Candidate number
Candidate name
INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM
Academic Reading 1 hour
Additional materials:
Answer sheet for Listening and Reading
Time 1 hour
INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES
Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so.
Write your name and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.
Read the instruction for part carefully.
Answer all the questions.
Write your answers on the answer sheet. Use a pencil.
You must complete the answer sheet within the time limit.
At the end of the test, hand in both this question paper and your answer sheet.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
There are 40 questions on this question
paper. Each question carries one mark.
2
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage f
on pages 2 and 3.
Spider silk cuts weight of bridges
A strong, light bio-material made by genes from cpiders could transform
construction and industry
Scientists have succeeded in copying the silk-producing genes of the Golden Orh
Weaver spider and are using them to create a synthetic material which they believe is
the model for a new generation of advanced bio-materials. The new material, biosilk,
which has been spun for the first time by researchers at DuPont, has an enormous
range of potential uses in construction and manufacturing.
B The attraction of the silk spun by the spider is a combination of great strength and
enormous elasticiiy, which man-made fibres have been unable to replicate. On an
equal-weight basis, spider silk is far stronger than steel and it is estimated that if a
single strand could be made about l0m in diameter, it would be strong enough to stop
a jumbo jet in flight. A third important factor is that it is extremely light. Army
scientists are akeady looking at the possibilities of using it for lightweight, bullet-
proof vests and parachutes.
For some time, biochemists have been trying to synthesise the drag-line silk of the
Golden Orb Weaver. The drag-line silk, which forms the radial arms of the web, is
stronger than the other parts of the web and some biochemists believe a synthetic
version could prove to be as important a material as nylon, which has been around for
50 years, since the discoveries of Wallace Carothers and his team ushered in the age
of polymers.
D To recreate the material, scientists, including Randolph Lewis at the University of
Wyoming, first examined the silk-producing gland of the spider. ‘We took out the
glands that produce the silk and looked at the coding for the protein material they
make, which is spun into a web. We then went looking for clones with the right
DNA, he says.
3
At DuPont, researchers have used both yeast and bacteria as hosts to grow the
raw material, which they have spun into fibres. Robert Dorsch, DuPont's
director of biochemical development, says the globules of protein, comparable
with marbles iii an egg, are harvested and processed. ‘We break open the
bacteria, separate out the globules of protein and use them as the raw starting
material. With yeast, the gene system can be designed so that the material
excretes the protein outside the yeast for better access, he says.
F "the bacteria and the yeast produce the same protein, equivalent to that which
the spider uses in the drag lines of the web. The spider mixes the protein into a
water- based solution and then spins it into a solid fibre in one go. Since we are not
as clever as the spider and we are not using such sophisticated organisms, we
substituted man- made approaches and dissolved the protein in chemical solvents,
which are then spun to push the material through small holes to form the solid
fibre.’
Researchers at DuPont say they envisage many possible uses for a new
biosilk material They say that earthquake-resistant suspension bridges hung from
cables of synthetic spider silk fibres may become a reality. Stronger ropes,
safer seat belts, shoe soles that do not wear out so quickly and tough new clothing
are among the other applications. Biochemists such as Lewis see the potential
range of uses of biosilk as almost limitless. 'It is very strong and retains
elasticity; there are no man-made materials that can mimic both these
properties. It is also a biological material with all the advantages that has over
petrochemicals, he says.
H At DuPont's laboratories, Dorsch is excited by the prospect of new super-
strong materials but lie warns they are many years away. ‘We are at an
early stage but theoretical predictions are that we will wind up with a very
strong, tough material, with an ability to absorb shock, which is stronger and
tougher than the man-made materials that are conventionally available to us,
he says.
The spider is not the only creature that has aroused the interest of material
scientists. They have also become envious of the natural adhesive secreted by the
sea mussel. It produces a protein adhesive to attach itself to rocks. It is tedious
arid expensive to extract the protein from the mussel, so researchers have already
produced a synthetic gene for use in surrogate bacteria.
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4
Questions 1 — 5
Reading Passage 1 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following
information?
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1 a comparison of the ways two materials are used to replace silk-producing glands
2 predictions regarding the availability of the synthetic silk
3 ongoing research into other synthetic materials
4 the research into the part of the spider that manufactures silk
5 the possible application of the silk in civil engineering
Questions 6 — 10
Complete the flow-chart be/ow.
Choose /VO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.
Synthetic gene grown
in S ............ or 7 ............
globules of8............
dissolved in 9 ............
passed through 10 .... ....
to produce a solid fibre
5
Questions 11 — 13
Do the foliowing statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write
reue if the statement agiees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the
information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
11 Biosilk has already replaced nylon in parachute manufacture.
12 The spider produces silk of varying strengths.
13 Lewis and Dorsch co-operated in the synthetic production of silk.
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READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1'4-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
on pages 6 and 7.
