UNIT- 01

Multiple Choice Questions on Corona & Sag in Overhead Lines

1. What is "corona" in overhead lines?

a) Generation of heat due to current
b) Noise produced due to harmonics
c) Partial discharge around conductors due to ionization of air
d) Arc formation between conductors

2. Which factor primarily affects corona loss in transmission lines?

a) Conductor material
b) Length of the line
c) Atmospheric conditions
d) Type of load connected

3. What is the critical disruptive voltage in corona?

a) Voltage at which conductor melts
b) Voltage below which corona occurs
c) Voltage at which air around the conductor ionizes
d) Voltage at which corona starts

4. Which method is used to reduce corona losses?

a) Increasing transmission frequency
b) Decreasing line voltage
c) Using smaller conductors
d) Using bundled conductors

5. Which phenomenon causes a purple glow and hissing noise around conductors?
a) Skin effect
b) Corona
c) Ferranti effect
d) Capacitance effect

6. Sag in an overhead conductor depends on:

a) Conductor resistance and load current
b) Conductor weight and span length
c) Insulator type
d) Transmission line frequency
7. Why is sag provided in overhead transmission lines?
a) To increase mechanical strength
b) To minimize electrical losses
c) To accommodate thermal expansion and weight of conductors
d) To prevent excessive tension in the line

8. Which one of the following increases corona loss?

a) Higher operating voltage
b) Lower atmospheric pressure
c) Smooth conductor surface
d) Bundled conductors

9. What is the effect of high altitude on corona?

a) Decreases corona loss
b) No effect on corona
c) Increases corona loss
d) Reduces ionization

10. Which of the following does not affect sag in overhead lines?
a) Wind pressure
b) Conductor tension
c) Conductor length
d) Frequency of current

11. The value of sag is proportional to:

a) (Span length)²
b) Span length
c) Voltage applied
d) Conductor diameter

12. Bundled conductors are used in transmission lines primarily to:

a) Reduce sag
b) Reduce corona losses
c) Increase conductor strength
d) Decrease the voltage drop

13. Which type of line configuration is least susceptible to corona?

a) Horizontal line configuration
b) Vertical line configuration
c) Triangular line configuration
d) Cross-arm configuration
14. What happens to sag when the tension in the conductor is increased?
a) Sag increases
b) Sag remains constant
c) Sag decreases
d) Sag becomes zero

15. The sag in an overhead line is maximum at:

a) Mid-span
b) Near the support
c) Both ends of the conductor
d) Center of the span

16. Which of the following reduces sag in an overhead line?

a) Increasing conductor weight
b) Increasing span length
c) Decreasing temperature
d) Reducing conductor tension

17. In which season does corona loss in overhead lines generally decrease?
a) Rainy season
b) Winter season
c) Summer season
d) Monsoon season

18. How does increasing conductor diameter affect corona?

a) Increases corona loss
b) No effect on corona
c) Reduces corona loss
d) Increases ionization

19. Which condition increases sag in transmission lines?

a) High temperature
b) Low wind speed
c) Low conductor weight
d) High tension

20. Why are stranded conductors preferred over solid conductors in overhead lines?
a) Reduce corona loss
b) Reduce sag
 c) Increase flexibility
d) Reduce weight

21. Corona is accompanied by

a) Violet visible light
b) Hissing sound
c) Power loss and interference
d) All of the above
22. What is the purpose of using transposition in 3-phase lines?
a) Reduce resistance
b) Avoid crosstalk
c) Reduce voltage
d) Balance inductance
23. Grading of cables is done to:
a) Reduce skin effect
b) Increase stress
c) Reduce dielectric stress
d) Enhance resistance
24. Which cable classification is used for voltages above 33 kV?
a) Low tension
b) Medium tension
c) High tension
d) Extra high tension
25. What happens to corona loss with increased frequency?
a) Decreases
b) Remains same
c) Increases
d) First increases then decreases
26. Which overhead line component is used to reduce mechanical stress?
a) Insulator
b) Sag
c) Tower
d) Clamp

