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Car
A car, or an automobile, is a motor vehicle with
wheels. Most definitions of cars state that they run Car
primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four
wheels, and mainly transport people rather than
cargo.[1][2] There are around one billion cars in use
worldwide.

The French inventor Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built the

first steam-powered road vehicle in 1769, while the
Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed and The Toyota Corolla, which has been in
constructed the first internal combustion-powered production since 1966, is the best-selling
automobile in 1808. The modern car—a practical, series of automobile of all time.
marketable automobile for everyday use—was invented
Classification Vehicle
in 1886, when the German inventor Carl Benz patented
his Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Commercial cars became Industry Various
widely available during the 20th century. The 1901 Application Transportation
Oldsmobile Curved Dash and the 1908 Ford Model T, Fuel source Petrol
both American cars, are widely considered the first
Diesel
mass-produced[3][4] and mass-affordable[5][6][7] cars,
Natural gas
respectively. Cars were rapidly adopted in the US,
where they replaced horse-drawn carriages.[8] In Hydrogen
Europe and other parts of the world, demand for Biodiesel
automobiles did not increase until after World War Battery
II.[9] In the 21st century, car usage is still increasing Fuel cell
rapidly, especially in China, India, and other newly
Solar cell
industrialised countries.[10][11]
Hybrids of the above
Cars have controls for driving, parking, passenger Powered Yes
comfort, and a variety of lamps. Over the decades, Self-propelled
Yes
additional features and controls have been added to
vehicles, making them progressively more complex. Wheels
3–6, most often 4

These include rear-reversing cameras, air conditioning, Axles 2, less commonly 3

navigation systems, and in-car entertainment. Most Inventor Carl Benz
cars in use in the early 2020s are propelled by an Invented 1886
internal combustion engine, fueled by the combustion
of fossil fuels. Electric cars, which were invented early
in the history of the car, became commercially available in the 2000s and are predicted to cost less to
buy than petrol-driven cars before 2025.[12][13] The transition from fossil fuel-powered cars to electric
cars features prominently in most climate change mitigation scenarios,[14] such as Project
Drawdown's 100 actionable solutions for climate change.[15]
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There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs to the individual include acquiring the vehicle,
interest payments (if the car is financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time,
parking fees, taxes, and insurance.[16] The costs to society include resources used to produce cars and
fuel, maintaining roads, land-use, road congestion, air pollution, noise pollution, public health, and
disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related
deaths worldwide.[17] Personal benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence,
and convenience.[18] Societal benefits include economic benefits, such as job and wealth creation from
the automotive industry, transportation provision, societal well-being from leisure and travel
opportunities. People's ability to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for
the nature of societies.[19]

Etymology
The English word car is believed to originate from Latin carrus/carrum "wheeled vehicle" or (via Old
North French) Middle English carre "two-wheeled cart", both of which in turn derive from Gaulish
karros "chariot".[20][21] It originally referred to any wheeled horse-drawn vehicle, such as a cart,
carriage, or wagon.[22] The word also occurs in other Celtic languages.[23]

"Motor car", attested from 1895, is the usual formal term in British English.[2] "Autocar", a variant
likewise attested from 1895 and literally meaning "self-propelled car", is now considered archaic.[24]
"Horseless carriage" is attested from 1895.[25]

"Automobile", a classical compound derived from Ancient Greek autós (αὐτός) "self" and Latin
mobilis "movable", entered English from French and was first adopted by the Automobile Club of
Great Britain in 1897.[26] It fell out of favour in Britain and is now used chiefly in North America,[27]
where the abbreviated form "auto" commonly appears as an adjective in compound formations like
"auto industry" and "auto mechanic".[28][29]

History
In 1649, Hans Hautsch of Nuremberg built a clockwork-
driven carriage.[32][33] The first steam-powered vehicle was
designed by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit
mission in China around 1672. It was a 65-centimetre-long
(26 in) scale-model toy for the Kangxi Emperor that was
unable to carry a driver or a passenger.[18][34][35] It is not
known with certainty if Verbiest's model was successfully built
or run.[35]

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the Steam machine of Verbiest, in 1678
first full-scale, self-propelled mechanical vehicle in about (Ferdinand Verbiest)
1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle. [36] He also
constructed two steam tractors for the French Army, one of
which is preserved in the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts.[36] His inventions were

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limited by problems with water supply and maintaining steam

pressure.[36] In 1801, Richard Trevithick built and
demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive, believed by
many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road
vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure
for long periods and was of little practical use.

