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info

iIIl
I.{
i\/ -)
Exponents and Powers
lr{
U

Understanding the Lesson

Positive lntegral Ext[nents. Laws of Exponents.
Negative Integral Exponents. Expressing small numbers in standard form.
Exparrded forur ol u rr hule number.

Conceptual Facts
" A numeral (o)'is called an exponential expression where o is called base and n the exponent or power.
an = a x a x a x a ...,.,,.. x o (z times)
ol
A negative rational number raised to an even power is a'lways positive, e.g., (;) 16
"1
n
o
A negative rational number raised to an odd power is always negative, i.e., =
Laws of exponents:
(i) 8

(,)

(ii ,
a
;o X
G)" =(z)^r" G iI a
;l)

(;)- ' (;)- G";)-

= IU
Z) H" G)-
-
,,, (;)
1
(*)^ (ui) 9)o
b) =, ,', (Z)"'=#
(;)'
Tnv Tuese (Peae 1941 TnY Tnese (Paer 1941
Ql. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following: Ql. Expaad the following numbers using exponents.
o* (ii) 10-5 (iii) 7-2
(i) 1025.63 (ii)
(iu) ba (u) 10-ro0 1256.249
I Sol. (i) 1025.63
Sol. (j) Multiplicative inverse 21 4
-.)4
of2j =
F =1x1000+2x10+5x1+6
I r I *g, 1
(it) Multiplicative inverse of 10-5
lo-b
10 - 100
= 10{-6) = 106 I
= I x 103 + 2 x l0 +5x +6 x 1(ir
(iii) Multiplicative inverse of 7-2 = f_ _-' c_t -zt +3' 102
7-2 (ii) t256.249
(iu) Multiplicative inverse o15-s = 1- - 5-r-sr = 1x 1000+2x 100+5x l0+6
x1+2x _111
=53
+ 4x _ 4O1 -
(u) Multiplicative inverse of 10-100
= 10 1;;
-ruu
t0 100 1000
= 1g---loo' = lgroo

186

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= 1x 103 +2xL02+ 6x l0+6 x 1 Sol. (r) (-2I3 x (-2Y = e2)Ga}+14)

+2x 10-r+ 4x 10-2+9x lF = (-2)-7
Tnv Tuese (Paee 1951
(ii)fxVto=raa-$)=P-l
(iii) 32 x 3j x 36
Q1. Simplify and write in exponentia.l form.
(r) (-2I3 x (-2ts (iil f x p-10 = (3)2-M = (3)3 = 33
(iii) 32 x 3{ x 36

EXERCTSE 12.1
Ql. Evaluate: (u) 2r x (-7I3
= [2 x (_7)]r
(i) 3-2
_11
(ii) (4f2 (iii) 1
, I = (-1413 = {14)-3
1
s

Sol. G)Tz= -=== -1

t43
(-+)
U an
Q3. Find the value of
(i) (30 + 4-1) x 22
(ii)(4f2= a "-l=-
#=+ an (ii) (Tr x 4-t) + Y2

Qii)
1
,
-6
= (2)6 = 32 (;)' =(:i (nil(l
r .
(iu) (3-1 + 4-t + 5-r)0
[;)" (i
.

Q2. Simplify and express the result in power

notation with positive exponent. 2
-2
(u) -2
(j) (-4)6 + (-4)8 (ii) I
2
T
F Sol. (i) (3o + 4-1) x22
4
5
(iii) (-3)a x (ju) (B_z + B-10) x Bi ('.
3 = 1) 'n
(-7)a
(u) 2a x

Sol. (i) (-4f + (-4)8

=(+).-
q
x4=5
= (-4)o" = (-4rir =- --l- 4
e (Tt x 4-r) + Z-z
= f-lf
( 4l ,'1"o*'o'=o**,
= 11,1)* I
(1)2 I \2 4) E
F I =@P=8= (;I
1
Qi) 11
84
(iii) (-3)a x
fif =,-,"er L41
812
(3)a x (5)a
(3)4
i4 Q'D(;\.(i)-.(ir
(iu) (3-7 + 3-10) x 3-5
=22 +32+42
= 3-7-{-10) x 3-6
= 3-7+10 x 3-'6 =4+9+16=29
(iu) (3-l + 4-1 + 5-r)0
= 33 x 3-5 = 33-5
I 1
2
111 0

= 3-2 g2 3
-+-+-
34 5
EXPONENTS AND POWERS 187

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(20+t5+t2\0
l*l ,,,, (i)-' , (3)"
= (#i=, (;)' =,] = (;)'"(;I = [;i"
.)
572
(u)
Ti'r = (:)' 125
,, Q7. SimpliS:
(3)-' =(-3)' 25x ta
(r) (r+0)
(jl 84
24
81
l6
5l xl0xr+
(ii) 3-5x10-6x126
Q4. Evaluate: 5-7 x 6-5
... 8-1 x 63 (ii) (5-1 x 2-1) x 6-1 26xta
lL) ---------- r-' Sol. (j)
54 xl0xr+
sot.(;t8t15' xt4
52
5jx10xr+
=*,rru _ rrux2a S2+3 x t4+8 b6 xt4
18 l0 l0
24
r2l l.so * tn 6zE .4
=
E
, t42 =zso =-
'
N22 =
-L
(ii) (5-1 x 2-1) x 6-1
(ii) 3-6x10-6x125
(t 1\ 1 5-? x 6j
=l-x-lx-
\5 2) 6 3-6x(2x5)-6x125
111 5-7 x(2y3;-o
10660 3-6x2{x5-6x53
Q5. Find the value of rn for which 5'+ 5{ = 56.
5-7 x 2-6 x g-6
Sol. br4 - E-3 = bE
-{J) l': lab)^ =an x bnl
b.,t = EE l',' an + an = an-41
En+3=56 = (3)-s+s 1(2)-6+5 x (5)7-5+3