1. What are the primary constants of a transmission line?

a) Inductance and voltage
b) Voltage and capacitance
c) Resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance
d) Resistance and voltage

2. Which of the following represents the inductance of a transmission line?

a) The ability to conduct current
b) Magnetic field storage in the line
 c) Opposition to current flow
d) Energy loss in the line

3. Which transmission line constant is responsible for energy loss in the conductor?
a) Inductance
b) Capacitance
c) Conductance
d) Resistance

4. What is the main effect of the capacitance of a transmission line?

a) Opposition to the flow of current
b) Energy loss in the conductor
c) Storage of charge between the conductors
d) None of the above

5. What is the unit of conductance (G) in transmission lines?

a) Ohms
b) Siemens
c) Farads
d) Henrys

6. In transmission lines, the shunt conductance is primarily due to:

a) Voltage regulation
b) Leakage current through insulation
c) Energy storage in magnetic fields
d) Series impedance

7. Which of the following is a distributed parameter in a transmission line?

a) Resistance of the load
b) Conductor length
c) Line capacitance
d) Line current

8. For short transmission lines, which constant is negligible?

a) Resistance
b) Inductance
c) Capacitance
d) Conductance
9. Which parameter determines the surge impedance of a transmission line?
a) Resistance and conductance
b) Voltage and current
c) Resistance and inductance
d) Inductance and capacitance

10. Which of the following best describes the characteristic impedance of a transmission line?
a) Resistance of the line
b) Ratio of sending and receiving end voltages
c) Ratio of voltage to current in a traveling wave
d) Impedance of the load

11. Which constant dominates in overhead lines at higher voltages?

a) Resistance
b) Conductance
c) Capacitance
d) Inductance

12. What is the approximate range of the resistance per unit length in overhead lines?
a) 10–20 ohms/km
b) 0.1–0.5 ohms/km
c) 1–5 ohms/km
d) 50–100 ohms/km

13. For medium transmission lines, the effect of capacitance is considered by:
a) Ignoring it completely
b) Using a lumped shunt model
c) Adding resistance in parallel
d) Using an inductive reactance model

14. Skin effect primarily influences which constant in a transmission line?

a) Inductance
b) Resistance
c) Capacitance
d) Conductance

15. How does increasing the spacing between conductors affect the inductance?
a) Increases inductance
b) Decreases inductance
c) No effect on inductance
d) Increases resistance
16. What is the relationship between frequency and resistance due to skin effect?
a) Resistance decreases with frequency
b) Resistance is independent of frequency
c) Resistance increases with frequency
d) Resistance decreases and then increases

17. The presence of a ground wire in transmission lines primarily affects which constant?
a) Conductance
b) Resistance
c) Inductance
d) Capacitance

18. What is the typical unit of capacitance per unit length in a transmission line?
a) Ohms/km
b) Farads/km
c) Siemens/km
d) Henrys/km

19. In long transmission lines, the constants are treated as:

a) Lumped parameters
b) Distributed parameters
c) Series parameters only
d) Shunt parameters only

20. What is the main cause of power loss in transmission lines at higher frequencies?
a) Capacitance
b) Conductance
c) Skin effect on resistance
d) Low inductance

21. The sag of a transmission line depends upon

a) Weight of conductor and directly proportional to span length
b) Weight of conductor and inversely proportional to span length
c) Weight of conductor and directly proportional to the square of span length
d) Weight of conductor and inversely proportional to the square of span length

22. The maximum tension in a section of overhead line conductor between two supports of
unequal height occurs at
a) The higher support
b) The lower point
 c) The midpoint of the conductor
d) None of the above

23. Skin effect is prominent in:

a) DC lines
b) Low frequency AC
c) High frequency AC
d) Neutral wires
 UNIT-03

Multiple Choice Questions on Underground Cables

1. Which of the following is a major advantage of underground cables over overhead lines?
a) Lower installation cost
b) Better protection against environmental hazards
c) Easier to repair
d) Higher power losses

2. What is the main insulating material used in underground cables?

a) Aluminum
b) PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
c) Steel
d) Copper

