Content

Network devices
Network models
Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs
Overview Ethernet LAN switching

lab: Day 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLxbwE86jKR
gMpuZuLBivzlM8s2Dk5lXBQ

CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, by Wendell

Odom (Cisco Press, 2019): Chapter 1, 2, 3
Network Infrastructure
The network infrastructure
contains three categories of
hardware components:
End devices
Intermediate devices
Network media
Two Major Branches of Networking
Enterprise Network

HTTP HTTP (continued)

Basic Application Logic to Get a Web Page

HTTP Get Request, HTTP Reply, and one Data-Only Message
TCP/IP Transport Layer Simple TCP/IP Network

TCP Error-Recovery Services as Provided to HTTP

Basic Routing Example Ethernet

Larry Using Ethernet to Forward an IP Packet to Router R1

 Data Encapsulation

Same-Layer
and
Adjacent-Layer
Interaction

OSI Networking Model

The letters LH and LT stand for Link Header and Link Trailer, respectively,
and refer to the data link layer header and trailer.

OSI Model Compared to the Two TCP/IP Models

OSI Reference Model Layer Definitions OSI Reference Model Layer Definitions (Continued)
Layer Functional Description Layer Functional Description
7 All Application layer. This layer provides an interface between the communications software and any 3 Need Network layer. This layer defines three main features: logical addressing, routing
applications that need to communicate outside the computer on which the application resides. It also (forwarding), and path determination. Routing defines how devices (typically routers)
defines processes for user authentication. forward packets to their final destination. Logical addressing defines how each device can
6 People P have an address that can be used by the routing process. Path determination refers to the
text, EBCDIC text, binary, BCD, and JPEG. Encryption is also defined by OSI as a presentation layer work done by routing protocols to learn all possible routes, and choose the best route.
service
2 Data Data link layer. This layer defines the rules that determine when a device can send data
5 Seem Session layer. This layer defines how to start, control, and end conversations (called sessions). This
over a particular medium. Data link protocols also define the format of a header and trailer
includes the control and management of multiple bidirectional messages so that the application can
be notified if only some of a series of messages are completed. This allows the presentation layer to that allows devices attached to the medium to successfully send and receive data
have a seamless view of an incoming stream of data. 1 Processing Physical layer. This layer typically refers to standards from other organizations. These
4 To T standards deal with the physical characteristics of the transmission medium, including
connectors, pins, use of pins, electrical currents, encoding, light modulation, and the rules
issues related to the application, Layer 4 focuses on issues related to data delivery to another for how to activate and deactivate the use of the physical medium.
computer (for instance, error recovery and flow control).

OSI Reference Model Example Devices and Protocols OSI Encapsulation and Protocol Data Units
Layer Name Protocols and Devices
Specifications
Application, presentation, Telnet, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, Hosts, firewalls
session (Layers 5 7) POP3, VoIP, SNMP
Transport (Layer 4) TCP, UDP Hosts, firewalls
Network (Layer 3) IP Router
Data link (Layer 2) Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), HDLC LAN switch, wireless access point,
cable modem, DSL modem
Physical (Layer 1) RJ-45, Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) LAN hub, LAN repeater, cables
 SOHO LAN Single-Building Enterprise LAN

Types of Ethernet Ethernet is a collection of network protocols/standards Basic Components

Speed Common Name Informal IEEE Formal IEEE Cable Type,
Standard Name Standard Name Maximum Length
10 Mbps Ethernet 10BASE-T 802.3 Copper, 100m
100 Mbps Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T 802.3u Copper, 100m
1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-LX 802.3z Fiber, 5000 m
1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T 802.3ab Copper, 100 m
10 Gbps 10 Gig Ethernet 10GBASE-T 802.3an Copper, 100 m

Cable Creating One Electrical Circuit over One Pair

Connectors to Send in One Direction
Ports
 Common Network Cables Twisted-Pair Transmit and Receive Pairs
Twisted-Pair Cable: The color coding of the wire pairs in an UTP cable is determined by the type of standard that is used to
Ethernet technology generally uses twisted-pair cables to make the cable.
interconnect devices. 10BASE-T & 100BASE-T: 2 pairs (4 wires)
Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP): 1.000BASE-T & 10GBASE-T: 4 paris (8 wires)
UTP cables are used to connect workstations, hosts, and Different standards have different purposes and are closely governed by the standards organizations.
network devices.
Shielded cables (STP):
STP cables are expensive, not as flexible, and have additional
requirements because of the shielding
Coaxial Cable:
It was one of the earliest network cabling types developed.
It is used as a high-frequency transmission line to carry high-
frequency or broadband signals.
Fiber-Optic Cable:
It can be either glass or plastic and it can carry digital
information at very high speeds over long distances.

