

3. If I have a POSITIVE image distance (𝑑𝑖 ), NEGATIVE image height (ℎ𝑖 )

and 5 magnification, how will you describe my image formed?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

4. If my focal length (𝑓) is NEGATIVE, what type of mirror I have?

_____________________________________________________

5. If I am the object distance and object height, what will be my sign

convention?
_____________________________________________________
 WHAT I ALREADY KNOW

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

6. An image is formed upside down in front of mirror and seems bigger by 2 times
from the actual size. What might be the type of mirror uses?
E. Concave mirror
F. Convex mirror
G. Plane mirror
H. Concave lens
7. The variable 𝑑𝑖 represents_____
E. Image height
F. Object distance
G. Image Distance
H. Object height
8. If the distance of the image from the mirror (di) is positive. The image is
considered....
E. Upright
F. Real
G. Inverted
H. Virtual
9. In the mirror equation, 𝑑𝑜 represents_______.
E. Image height
F. Object distance
G. Image Distance
H. Object height
10.When the image distance is positive and the image height is negative, what will
be the image formed?
E. Real and upright
F. Virtual and upright
G. Virtual and inverted
H. Real and inverted
11. What will be the size of the image if the magnification value will equal
to 0.5
E. Image is larger than the object.
F. Image is smaller than the object.
G. Image is same size as the object.
H. No image is form
12. What will be the formula in finding image distance?
𝒇𝒉𝒐
E. 𝒅𝒊 =
𝒉𝒐 −𝒇
𝒇𝒅𝒐
F. 𝒅𝒊 =
𝒅𝒐 −𝒇
𝒇𝒅𝒊
G. 𝒅𝒊 =
𝒅𝒊 −𝒇
𝒇𝒉𝒊
H. 𝒅𝒊 =
𝒉𝒊 −𝒇

13. In the mirror equation, ℎ𝑜 represents

E. Image Height
F. Object Height
G. Image Distance
H. Object Distance
14. What will be the formula in finding Object distance?
𝒇𝒉𝒐
E. 𝒅𝒐 =
𝒉𝒐 −𝒇
𝒇𝒅𝒊
F. 𝒅𝒐 =
𝒅𝒊 −𝒇
𝒇𝒅𝒐
G. 𝒅𝒐 =
𝒅𝒐 −𝒇
𝒇𝒉𝒊
H. 𝒅𝒐 =
𝒉𝒊 −𝒇

15. In the mirror equation, ℎ𝑖 represents

E. Image Height
F. Object Height
G. Image Distance
H. Object Distance
 PROBLEM SOLVING
INSTRUCTION: Answer the worded problem below and
characterized the image according to the numerical value given
or get form the problem. Write your solution on a separate sheet
of paper and attached here.

A candle is placed 15 cm from the vertex of a concave mirror that has a focal
length of 10 cm.
a) Locate the distance of the image.
b) Find the magnification of the image.

An object is placed 25 cm from a concave mirror that has a focal length of 15

cm.
a.) determine the image location.
b. Determine the magnification factor.
c. If the object is 5 cm high, how high is the image?

A 4.00-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of 45.7 cm from a concave mirror
having a focal length of 15.2 cm.
a.) Determine the image distance.
b.) Characterized the image.
c.) Determine the image height.