3. Which part of an underground cable provides mechanical strength?

a) Conductor
b) Insulation
c) Sheath
d) Armoring

4. The main purpose of the dielectric in an underground cable is to:

a) Protect the conductor from corrosion
b) Provide insulation between the conductor and sheath
c) Reduce power losses
d) Provide mechanical strength

5. The most commonly used conductor material in underground cables is:

a) Silver
b) Copper
c) Aluminum alloy
d) Nickel

6. What type of underground cable is used for high-voltage applications?

a) PVC cables
b) Paper-insulated cables
c) XLPE (Cross-linked Polyethylene) cables
d) Rubber-insulated cables
7. Which of the following increases the current-carrying capacity of underground cables?
a) Using smaller conductors
b) Decreasing insulation thickness
c) Increasing the cross-sectional area of the conductor
d) Using steel instead of copper

8. Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of underground cables?

a) High installation cost
b) Difficulty in detecting faults
c) Limited voltage ratings
d) Protection from lightning strikes

9. What is the main purpose of the metallic sheath in underground cables?

a) To reduce inductance
b) To protect against moisture and chemical attacks
c) To carry fault currents
d) To provide insulation

10. What is the most common cause of breakdown in underground cables?

a) Overvoltage
b) Moisture ingress
c) High capacitance
d) Short circuits

11. The capacitance of an underground cable is primarily due to:

a) Armoring
b) Conductor material
c) Insulation layer
d) Sheath material

12. Which of the following tests is performed to locate faults in underground cables?
a) Open circuit test
b) Murray loop test
c) Dielectric strength test
d) Loss tangent test

13. What is the function of armoring in underground cables?

a) To improve conductivity
b) To provide mechanical protection
c) To reduce power losses
d) To prevent overheating
14. Which of the following affects the performance of an underground cable the most?
a) Conductor material
b) Thermal resistance of the soil
c) Sheath material
d) Length of the cable

15. What is the purpose of serving in underground cables?

a) To improve current flow
b) To protect the cable from mechanical damage
c) To act as an insulator
d) To reduce dielectric losses

16. The power factor of underground cables is usually:

a) Low and lagging
b) High and lagging
c) Low and leading
d) High and leading

17. What is the primary issue with underground cables in urban areas?
a) Corrosion
b) Limited space for laying cables
c) High capacitance
d) Power losses

18. What is the main advantage of XLPE insulation over other types?
a) Lower cost
b) Easier installation
c) Higher thermal stability and resistance
d) Reduced capacitance

19. What type of cable is preferred for transmitting electricity at very high voltages?
a) Paper-insulated cables
b) XLPE cables
c) PVC-insulated cables
d) Rubber-insulated cables

20. What happens to the capacitance of an underground cable as its length increases?
a) Decreases
b) Remains constant
 c) Increases
d) Depends on the type of conductor

21. Transmission line constants are

a) Capacitance
b) Inductance
c) Resistance
d) All of these

22. The inductance of line is minimum when

a) GMD is high
b) GMR is high
c) Both GMD and GMR are high
d) GMD is low but GMR is high
 UNIT- 04

Multiple Choice Questions on Performance of Transmission Lines

1. Which of the following factors affects the voltage regulation of a transmission line?
a) Line length and frequency
b) Line impedance and load power factor
c) Conductor material and line temperature
d) Voltage and current rating

2. What is the main purpose of a Ferranti effect in a transmission line?

a) To increase voltage drop
b) To reduce line losses
c) Unintended rise in receiving end voltage
d) To improve efficiency

3. Voltage regulation of a transmission line is defined as:

a) Change in power delivered with load
b) Percentage change in voltage between no load and full load
c) Voltage drop in conductors
d) None of the above

4. What is the approximate range of efficiency of transmission lines?

a) 20-40%
b) 90-98%
c) 50-70%
d) 70-85%

5. What happens to transmission line losses when the load power factor improves?
a) Losses increase
 b) Losses decrease
c) Losses remain constant
d) Losses become zero