The development of external combustion (steam) engines is Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur, as
detailed as part of the history of the car but often treated preserved at the Musée des Arts et
separately from the development of cars in their modern Métiers, Paris
understanding. A variety of steam-powered road vehicles were
used during the first part of the 19th century, including steam
cars, steam buses, phaetons, and steam rollers. In the United Kingdom,
sentiment against them led to the Locomotive Acts of 1865.

In 1807, Nicéphore Niépce and his brother Claude created what was
probably the world's first internal combustion engine (which they called a
Pyréolophore), but installed it in a boat on the river Saone in France.[37]
Coincidentally, in 1807, the Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed
his own "de Rivaz internal combustion engine", and used it to develop the
world's first vehicle to be powered by such an engine. The Niépces'
Pyréolophore was fuelled by a mixture of Lycopodium powder (dried spores
Carl Benz, the inventor
of the Lycopodium plant), finely crushed coal dust and resin that were
of the modern car
mixed with oil, whereas de Rivaz used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.[37]
Neither design was successful, as was the case with others,
such as Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne
Lenoir,[38] who each built vehicles (usually adapted carriages
or carts) powered by internal combustion engines.[39]

In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé

demonstrated a three-wheeled car powered by electricity at
the International Exposition of Electricity.[40] Although
several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler,
Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on
cars at about the same time, the year 1886 is regarded as the
birth year of the modern car—a practical, marketable The original Benz Patent-Motorwagen,
the first modern car, built in 1885 and
automobile for everyday use—when the German Carl Benz
awarded the patent for the concept
patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen; he is generally
acknowledged as the inventor of the car.[39][41][42]

In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878. Many of his
other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His
first Motorwagen was built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded the patent for its
invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company, Benz &
Cie., which was founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25
Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along

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with a cheaper model. They also were powered with four-stroke

engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing
Benz engines under license, now added the Benz car to his line of
products. Because France was more open to the early cars, initially
more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in
Germany. In August 1888, Bertha Benz, the wife and business partner
of Carl Benz, undertook the first road trip by car, to prove the road-
worthiness of her husband's invention.[43]

In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat

engine, called boxermotor. During the last years of the 19th century,
Benz was the largest car company in the world with 572 units
produced in 1899 and, because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a joint-
stock company. The first motor car in central Europe and one of the Bertha Benz, the first long
distance driver
first factory-made cars in the world, was produced by Czech company
Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to Tatra) in 1897, the
Präsident automobil.

Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft

(DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their first car in 1892
under the brand name Daimler. It was a horse-drawn
stagecoach built by another manufacturer, which they
retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895, about
30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at
the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set
up shop after disputes with their backers. Benz, Maybach, and
The Flocken Elektrowagen was the first
the Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each other's
four-wheeled electric car
early work. They never worked together; by the time of the
merger of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were no
longer part of DMG. Daimler died in 1900 and later that year,
Maybach designed an engine named Daimler-Mercedes that was
placed in a specially ordered model built to specifications set by Emil
Jellinek. This was a production of a small number of vehicles for
Jellinek to race and market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a Stuttgart, a cradle of the
new model DMG car was produced and the model was named car[30][31] with Gottlieb Daimler
Mercedes after the Maybach engine, which generated 35 hp. and Wilhelm Maybach working
Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his there at the Daimler Motoren
own. Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold to other Gesellschaft and place of the
manufacturers. modern day headquarters of
Mercedes-Benz Group and
In 1890, Émile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began Porsche

producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation

of the automotive industry in France. In 1891, Auguste Doriot and his
Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a petrol-driven vehicle when their self-

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designed and built Daimler powered Peugeot Type 3 completed 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi) from
Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back again. They were attached to the first Paris–Brest–Paris
bicycle race, but finished six days after the winning cyclist, Charles Terront.

The first design for an American car with a petrol internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by
George Selden of Rochester, New York. Selden applied for a patent for a car in 1879, but the patent
application expired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of 16 years and a series of
attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a US patent (U.S. patent
549,160 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US549160)) for a two-stroke car engine, which hindered,
more than encouraged, development of cars in the United States. His patent was challenged by Henry
Ford and others, and overturned in 1911.