Revolutions in Mapping
Today, the mapmaker's vision is no longer confined to what the human eye can see. The
perspective of mapmaking has shifted from the crow's nest of the sailing vessel,
mountain top and airplane to new orbital heights. Radar, which bounces microwave radio
signals off a given surface to create images of its contours and textures, can penetrate
jungle foliage and has produced the first maps of the mountains of the planet Venus. And
a combination of sonar and radar produces chart:s of the seafloor, putting much of Earth
on the map for the first time. ‘Suddenly it's a whole different world for us,’ says Joel
Morrison, chief of geography at the U.S. Bureau of the Census. ‘Our future as
mapmakers — even ten years from now — is uncertain.’
The world's largest collection of maps resides in the basement of the Library of Congress
in Washington, D.C. The collection, consisting of up to 4.6 million map sheets and
63,000 atlases, includes magnificent bound collections of elaborate maps — the pride of
the golden age of Dutch cartography”. In the reading room scholars, wearing thin
coEon gloves to protect the fragile sheets, examine ancient maps with magnifying
glasses. Across the room people sit at their computer screens, studying the latest
maps. With their prodigious memories, computers are able to store data about people,
places and environments — the stuff of maps — and almost instantly information is
displayed on the screen in the desired geographic context, and at the click of a button, a
print-out of the map appears.
Measuring the spherical Earth ranks as the first major milestone in scientific cartography.
This was first achieved by the Greek astronomer Eratosthenes, a scholar at the
famous Alexandrian Library in Egypt in the third century BC. He calculated the
Earth's circumference as 25,200 miles, which was remarkably accurate. The
longitudinal circumference is known today to be 24,860 miles.
Building on the ideas of his predecessors, the astronomer and geographer Ptolemy, working
in the second century AD, spelled out a system for organising maps according to grids
of latitude and longitude. Today, parallels of latitude are often spaced at intervals of 10
to 20 degrees and meridians** at 15 degrees, and this is the basis for the width of
modern time zones. Another legacy of Rolemy's is his advice to cartographers to create
maps to scale. Distance on today‘s maps is expressed as a fraction or ratio of the
real distance. But mapmakers in Rolemy's time lacked the geographic knowledge to
live up to Rolemy's scientific principles. Even now, when surveyors achieve
accuracies down to inches and satellites can plot potential missile targets within feet,
maps are not true pictures of reality.
* cartography: mapmaking
” meridians: lines of longitude on the earth running north to south
7
However, just as the compass improved navigation and created demand for useful charts,
so the invention of the printing press in the 15 * century put maps in the hands of more
people, and took their production away from monks, who had tended to illustrate theology
rather than geography, Ocean-going ships launched an age of discovery, enlarging both
what could and needed to be mapped, and awakened an intellectual spirit and desire for
knowledge of the world.
Inspired by the rediscovered Rolemy, whose writing had been preserved by Arabs after
the sacking of the Alexandrian Library in AD 931, mapmakers in the 15‘h century
gradually replaced theology with knowledge of faraway places, as reported by travelling
merchants like Varco Polo.
Gerhardus Mercator, the foremost shipmaker of the 16 th century, developed a technique of
arrangin9 meridians and parallels in such a way that navigators could draw straight
lines between two points and steer a constant compass course between them. This
distortion formula, introduced on his world map of 1569, created the ‘Greenland problem’.
Even on some standard maps to this day, Greenland looks as large as South America —
one of the many problems when one tries to portray a round world on a flat sheet of paper.
But the Mercator projection was so practical that it is still popular with sailors.
Scientific mapping of the land came into its own with the achievements of the Cassini family
— father, son, grandson and great-grandson. In the late 17* century, the Italian-born
founder, Jean-Dominique, invented a complex method of determining longitude based
on observations of Jupiter's moons. Using this technique, surveyors were able to
produce an accurate map of France. The family continued to map the French countryside
and his great- grandson finally published their famous Cassini map in 1793 during the
French Revolution. While it may have lacked the artistic appeal of earlier maps, it was the
model of a social and geographic map showing roads, rivers, canals, towns, abbeys,
vineyards, lakes and even windmills. With this achievement, France became the first
country to be completely mapped by scientific methods.
Mapmaking has come a long way since those days. Today's surveyors rarely go into
the field without being linked to navigation satellites. Their hand-held receivers are the
most familiar of the new mapping technologies, and the satellite system, developed
and still operated by the US Defense Department, is increasingly used by surveyors.
Even ordinary hikers, sailors and explorers can tap into it for data telling them where
they are. Simplified civilian versions of the receivers are available for a few hundred dollars
and they are also the heart of electronic map displays available in some cars.