6. The Ferranti effect is more prominent in which type of transmission line?

a) Short transmission lines
b) Long transmission lines with light load
c) Medium transmission lines with full load
d) Underground cables

7. In a short transmission line, which parameters are neglected?

a) Resistance and reactance
b) Capacitance and conductance
c) Voltage and current
d) Impedance and admittance

8. The efficiency of a transmission line increases with:

a) Decrease in voltage
b) Increase in resistance
c) Decrease in power losses
d) Increase in current

9. Which of the following is a characteristic of a medium transmission line?

a) Capacitance is ignored
b) Capacitance is lumped at the receiving and sending ends
c) Only resistance is considered
d) Voltage regulation is zero

10. The surge impedance of a transmission line is primarily determined by:

a) Resistance and voltage
b) Power factor and current
c) Inductance and capacitance
d) Length and load

11. What happens to the efficiency of a transmission line when the load power factor is
lagging?
a) Efficiency increases
b) Efficiency remains constant
c) Efficiency decreases
d) Efficiency becomes zero
12. The power transmitted through a transmission line is maximum when:
a) Voltage is high
b) Load is balanced
c) Receiving end voltage equals sending end voltage
d) The sending and receiving end voltage phase difference is 90°

13. The main reason for the voltage drop in a transmission line is:
a) Low voltage
b) Impedance of the line
c) Conductor material
d) Low frequency

14. For a long transmission line, the line constants are treated as:
a) Lumped parameters
b) Distributed parameters
c) Negligible parameters
d) Series resistance only

15. In nominal-π method of solution of medium transmission line, capacitance is assumed to be:
a) Distributed uniformly from sending end to receiving end
b) Divided into two halves
c) Lumped at the generation end
d) Lumped at middle of generation and load end

16. In long transmission lines, Resistance and Capacitance parameters of lines are connected in:
a) Series, shunt
b) Series, series
c) Shunt, shunt
d) Shunt, parallel

17. Which of the following is NOT a reason for power losses in transmission lines?
a) Resistance of the conductor
b) Dielectric losses in the insulator
c) Skin effect
d) Capacitance between conductors

18. What is the advantage of high voltage in transmission lines?

a) Lower cost of insulators
b) Increased resistance
c) Reduced power losses
d) Easier maintenance
19. When a transmission line is terminated with a load equal to its surge impedance, the line is
said to be:
a) Overloaded
b) Flat or distortion less
c) Highly inductive
d) Reactive

20. The voltage regulation of a transmission line is better when:

a) Load power factor is lagging
b) Load is unbalanced
c) Load power factor is leading
d) None of the above

21. Which of the following factors affects the corona loss in transmission lines?
a) Load type
b) Voltage and frequency
c) Conductor size and spacing
d) Resistance of the line

22. What happens to the voltage at the receiving end of a transmission line when it operates
under light load conditions?
a) Voltage decreases
b) Voltage remains constant
c) Voltage increases due to the Ferranti effect
d) Voltage drops to zero
23. When two conductors between each of radius ‘r’ are at a distance D, the capacitance
between the two is proportional to
a) Loge (D/r)
b) loge (r/D)
c) 1/loge (D/r)
d) 1/loge (r/D)
24. Find the inductance per km of a 3-phase transmission line using 1.24 cm diameter
conductors when these are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of each side 2 m.
a) 3.2 mH/Km
b) 2.1 mH/Km
c) 1.205 mH/Km
d) 2.3 mH/Km
25. In long transmission lines Resistance and Capacitance parameters of lines are connected in
a) Series, shunt
b) Series, series
c) Shunt, shunt
d) Shunt, parallel
26. The cable best suited for the transmission of voltages from 33 kV to 66 kV is
a) Belted cables
b) Screened cables
c) Pressure cables
d) None of these
27. What does capacitance grade of cables mean?
a) Use of dielectrics in different concentrations
b) Introduction of capacitance at various lengths of cable to counter the effect of inductance
c) Use of dielectrics of different permittivity’s
d) Grading according to capacitance per km length of the cable