In 1893, the first running, petrol-driven American car was built and road-tested by the Duryea
brothers of Springfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon took place on
21 September 1893, on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield.[44][45] Studebaker, subsidiary of a
long-established wagon and coach manufacturer, started to build cars in 1897[46]: 66 and commenced
sales of electric vehicles in 1902 and petrol vehicles in 1904.[47]

In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success, with
Thomas Rickett even attempting a production run in 1860.[48] Santler from Malvern is recognised by
the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-driven car in the country in
1894,[49] followed by Frederick William Lanchester in 1895, but these were both one-offs.[49] The first
production vehicles in Great Britain came from the Daimler Company, a company founded by Harry
J. Lawson in 1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made
its first car in 1897, and they bore the name Daimler.[49]

In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a "New Rational Combustion
Engine". In 1897, he built the first diesel engine.[39] Steam-, electric-, and petrol-driven vehicles
competed for a few decades, with petrol internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the
1910s. Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the
conventional piston and crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more
than very limited success. All in all, it is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern
automobile and motorcycle.[50]

Mass production
Large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable cars was started by Ransom Olds in 1901 at
his Oldsmobile factory in Lansing, Michigan, and based upon stationary assembly line techniques
pioneered by Marc Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth Block Mills, England, in 1802. The assembly
line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in the US by Thomas
Blanchard in 1821, at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts.[51] This concept was
greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1913 with the world's first moving assembly line for
cars at the Highland Park Ford Plant.

As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in 15-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods,
increasing productivity eightfold, while using less manpower (from 12.5 manhours to 1 hour
33 minutes).[52] It was so successful, paint became a bottleneck. Only Japan black would dry fast
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enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colours

available before 1913, until fast-drying Duco lacquer was
developed in 1926. This is the source of Ford's apocryphal
remark, "any color as long as it's black".[52] In 1914, an
assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months'
pay.[52]

Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each

worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam
about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury.[53] The
combination of high wages and high efficiency is called
"Fordism" and was copied by most major industries. The
efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the
economic rise of the US. The assembly line forced workers to
work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led
to more output per worker while other countries were using
less productive methods. Ransom E. Olds founded Olds Motor
Vehicle Company (Oldsmobile) in 1897.
In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and
quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of Ford France
and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany
1925; in 1921, Citroën was the first native European
manufacturer to adopt the production method. Soon,
companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going bankrupt;
by 1930, 250 companies which did not, had disappeared.[52]

Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part

to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the
Ford Motor Company automobile
world's attention. Key developments included electric ignition assembly line in the 1920s
and the electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the
Cadillac Motor Company in 1910–1911), independent
suspension, and four-wheel brakes.

Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to

meet market needs, so marketing plans often have heavily
influenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who established
the idea of different makes of cars produced by one company,
called the General Motors Companion Make Program, so that
buyers could "move up" as their fortunes improved. The Toyota Corolla is the best-selling car
of all-time.
Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with
one another so larger production volume resulted in lower
costs for each price range. For example, in the 1930s, LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used cheaper
mechanical parts made by Oldsmobile; in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared bonnet, doors, roof, and
windows with Pontiac; by the 1990s, corporate powertrains and shared platforms (with
interchangeable brakes, suspension, and other parts) were common. Even so, only major makers
could afford high costs, and even companies with decades of production, such as Apperson, Cole,
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Dorris, Haynes, or Premier, could not manage: of some two hundred American car makers in
existence in 1920, only 43 survived in 1930, and with the Great Depression, by 1940, only 17 of those
were left.[52]

In Europe, much the same would happen. Morris set up its production line at Cowley in 1924, and
soon outsold Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford's practice of vertical integration, buying
Hotchkiss' British subsidiary (engines), Wrigley (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for instance,
as well as competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925, Morris had 41 per cent of total British car
production. Most British small-car assemblers, from Abbey to Xtra, had gone under. Citroën did the
same in France, coming to cars in 1919; between them and other cheap cars in reply such as Renault's
10CV and Peugeot's 5CV, they produced 550,000 cars in 1925, and Mors, Hurtu, and others could not
compete.[52] Germany's first mass-manufactured car, the Opel 4PS Laubfrosch (Tree Frog), came off
the line at Rüsselsheim in 1924, soon making Opel the top car builder in Germany, with 37.5 per cent
of the market.[52]

In Japan, car production was very limited before World War II. Only a handful of companies were
producing vehicles in limited numbers, and these were small, three-wheeled for commercial uses, like
Daihatsu, or were the result of partnering with European companies, like Isuzu building the Wolseley
A-9 in 1922. Mitsubishi was also partnered with Fiat and built the Mitsubishi Model A based on a Fiat
vehicle. Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, and Honda began as companies producing non-automotive
products before the war, switching to car production during the 1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to
take Toyoda Loom Works into automobile manufacturing would create what would eventually become
Toyota Motor Corporation, the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. Subaru, meanwhile,
was formed from a conglomerate of six companies who banded together as Fuji Heavy Industries, as a
result of having been broken up under keiretsu legislation.