Cartography is pressing on to cosmic frontiers, but its objective is, and always has been,
to communicate a sense of ‘here’ in relation to ‘there’, however far away ‘there’ may be.
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Questions 14 — 18
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14 According to the first paragraph, mapmakers in the 21st century
A combine techniques to chart unknown territory.
B still rely on being able to see what they map.
C are now able to visit the darkest jungle.
O need input from experts in other fields.
15 The Library of Congress offers an opportunity to
A borrow from their collection of Dutch maps.
B learn how to restore ancient and fragile maps.
C enjoy the atmosphere of the reading room.
D create individual computer maps to order.
16 Ptolemy alerted his contemporaries to the importance of
A measuring the circumference of the world.
B organising maps to reflect accurate ratios of distance.
C working out the distance between parallels of latitude.
D accuracy and precision in mapping.
17 The invention of the printing press
A revitalised interest in scientific knowledge.
B enabled maps to be produced more cheaply.
C changed the approach to mapmaking.
D ensured that the work of Ptolemy was continued.
18 The writer concludes by stating that
A mapmaking has become too specialised.
B cartographers work in very harsh conditions.
C the fundamental aims of mapmaking remain unchanged.
D tne possibilities of satellite mapping are infinite.
Questions 19 —
21
Look at the following list of achievements (Ouestions 19-21) and the list of mapmakers
below.
Match each achievement with the correct mapmaker, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.
19 came very close to accurately measuring the distance round the Earth
20 produced maps showing man-made landmarks
21 laid the foundation for our modern time zones
List of Mapmakers
A Mercator
B Ptolemy
C Cassini family
D Efatosthenes
Questions 22 — 26
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-2d on you/r af?swer steel.
Ancient maps allow us to see how we have come to make sense of the world. They also
reflect the attitudes and knowledge of the day. The first great step in mapmaking took place
in 22 ............ in the 3’d century BC. Work continued in this tradition until the 2’d century AD
but was then abandoned for over a thousand years, during which time maps were the
responsibility of 23 ............ rather than scientists. Fortunately, however, the writings
of 24 ,..............had been kept, and interest in scientific mapmaking was revived as scholars
sought to produce maps, inspired by the accounts of travellers.
These days, 25 ,..............are vital to the creation of maps and radar has allowed
cartographers to map areas beyond our immediate world. In addition, this high-tech
equipment is not only used to map faraway places, but cheaper versions have also been
developed for use in 26 .....
Turn over a•
10
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage
3 on pages 11 and 12.
Ouestions 27 — 31
Reading Passage 3 has five sections, A-E.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the //st of headings be/ow.
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i An experiment using people who are receiving medical treatment
ii The experiment that convinced all the researchers
iii Medical benefits of hypnosis make scientific proof less important
iv Lack of data leads to opposing views of hypnotism
v The effects of hypnosis on parts of the brain involved in vision
vi Inducing pain through the use of hypnotism
vii Experiments used to support conflicting views
27 Section A
28 Section B
29 Section C
30 Section D
31 Section E
11
Hypnotism — is it real or just a circus trick†
A Hypnosis has been shown through a number of rigorously controlled studies to
reduce pain, control bloom pressure, and even make warts go away. But because
very few studies have attempted to define the actual processes involveét, most
scientists are sceptical of its power and uses. That scepticism has driven Daviét
Spiegel, a professor of
psychiatry at Stanford Universit7 SChool of Medicine,USA, and other researchers to
take a hard look at what happens in the brain during hypnosis.
Among researchers there are two schools of thought. One claims that hypnosis
fundamentally atters subjects' state of mind: they enter a trance, which proétuces
changes in brain activity. The other believes that hypnosis is simply a matter of
sum festibility and relaxation. Spiegel belongs to the first school arid over the years
has had a debate with two scientists on the other side, Irving Eirsch, a University of
Connecticut paycholopist, and Stephen Kosslyn, a Harvard professor.
Kirsch often usea hypnosis in his practice and doesn't deny that it can be effective.
'With hypnosis you do put people in altered states,' he says. ’But you éton't need a
trance to do it.' To illustrate the point, Kirsch demonstrates how a subject holding a
small object on a chain can make it swing in any direction by mere suggestion, the
chain responding to minute movements in the tiny muscles of the fingers. 'You don't
have to enter a trance for your subconscious and your body to act upon a
suggestion,' Kirsch says. ’The reaction ia the resutt of your focusing on moving the
chain in a particular élirection.’