28. End condenser method is used to analyze:

a) Long lines
b) Medium lines
c) Short lines
d) None of these

29. Line losses in a short transmission line are mainly due to:
a) Capacitance
b) Resistance
c) Inductance
d) Reactance
 UNIT- 05

Multiple Choice Questions on Distribution System Lines

1. What is the primary purpose of a distribution system?

a) Generate electricity
b) Deliver power to consumers at utilization voltage
c) Step up voltage for long-distance transmission
d) Reduce transmission losses

2. Which of the following is the most commonly used distribution system?

a) DC 3-wire system
b) AC 3-phase, 4-wire system
c) DC 2-wire system
d) AC single-phase system

3. What is the typical voltage level used in primary distribution systems?

a) 400 kV
b) 11 kV
c) 230 V
d) 66 kV

4. What is the main disadvantage of an overhead distribution system?

a) High installation cost
b) Prone to environmental damage
 c) Higher voltage drop
d) Increased power losses

5. What is the main advantage of an underground distribution system over an overhead

system?
a) Better reliability and protection from environmental damage
b) Easier maintenance
c) Lower installation cost
d) Lower capacitance

6. What is the purpose of a feeder in a distribution system?

a) To supply power directly to consumers
b) To transmit power from substations to distribution transformers
c) To convert AC to DC
d) To step up voltage

7. Which of the following distribution systems has the highest reliability?

a) Radial system
b) Ring main system
c) Tree system
d) Interconnected system

8. In a radial distribution system, power flows:

a) In multiple directions
b) From substation to substation
c) In one direction only
d) Through interconnected loops

9. What is the major drawback of a radial distribution system?

a) High installation cost
b) Poor reliability
c) Complex design
d) Increased power losses

10. In a distribution system, service mains are used to:

a) Deliver power to distribution transformers
b) Connect the consumer's premises to the distribution line
c) Reduce voltage for transmission
d) Step up power supply
11. What is the typical voltage used in secondary distribution systems?
a) 11 kV
b) 66 kV
c) 230/415 V
d) 132 kV

12. Which type of conductor is commonly used in overhead distribution lines?

a) Copper
b) Silver
c) Aluminum
d) Tungsten

13. What is the main purpose of a distribution transformer?

a) Increase power factor
b) Step down voltage to utilization level
c) Step up voltage for transmission
d) Stabilize load

14. Which of the following methods is used to improve the voltage profile in a distribution
system?
a) Increasing feeder length
b) Decreasing transformer capacity
c) Using capacitors for reactive power compensation
d) Decreasing line resistance

15. What is the function of a ring main distribution system?

a) To step up the voltage
b) To supply power in one direction only
c) To improve reliability by providing alternative paths for power flow
d) To reduce current flow

16. What is the purpose of voltage regulators in a distribution system?

a) Increase the power flow
b) Reduce current losses
c) Maintain voltage within specified limits
d) Protect the system from overvoltage

17. In rural areas, the most commonly used distribution system is:
a) Underground system
b) Overhead radial system
 c) Ring main system
d) Interconnected system

18. Which type of load is most common in a distribution system?

a) Industrial load
b) Traction load
c) Residential load
d) Agriculture load

19. What happens to the voltage drop as the length of a distribution line increases?
a) Voltage drop decreases
b) Voltage drop remains constant
c) Voltage drop increases
d) Voltage drop becomes zero

20. Which factor has the most significant effect on power losses in a distribution system?
a) Voltage level
b) Power factor
c) Conductor material
d) Resistance of the line
 UNIT- 06

1. What does "EHV" stand for in transmission systems?

a) Extra Hybrid Voltage
b) Extra High Voltage
c) Extreme High Value
d) Efficient High Voltage

2. What is the typical voltage range for EHV AC transmission systems?

a) 33-66 kV
b) 220-765 kV
c) 11-132 kV
d) 765-1200 kV

3. What is the primary advantage of EHV AC transmission systems?

a) Higher conductor resistance
b) Easier maintenance
c) Reduced power losses over long distances
d) Lower installation cost