Components and design

Propulsion and fuels

Fossil fuels
Most cars in use in the mid 2020s run on petrol burnt in an
internal combustion engine (ICE). Some cities ban older more
polluting petrol-driven cars and some countries plan to ban
sales in future. However, some environmental groups say this
phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles must be brought forwards to
limit climate change. Production of petrol-fuelled cars peaked 2011 Nissan Leaf electric car
in 2017.[55][56]

Other hydrocarbon fossil fuels also burnt by deflagration (rather than detonation) in ICE cars include
diesel, autogas, and CNG. Removal of fossil fuel subsidies,[57][58] concerns about oil dependence,
tightening environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on
alternative power systems for cars. This includes hybrid vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles and

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hydrogen vehicles. Out of all cars sold in 2021, nine per cent
were electric, and by the end of that year there were more
than 16 million electric cars on the world's roads.[59] Despite
rapid growth, less than five per cent of cars on the world's
roads were fully electric and plug-in hybrid cars by the end of
2024.[60] Cars for racing or speed records have sometimes
employed jet or rocket engines, but these are impractical for
common use. Oil consumption has increased rapidly in the The weight of the low battery stabilises
20th and 21st centuries because there are more cars; the the car.[54] This is a dual-motor, four-
1980s oil glut even fuelled the sales of low-economy vehicles wheel-drive layout but many cars only
in OECD countries. The BRIC countries are adding to this have one motor.
consumption.

Batteries
In almost all hybrid (even mild hybrid) and pure electric cars regenerative braking recovers and
returns to a battery some energy which would otherwise be wasted by friction brakes getting hot.[61]
Although all cars must have friction brakes (front disc brakes and either disc or drum rear brakes[62])
for emergency stops, regenerative braking improves efficiency, particularly in city driving.[63]

User interface
Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, passenger
comfort, and safety, normally operated by a combination of
the use of feet and hands, and occasionally by voice on 21st-
century cars. These controls include a steering wheel, pedals
for operating the brakes and controlling the car's speed (and,
in a manual transmission car, a clutch pedal), a shift lever or
stick for changing gears, and a number of buttons and dials
for turning on lights, ventilation, and other functions. Modern
cars' controls are now standardised, such as the location for
the accelerator and brake, but this was not always the case. In the Ford Model T the left-side hand
Controls are evolving in response to new technologies, for lever sets the rear wheel parking brakes
example, the electric car and the integration of mobile and puts the transmission in neutral. The
communications. lever to the right controls the throttle. The
lever on the left of the steering column is
Some of the original controls are no longer required. For for ignition timing. The left foot pedal
example, all cars once had controls for the choke valve, clutch, changes the two forward gears while the
centre pedal controls reverse. The right
ignition timing, and a crank instead of an electric starter.
pedal is the brake.
However, new controls have also been added to vehicles,
making them more complex. These include air conditioning,
navigation systems, and in-car entertainment. Another trend is the replacement of physical knobs and
switches by secondary controls with touchscreen controls such as BMW's iDrive and Ford's MyFord
Touch. Another change is that while early cars' pedals were physically linked to the brake mechanism
and throttle, in the early 2020s, cars have increasingly replaced these physical linkages with electronic
controls.

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Electronics and interior

Cars are typically equipped with interior lighting which can be
toggled manually or be set to light up automatically with doors
open, an entertainment system which originated from car
radios, sideways windows which can be lowered or raised
electrically (manually on earlier cars), and one or multiple
auxiliary power outlets for supplying portable appliances such
as mobile phones, portable fridges, power inverters, and
electrical air pumps from the on-board electrical Panel for fuses and circuit breakers
system.[64][65][a] More costly upper-class and luxury cars are
equipped with features earlier such as massage seats and
collision avoidance systems.[66][67]

Dedicated automotive fuses and circuit breakers prevent damage from electrical overload.

