SPS
SAGAR
PUBLIC
Session2023-24
Sagar public school saketnagar
Bhopal Madhya Pradesh
Physics investigatory project
Topic; AC generator
Submitted by:Veera Dubey
Class XII D
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this
physicsinvestigatory' on topic AC
generator' has been successfully
completed by Veera Dubey of class
XII D under the guidance of MR.
arpitjainin particular fulfillment of
curriculum if central of board of
CBSE ( centraiboard central of
secondary education) leadingto
award of annual examination of the
year 2023-24.
Principals signature Teacher's signature
Institution stamp examiner signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...
Iwould like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my physics
teacher MR. ARPIT JAIN ,who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project of PHYSICSon the
topic AC GENRATOR
Icame to know about s0 many new
things and Iam really thankful to
them. Secondiv, Iwould also like to
thank my parents and friends who
helped ne a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.
VEERA DUBEY
XII-D
Topic
AC GENERATOR
att
buse.
INDEX
Content
1.certificate
2.introduction
3.theory and working
4.component of nc generator
5.efficiency
6.result
7.uses
8. losses in AC generator
9. precautions
10. bibliography
INTRODuCTION
>An eleetrte generater iaa deviee that eonverta
mechaniealenergy to eleetrieat eneroy
>A generator foreeseleetrte eurrent to flow through an
be
external cireuit. The souree of meehanlcal energy may
water falling
a reciprocating or turbine steam engine,
combustion
through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal
engine, awind turbine, a hand crank, compressed alr, or
any other source of mechanical energy
power for electric
> Generators provide nearly all of the
power grids
AC Voltage
S
THEORY AND WORKING
The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow
through the field coil of the rotor.
The field coilin the rotor receives excitation through the
use of slip rings and brushes.
Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip
rings to provide the continuous connection between the
field coil and the external excitation circuit.
" The armature is contained within the windings of the
stator and is connected to the output.
Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one
complete cycle of AC is developed.
A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots
of the rotor.
CYCLE
The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AG
generator is dependent on the field strength and speed of
the rotor.
" Most generators are operated at a constant speed;
therefore, the generated voltage depends on field
excitation, or strength.
COMPONENTS OF AN AC GENERATOR
" Field
"Armature
" Prime mover
"Rotor
" Stator
"Slip rings
ivieiiteiC Foles
Magnelic Flux
VwHe Loop
(tho conductor)
FIELD
The field inan AC generator consists of coils of
conductors withinthe generator that receive a voltage
froma source (called excitation) and produce a magnetic
flux.
The magnetic flux in the field cutsthe armature to
produce avoltage. Thisvoltage is ultimately the output
voltage of the ACgenerator.
ARMATURE
" The armature is the part of an AC
generator in which
voltage is produced.
" This component consists of many co ls of
wire that are
CYCLE large enough.
PRIME MOVER
" The prime mover is the component that is used to drive
the AC generator.
mover may be any type of rotating maehine,
The prime turbine, or a motor.
engine, a steam
such as a diesel
ROTOR
generator is the rotating component
The rotor of an AC
shown inFigure 1.
of the generator, as
driven by the generator's prime mover,
The rotor is
be a steam turbine, gas turbine, or diesel
which may
of generator, this
engine. Depending onthe type
armature or the field.
component may be the
rotor will be the armature if the voltage output is
The
there; the rotor will be the field if the field
generated
excitationis applied there.
STATOR
the part that is
The stator of an AC generator is
stationary.
armature or
Like the rotor, this component may be the
generator. CYCLE
the field, depending on the type of
The stator will be the armature if the voltage output is
generated there; the stator will be the field if the field
excitation is applied there.
SLIP RINGS
Slip rings are electricalconnections that are used to
transfer power to and from the rotor of an AC generator.
The slipring consists of acircular conducting material
from
that is connected to the rotor windings and insulated
rotates
the shaft. Brushes ride on the slip ring as the rotor
The electrical connection to the rotor is made by
connections to the brushes
desired
Sliprings are used in AC generators because the
output of the generator is asine wave
an
In aDC generator,a commutator was used to provide
output whose current always flowed in the positive
direction.
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of an ACgenerator is the ratio of the useful
power output to the total power input.
Because any mechanical process experiences some
losses, no AC generators can be 100per cent efficient.
" Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated using
Equation.
Efficiency = (Output /Input). put) X 100
OR
Eficiency = (POWER OUT/POWER IN)X 100
EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC GENERATOR CY
POWER= VOLTAGE X CURRENT
EFFICIENCY POWER OUTPUT 100
POWER INPUT
RESULT
WHEN THE AXLE OF GENERATING MOTOR IS
ROTATED, E.M.F. IS PRODUCED BY IT.
REASON: CHANGE IN FLUX THROUGH THE
WINDING OF MOTOR.
CIRCUIT AS LONG AS
THIS E.M.F. REMAINS IN THE
LAW OF
AXLE IS ROTATED. HENCE, FARADAY's
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IS VERIFIED.
IS INCREASED, THE
" AS THE SPEED OF ROTOR
PRODUCED BY
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
GENERATOR ALSO GET INCREASED.
INCREASE
REASON: RATE OF CHANGE OFFLUX
USES
"Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind
generators, high speed gas furbine genorators
systems,
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)drive
automotive starter generators.
generator, or alternator', is used to produce
Anac
voltages for transmission via the grid system or,
ac
locally, as portable generators.
run on ac current.
Allof Our household appliances
oven, lights,
Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines,
fan etc.
LOSSES INAN AC GENERATOR
1.) Internal Voltage Drop
generators.
The load current flows through the armature in all AC
and inductive
The armature has some amount of resistance
reactance.
known as the internal
The combinationof these make up what is
resistance, which causes a loss in a n AC generator.
drop is developed across the
When the load current flows, a voltage
Internal resistance.
the output voltage and, therefore,
This voltage drop subtracts from
power that is lost and not
represents generated voltage and
available to the load.
2.) HYSTERESIS LOSSESs
an AC generator are
Hysteresis losses occur when iron cores in
subject to effects from a magnetic field.
held in alignment withthe
"The magnetic domains of the cores are
strength.
field in varying numbers, dependent upon field
The magnetic domains rotate, with respect to
the domains not held
of the rotor.
in alignment, one complete turn during each rotation
This rotation of magnetic domains in the iron causes friction and
heat
The heat produced bythis friction is called magnetic hysteresis
loss.
After the heat-treated silicon steel is formed to the desired shape,
cool.
the laminations are heated to a dull red and then allowed to
reduces hysteresis losses to a
"This process, known as annealing,
very low value.
AC armatures are constructed of
To reduce hysteresis losses, most hysteresis
inherently low
heat- treated silicon steel, which has an
loss.
3.) MECHANICAL LOSSES
friction,
can be caused by bearing
Rotational or mechanical losses windage),
and air friction (called
brush friction on the commutator,
turbulence due to armature rotation
which is caused by the air
instrumentalinkeeping bearing friction
Careful maintenance can be
to e minimum.
reduction
bearings and proper lubrication are essential to the
Clean
of bearing friction.
seating, proper
Brush friction is reduced by ensuring proper brush
tension.
brush use, and maintenance of proper brush
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia.com
Google search engine
Physics NCERT book
*www.youtube.com/c/knowledgecycle
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia.com
Google search engine
Physics NCERT book
*www.youtube.com/c/knowledgecycle