4. What is the primary limitation of EHV AC systems?

a) Limited transmission distance
b) Corona losses and noise
c) Lack of reliability
d) Low power handling capacity

5. EHV AC transmission lines are typically used for:

a) Local power distribution
b) Rural electrification
 c) Long-distance bulk power transfer
d) Low voltage applications

6. What is the effect of increased voltage levels in EHV AC systems?

a) Increased current
b) Increased power losses
c) Reduced current and power losses
d) Increased cost of conductors

7. Which phenomenon is significant in EHV AC systems and leads to voltage rise at the
receiving end during light load conditions?
a) Skin effect
b) Ferranti effect
c) Corona discharge
d) Eddy currents

8. What is the major environmental concern associated with EHV AC transmission?

a) Thermal losses
b) Noise and radio interference from corona discharge
c) Electromagnetic interference in cables
d) Heat dissipation

9. Which factor primarily limits the distance for EHV AC transmission?

a) Line voltage
b) Line resistance
c) Voltage regulation and stability
d) Cost of conductors

10. Which of the following is NOT a component of EHV AC transmission lines?

a) Insulators
b) Conductors
c) Towers
d) Converters

11. What is the main classification of HV DC systems based on the number of conductors?
a) Bipolar and hexapolar
b) Monopolar and bipolar systems
c) Three-wire and six-wire systems
d) Radial and loop systems

12. Which of the following is an advantage of HV DC transmission over AC?

a) Easier to generate at the source
b) Reduced losses and higher efficiency over long distances
c) Requires no converters or filters
d) Easier voltage regulation

13. Which equipment is used to convert AC to DC in HV DC systems?

a) Transformer
b) Inductor
c) Rectifier
d) Circuit breaker
14. What is the major application of HV DC transmission systems?
a) Short-distance power transfer
b) Interconnecting asynchronous grids
c) Step-down voltage applications
d) Local residential distribution

15. Which of the following is a limitation of HV DC systems?

a) Higher corona losses
b) Complex and expensive terminal equipment
c) Higher line losses
d) Limited reliability

16. Which of the following is a key advantage of HV DC systems in underwater cables?

a) Low installation cost
b) No reactive power issues
c) No need for insulation
d) Better conductor material

17. What is the primary role of an inverter in an HV DC system?

a) Convert DC back to AC
b) Step up voltage
c) Store power
d) Regulate current

18. Which voltage level is typically used in HV DC transmission systems?

a) 11-132 kV
b) 230-400 kV
c) 500-800 kV
d) 33-66 kV

19. What is the typical application of a monopolar HV DC system?

a) Urban electrification
b) Submarine cable systems
c) Rural distribution
d) Load balancing

20. Why are HV DC systems preferred for long-distance bulk power transfer?
a) Simpler equipment design
b) Lower transmission losses and absence of skin effect
c) Better voltage regulation
d) Easier fault detection

21. In nominal-π method of solution of medium transmission line, capacitance is assumed to be:
a) Distributed uniformly from sending end to receiving end
b) Divided into two halves
c) Lumped at the generation end
d) Lumped at middle of generation and load end
22. Which of the following distribution system is more reliable?
a) Radial system
b) Tree system
 c) Ring main system
d) All are equally reliable

23. In triangular configuration, inductance and capacitance values are ------ and ------
respectively
a) Less, Less
b) Higher, Higher
c) Less, Higher
d) Higher, Less

24. What is the purpose of bedding on the underground cables?

a) To avoid leakage of current
b) To protect the sheath against corrosion
c) To protect the sheath from mechanical injury due to armoring
d) Both (b) and (c)

25. Which system is commonly used in rural distribution?

a) Ring main
b) Radial
c) Loop
d) Parallel

26. In a ring distributor, voltage is minimum at:

a) Feeding point
b) Midpoint
d) Load point
c) End point

27. Which transmission type is best for underwater links?

a) EHV AC
b) LV AC
c) HVDC
d) MV AC

28. Which HVDC converter configuration uses two conductors?

a) Bipolar
b) Monopolar
c) Homopolar
d) None