Lighting
Cars are typically fitted with multiple types of lights. These
include headlights, which are used to illuminate the way
ahead and make the car visible to other users, so that the
vehicle can be used at night; in some jurisdictions, daytime
running lights; red brake lights to indicate when the brakes
are applied; amber turn signal lights to indicate the turn
intentions of the driver; white-coloured reverse lights to
illuminate the area behind the car (and indicate that the
driver will be or is reversing); and on some vehicles, Audi A4 daytime running lights
additional lights (e.g., side marker lights) to increase the
visibility of the car. Interior lights on the ceiling of the car are
usually fitted for the driver and passengers. Some vehicles also have a boot light and, more rarely, an
engine compartment light.

Weight and size

During the late 20th and early 21st century, cars increased in
weight due to batteries,[69] modern steel safety cages, anti-
lock brakes, airbags, and "more-powerful—if more efficient—
engines"[70] and, as of 2019, typically weigh between 1 and 3
tonnes (1.1 and 3.3 short tons; 0.98 and 2.95 long tons).[71]
Heavier cars are safer for the driver from a crash perspective,
but more dangerous for other vehicles and road users.[70] The
weight of a car influences fuel consumption and performance, A Chevrolet Suburban extended-length
with more weight resulting in increased fuel consumption and SUV weighs 3,300 kilograms (7,200 lb)
decreased performance. The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV, a (gross weight).[68]

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typical city car, weighs about 700 kilograms (1,500 lb). Heavier cars include SUVs and extended-
length SUVs like the Suburban. Cars have also become wider.[72]

Some places tax heavier cars more:[73] as well as improving pedestrian safety this can encourage
manufacturers to use materials such as recycled aluminium instead of steel.[74] It has been suggested
that one benefit of subsidising charging infrastructure is that cars can use lighter batteries.[75]

Seating and body style

Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats. Cars with five seats
typically seat two passengers in the front and three in the rear. Full-size cars and large sport utility
vehicles can often carry six, seven, or more occupants depending on the arrangement of the seats. On
the other hand, sports cars are most often designed with only two seats. Utility vehicles like pickup
trucks, combine seating with extra cargo or utility functionality. The differing needs for passenger
capacity and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability of a large variety of body
styles to meet individual consumer requirements that include, among others, the sedan/saloon,
hatchback, station wagon/estate, coupe, and minivan.

Safety
Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths
worldwide.[17] Mary Ward became one of the first documented
car fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland,[76] and Henry
Bliss one of the US's first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in
New York City.[77] There are now standard tests for safety in
new cars, such as the Euro and US NCAP tests,[78] and
insurance-industry-backed tests by the Insurance Institute for
Highway Safety (IIHS).[79] However, not all such tests
consider the safety of people outside the car, such as drivers of
other cars, pedestrians and cyclists.[80] Result of a serious car collision

Costs and benefits

The costs of car usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs and auto
maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance,[16] are weighed
against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits—perceived and real—of vehicle usage.
The benefits may include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience,[18]
and emergency power.[82] During the 1920s, cars had another benefit: "[c]ouples finally had a way to
head off on unchaperoned dates, plus they had a private space to snuggle up close at the end of the
night."[83]

Similarly the costs to society of car use may include; maintaining roads, land use, air pollution, noise
pollution, road congestion, public health, health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its
life; and can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that car use generates. Societal
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benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and

wealth creation, of car production and maintenance,
transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from
leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from
the tax opportunities. The ability of humans to move flexibly
from place to place has far-reaching implications for the
nature of societies.[19]

Environmental effects Road congestion is an issue in many

major cities (pictured is Chang'an Avenue
Car production and use has a large number of environmental in Beijing).[81]
impacts: it causes local air pollution plastic pollution and
contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and climate
change.[86] Cars and vans caused 10% of energy-related
carbon dioxide emissions in 2022.[87] As of 2023, electric cars
produce about half the emissions over their lifetime as diesel
and petrol cars. This is set to improve as countries produce
more of their electricity from low-carbon sources.[88] Cars
consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of
2019.[55] Cities planned around cars are often less dense,
which leads to further emissions, as they are less walkable for Trucks' share of US vehicles produced,
has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle
instance.[86] A growing demand for large SUVs is driving up
fuel efficiency has increased within each
emissions from cars.[89] category, the overall trend toward less
efficient types of vehicles has offset some
Cars are a major cause of air pollution,[90] which stems from of the benefits of greater fuel economy
exhaust gas in diesel and petrol cars and from dust from and reductions in pollution and carbon
brakes, tyres, and road wear. Larger cars pollute more.[91] dioxide emissions.[84] Without the shift
Heavy metals and microplastics (from tyres) are also released towards SUVs, energy use per unit
into the environment, during production, use and at the end distance could have fallen 30% more
of life. Mining related to car manufacturing and oil spills both than it did from 2010 to 2022.[85]
cause water pollution.[86]