Device Transmit (Tx) Pins Receive (Rx) Pins

Router 1&2 3&6

Using one Pair for Each Transmission Direction with Firewall 1&2 3&6

10- and 100-Mbps Ethernet 10Base-T and 100Base-T Switch

PC
3&6
1&2
1&2
3&6

Straight-Through Cable Crossover Cable

 Straight-Through and Crossover Ethernet Cables UTP cables (1000BASE-T, 10GBASE-T)

1000BASE-T requires 4 wire pairs.

It uses more advanced electronics that allow both ends to
transmit and receive simultaneously on each wire Each pair is bidirectional
pair. However, the wiring pinouts for 1000BASE-T work
almost identically to the earlier standards, adding details
for the additional two pairs.

IEEE 802.3 10-Gbps Fiber Standards

Building Physical Ethernet LANs with Fiber Standard Cable Type Max Distance* * The maximum distances are
based on the IEEE standards with
10GBASE-S MM 400m no repeaters.
Transmission on Multimode Fiber with 10GBASE-LX4 MM 300m
Internal Reflection 10GBASE-LR SM 10km
10GBASE-E SM 30km

Cladding reflects the light

Protective buffer Comparisons
Transmission on Single-Mode Criteria UTP Fiber Fiber
Fiber with Laser Transmitter Multimode Single-mode
Two Fiber Cables with Tx Connected to Rx on Each Cable
Relative Cost of Cabling Low Medium Medium
Relative Cost of a Switch Port Low Medium High
Approximate Max Distance 100m 500m 40km
Relative Susceptibility to Interference Some None None
Relative Risk of Copying from Cable Emissions Some None None
 Local Area Networks (LANs)

Header + trailer
Ethernet Frame 7+1+6+6+2+4=26 bytes

7 bytes (56 bits)

Alternating 1s and 0s
10101010 *7
Allows device to sync
their receiver clocks
4bytes(32bits)
Running CRC
algorithm
Destination Source MAC
MAC address address
6 bytes (48bits) 6 bytes

1 byte (8bits) 2 bytes (16bit)

10101011
Marks the end of the encapsulated packet (in bytes)
preamble, and the
beginning of the rest of encapsulated picketer (IPv4/v6), and
the frame the length is determined via other
methods
IPv4=0x0800
IPv6=0x86DD
 Destination Action
Ethernet Frame MAC address Address
Unknown Flood out all of its ports, except
unicast frame the one it was received on
Known Forward
unicast frame

Header + trailer= 7+1+6+6+2+4=26 bytes ***Dynamic MAC addresses are removed from the
Preamble +SFD is usually not considered part of the Ethernet header MAC address table after 5 minutes of inactivity
Ethernet Header + trailer = 6+6+2+4 =18 bytes
LAN Addressing Term
Description
or Feature
Minimum size for an Ethernet frame= Header+Payload+Trailer=64 bytes
MAC Media Access Control. 802.3 (Ethernet) defines the MAC sublayer of IEEE Ethernet.
minimum Payload= 64-18=46bytes
add padding bytes Ethernet address, NIC Other names often used instead of MAC address. These terms describe the 6-byte
address, LAN address address of the LAN interface card.
Burned-in address The 6-byte address assigned by the vendor making the card.
Unicast address A term for a MAC that represents a single LAN interface.
Broadcast address
On Ethernet, a multicast address implies some subset of all devices currently on the
Multicast address
Ethernet LAN.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol PING
Used to discover the MAC Command: ping
address of a known IP Used to test reachability
address
Measures round-trip time
Consisting 2 messages:
ARP request: Uses 2 messages:
is broadcast, which is sent to ICMP Echo Request
all hosts on the network ICMP Echo Reply
Broadcast MAC address:
FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
ARP reply:
is unicast, which is sent to one
host (the host sent the request)