Spiegel iflisagrees. One of hia best known studies found that when subieets were
hypnotised and given suggestions their brain wave patterns changed, indicating that
they had entexefi a trance. Ixi one of nis studies, people under hypnosis waIe tol‹â
ineir forearms vrere numD, then given light electrical shocks to the wrists. They
didn't flinch or respond in any way, and their brain waves resembled those of people
who experienced a much weaker shock. To Kirsch this atill wasn't enough to prove
the power of trance, but Stephgn Kosslyn waa willing to be convinced. Many external
factors could have been responsible for the shiR in the subjects’ state of mind, but
Kosslyn wondered, ‘Is there really something pointJ on in the brain7’
To finn out, Spiegel andf Kosslyri decided to collaborate on a stucty focusing on a part of
the brain that is well un‹3eratood: the circuit which has been founét to process the
perception of colour. Spiegel and Kosslyn wanted to see if subjects could set off the
circuit by visualising colour while under hypnosis. Thay selected eight people for the
experiment conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital. The subjects were put in
a scanner anlt shown a slide with coloured rectangles while their brain activity was
mapped. Then they were shown a black and white slide and told to imagine its
having colour. Both tasks were then repeated under hypnosis.
The results were atrikinij. When the subjects truly saw the coloured rectangles, the
circuit lit up on both sides of the brain; when they only had to imagine the colour,
the circuit lit up only in the right hemisphere. Under hypnosis, I+owever, both sides
of the brain hecame active, just as in regular sight; imagination seemad to take on
the quality of a hallucination.
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12
After the experiment, Kosslyn was forced lo admit, ‘I'm absolutely convinced now that
hypnosis can boost what mental imagery does.' But Kirsch remained sceptical, sayinif,
'The experiments demonstrate that people are experiencing the effects of hypnotic
suggestion but éton't prove that they are entering a trance.’ He also az9ued that
subjects were told to see the card in colour when they were hypnotised but only to
imayizie it in colour when they weren't. 'Being tolét to pretend you're having an
experience is different from the suggestion to have the experience.’
D Spiegel, however, is a clinician firat and a scientist second. He believes the most
important thing is that doctors recognise the power of hypnosis and start to use it.
Working with Elvira Lanp, a radiolopist at a Harvarét Medical Centre, he is testing the
use of hypnosis in the operating room just as he and Kosslyn dicl in the scanner.
Spiegel and Lanp took 241 patients scheduled for surgery and divided them into
three ijroups. One group received standard care, another standard care with a
sympathetic care provider and the third received standard care, a sympathetic care
provider and hypnosis. Every 15 minutes the patients were asked to rate their pain
and anxiety levels. They were also hooked up to painkilling medication which they
coulét administer to themselves.
On average, Spiegel and Lang found the hypnotised subjects used less medication,
experienced less pain and felt far less anxiety than the other two proups. Original
results published in 2?nr Cancel have been further supporteét by ongoing studies
conducted by Lang.
E 8piepel's investigations into the nature of hypnosis and its effects on the brain continue.
However, if hypnosis is ever to work its tray into mainstream medicine and everyday
use, physicians will need to know there is soliét science behinét what souncis like
mysticism. Only then will their reluctance to using such things as mind over matter
be overcome. ’I agree that the medical use or hypnotism should be based on data
rather than belief, says Spiegel, 'but in the enCl it doesn't really matter rr2iy it works,
as long as it helps our patients.’
13
Questions 32 — 36
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.
32 Kirsch uses a small object on a chain to demonstrate that
A inducing a trance is a simp)e process.
B responding to a suggestion does not require a trance.
C muscles respond as a result of a trance.
D it is difficult to identify a trance.
33 Spiegel disagrees with Kirsch because the subjects in Spiegel's experiment
A believed what they were told.
B showed changes in brain activity.
C responded as expected to shocks.
D had similar reactions to control subjects.
34 Kosslyn's response to Spiegel's electric shock experiment was to
A challenge the results because of external factors.
B work with Kirsch to disprove Spiegel's results.
C reverse his previous position on trance.
D accept that Spiegel's ideas might be correct.
35 Spiegel and Kosslyn's experiment was designed to snow that hypnosis
A affects the electrical responses of the brain.
B could make colour appear as black and white.
C has an effect on how shapes are perceived.
D can enhance the subject's imagination.
36 Kirsch thought Spiegel and Kosslyn's results
A were worthy of further investigation.
B had nothing to do with hypnotic suggestion.
C showed that the possibility of trance existed.
D were affected by the words used in the instructions.
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14
Ouestions 37 — 40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information or this
37 Spiegel is more interested in scientific research than medical practice.
38 Patients in he third group in Spiegel and Lang's experiment were easily hypnotised.
39 In Spiegel and Lang's experiment, a smaller amount of painkiller was needed by the
hypnotised patients than by the other two groups.
40 Spiegel feels that doctors should use hypnotism only when it is fully understood.