Animals and plants are often negatively affected by cars via

habitat destruction and fragmentation from the road network
and pollution. Animals are also killed every year on roads by
cars, referred to as roadkill.[86] More recent road
developments are including significant environmental
mitigation in their designs, such as green bridges (designed to
allow wildlife crossings) and creating wildlife corridors.

Governments use fiscal policies, such as road tax, to

discourage the purchase and use of more polluting cars;[92]
Vehicle emission standards ban the sale of new highly Car exhaust gas is one type of pollution
pollution cars.[93] Many countries plan to stop selling fossil
cars altogether between 2025 and 2050.[94] Various cities

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have implemented low-emission zones, banning old fossil fuel and Amsterdam is planning to ban
fossil fuel cars completely.[95][96] Some cities make it easier for people to choose other forms of
transport, such as cycling.[95] Many Chinese cities limit licensing of fossil fuel cars,[97]

Social issues
Mass production of personal motor vehicles in the United States and other developed countries with
extensive territories such as Australia, Argentina, and France vastly increased individual and group
mobility and greatly increased and expanded economic development in urban, suburban, exurban and
rural areas. Growth in the popularity of cars and commuting has led to traffic congestion.[98] Moscow,
Istanbul, Bogotá, Mexico City and São Paulo were the world's most congested cities in 2018 according
to INRIX, a data analytics company.[99]

Access to cars
In the United States, the transport divide and car dependency resulting from domination of car-based
transport systems presents barriers to employment in low-income neighbourhoods,[100] with many
low-income individuals and families forced to run cars they cannot afford in order to maintain their
income.[101] Dependency on automobiles by African Americans may result in exposure to the hazards
of driving while black and other types of racial discrimination related to buying, financing and
insuring them.[102]

Health impact
Air pollution from cars increases the risk of lung cancer and heart disease. It can also harm
pregnancies: more children are born too early or with lower birth weight.[86] Children are extra
vulnerable to air pollution, as their bodies are still developing and air pollution in children is linked to
the development of asthma, childhood cancer, and neurocognitive issues such as autism.[103][86] The
growth in popularity of the car allowed cities to sprawl, therefore encouraging more travel by car,
resulting in inactivity and obesity, which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases.[104]
When places are designed around cars, children have fewer opportunities to go places by themselves,
and lose opportunities to become more independent.[105][86]

Emerging car technologies

Although intensive development of conventional battery electric vehicles is continuing into the
2020s,[106] other car propulsion technologies that are under development include wireless
charging,[107] hydrogen cars,[108][109] and hydrogen/electric hybrids.[110] Research into alternative
forms of power includes using ammonia instead of hydrogen in fuel cells.[111]

New materials which may replace steel car bodies include aluminium,[112] fiberglass, carbon fiber,
biocomposites, and carbon nanotubes.[113] Telematics technology is allowing more and more people to
share cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through car share and carpool schemes. Communication is also
evolving due to connected car systems.[114] Open-source cars are not widespread.[115]
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Autonomous car
Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars,
already exist as robotaxis[116][117] but have a long way to go
before they are in general use.[118]

Car sharing
Car-share arrangements and carpooling are also increasingly
popular, in the US and Europe.[119] For example, in the US,
some car-sharing services have experienced double-digit
growth in revenue and membership growth between 2006 and A robotic Volkswagen Passat shown at
Stanford University is a driverless car.
2007. Services like car sharing offer residents to "share" a
vehicle rather than own a car in already congested
neighbourhoods.[120]

Industry
The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures,
markets, and sells the world's motor vehicles, more than
three-quarters of which are cars. In 2020, there were
56 million cars manufactured worldwide,[121] down from
67 million the previous year.[122] The automotive industry in
China produces by far the most (20 million in 2020), followed
by Japan (seven million), then Germany, South Korea and
India.[123] The largest market is China, followed by the US.

Around the world, there are about a billion cars on the

A car being assembled in a factory
road;[124] they burn over a trillion litres (0.26 × 1012 US gal;
0.22 × 1012 imp gal) of petrol and diesel fuel yearly,
consuming about 50 exajoules (14,000 TWh) of energy.[125] The numbers of cars are increasing
rapidly in China and India.[126] In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car
have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and
delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investment. Many of these negative effects fall
disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars.[127][128] The
sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems. The car industry is also
facing increasing competition from the public transport sector, as some people re-evaluate their
private vehicle usage. In July 2021, the European Commission introduced the "Fit for 55" legislation
package, outlining crucial directives for the automotive sector's future.[129][130] According to this
package, by 2035, all newly sold cars in the European market must be Zero-emissions
vehicles.[131][132][133]

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Alternatives
Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include
public transport such as busses, trolleybusses, trains,
subways, tramways, light rail, cycling, and walking. Bicycle
sharing systems have been established in China and many
European cities, including Copenhagen and Amsterdam.
Similar programmes have been developed in large US
cities.[134][135] Additional individual modes of transport, such
as personal rapid transit could serve as an alternative to cars if
they prove to be socially accepted.[136] A study which checked
The Vélib' in Paris, France, is the largest
the costs and the benefits of introducing Low Traffic bikesharing system outside China.
Neighbourhood in London found the benefits overpass the
costs approximately by 100 times in the first 20 years and the
difference is growing over time.[137]

See also

Cars portal

General: Effects: Mitigation:

Automotive safety Car dependency Car-free movement

Car classification Effects of the car on societies Carfree city
Car costs Energy consumption of cars Congestion pricing
Green vehicle Environmental effects of Highway revolt
Jaywalking transport New Urbanism
Model vehicle Externalities of automobiles Smart growth
Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. Fenceline community Transit-oriented
by year Mobile source air pollution development
Motor vehicle theft Noise pollution
Peak car Roadway noise
Steering Traffic congestion
Traffic collision Urban sprawl

Notes
a. Auxiliary power outlets may be supplied continuously or only when the ignition is active depending
on electrical wiring.

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Further reading
Berger, Michael L. (2001). The automobile in American history and culture: a reference guide. US:
Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780313016066.

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Brinkley, Douglas (2003). Wheels for the world: Henry Ford, his company, and a century of
progress, 1903-2003. Viking. ISBN 9780670031818.
Cole, John; Cole, Francis (213). A Geography of the European Union (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=xREfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110). London: Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 9781317835585. –
Number of cars in use (in millions) in various European countries in 1973 and 1992
Halberstam, David (1986). The Reckoning (https://archive.org/details/reckoning00halbrich). New
York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-04838-2.
Kay, Jane Holtz (1997). Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America, and how we can
take it back (https://archive.org/details/asphaltnationhow00kayj). New York: Crown. ISBN 0-517-
58702-5.
Margolius, Ivan (2020). "What is an automobile?" (http://www.theautomobile.co.uk). The
Automobile. 37 (11): 48–52. ISSN 0955-1328 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-1328).
Sachs, Wolfgang (1992). For love of the automobile: looking back into the history of our desires.
Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06878-5.
Wilkins, Mira; Hill, Frank Ernest (1964). American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents.
Williams, Heathcote (1991). Autogeddon. New York: Arcade. ISBN 1-55970-176-5.
Latin America: Economic Growth Trends (https://books.google.com/books?id=8TZkG1HhfG0C&pg
=PA11). US: Agency for International Development, Office of Statistics and Reports. 1972. p. 11. –
Number of motor vehicles registered in Latin America in 1970
World Motor Vehicle Production and Registration (https://books.google.com/books?id=evpBB9EP
DtQC&pg=PA3). US: Business and Defense Services Administration, Transportation Equipment
Division. p. 3. – Number of registered passenger cars in various countries in 1959-60 and 1969–
70

External links
Media related to Automobiles at Wikimedia Commons
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (http://www.fia.com/)
Forum for the Automobile and Society (https://web.archive.org/web/20010217132832/http://www.a
utoandsociety.com/)
Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996: Transportation and the Environment by Fletcher,
Wendell; Sedor, Joanne; p. 219 (contains figures on vehicle registrations in various countries in
1970 and 1992) (https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/5460)

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