Comparing the prowers of equal bases, we have =30x20x56

m+3=5 =1xlx55=5s
.'. m=6-3=2,i.e., m=2 Tnv Txese (Paee 1991
Q6. Evaluate: Ql.
Write the following numbers in standard form.
(i) 0.000000564 (ii) 0.0000021
,,,{(+l'-(if (iii) 21600000 (iu) t5240OOO
}' Sol. (i) 0.000000564
,,,r (i)',(f)" 564 564
1000000000 10s

Sol, (i)
{l*l
-1
-(ir]' 5.64 x
10e
LO2

= 5.M x lDH
=(3-4)-r
1 = 5.M x lA-7
= (-1f1 1 Hence, the required standard form
-1
= 5.M x 70-7

18E MATHEMATICS-VIII

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(ii) 0.000002r (io) 75240000

27 2l = 1.524 x 10000000
10000000 10 7
= 1.524 x 707
2.1x lO Hence, the required standard form
= ---------;-
't0' = 2.1 x 10+
= 1.524 x lO7
Hence, the required standard form
Q2. Write all the facts given is the standard form.
= 2.1 x 104
(iii) 21600000
Sol. Facts;
x 10000000 (i) Exponent is positive when we express large
= 2.16
numbers in standard form.
= 2.16 x lO7
Hence, the required sta-ndard form
(ii)Exponent is negative when we express
smaller numbers (<1) in standard form.
= 2.16 x 107
.EXERCISE 12.2
Q1. Express the followingnumbers in standard form: (u) 31860000000
(, 0.0000000000085 = 3.186 x 10000000000
(ii) 0.00000000000942 = 3.186 x 10ro
(iii) 6020000000000000 Hence, the required standard from
(iu) 0.00000000837 = 3.186 x 1010
(u) 31860000000 Q2. Express the following numbers in usual form.
Sol. (i)0.0000000000085 (i) 3.02 x 10.6 (ii) 4.5 x 104
85 8.5 x 10 (iii) 3 x 10-€ (iu) 1.0001 x10s
= looooooooooooo = -10i5- (u) 5.8 x 1012 (ui) 3.61492 x 106
= 8.5 x 101*13 = 8.5 x 10-12
SoI. (j) 3.02 x 10{
Hence, the required st€ndard form 1
x -""- =
302
= 3.O2
106
- loo x 106
= 8.5 x 10-u
(ii) 0.00000000000942 302 302 302
=
942 - = loF
torrlod= lo2*d
100000000000000 = 302 x 10+

9.42 x 100 9.42 x loz = 0.00000302

Hence, 3.02 x 10{ = 0.00000302
= loooooooooooooo = - 10" (ii) 4.5 x toa
= 9.42 x L02-L4 = 9.42 x 1O-12
Hence, the required standard form =1!xtoa=46xlocr
10
= 9.42 x LA-12
(iii) 6020000000000000 = 46 x103 = 45000
Hence, 4.5 x10a = 45000
= 6.02 x 1000000000000000 (iii) 3x r0{
= 6.02 x 1016
-o- 1 -
3
Hence, tJre required standard form -"^108 loooooooo
= 6.02 x 10rB
(iu) 0.00000000837 = 0.00000003
837 Hence, 3 x 1N = 0.00000003
100000000000 (iu) 1.0001 x 108
8.37 x 100 8.37 x 102
_ 10001 10091
= looooooooooo = --
lora- x roe = , toe
10000 104
= 8.37 x 102-rr = 8.37 x 10-e = 10001 x 10H = 10001 x 105
Hence, the required stendard from
Hence, 1.0001 x 10e = 1000100000
= 8.37 x 10-e

EXPONENTS AND POI/I'ERS 189

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(u) 5.8 x 1012

1.6 x 10

= !9 a lgrz = E8 x 1012-1
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,00

= 58 x 10rr = = 1.6 x 101-20 - 1.6 x 1o-rs

= 5800000000000
+#
Hence, 6.8 x 1012 = 5800000000000
(iii) Size ofa bacteria = 0.0000005 m
(ui) 3.61492 x LOG 5
r0000000
_ 361492 , ,oo
100000
=
-'- .-- m = 0.5 x 101-7 m
0.5 x 10
10'
_ 361492 x 106 =0.5x10$-=5x10-7m
106
(iu) Size ofa plant cell = 0.00001275 m
-- 361492 x 10e6
7275
= 361492 x 7O
100000000
= 3614920 L.275 x 7Oa
Hence, 3.61492 x 106 = 3614920 m
108
Q3, Express the number appearing in the following
statements in standard foru. = 1.275 x 10H
1 = 1.275 x 1F m
(i) I micron is equal to ;,io6ooo -' (u) Ttrick-ness ofa thick paper = 0.07 mm
7
(il) Charge of a-n electron is
100
0.000,000,000,000,000,000, r6
0.7 x l0
coulomb = i =0.7 x 101-2
(iii)Size ofa bacteria is 0.0000005 m to"
(iu) Size ofa pla-nt cell is 0.00001275 m = 0.7 x 10-1 mm = 7 x 10-2 r'''''
(u) Thickness of a thick paper is 0.07 mm. In
Q4. a stack there are 5 books each of thickness
20 mm a-nd 5 paper sheets each of th.ickness
1
Sol. (i) I mieron 0.016 mm. What is the tota.l thickness of the
1000000 stack?
1 Sol. Thickness oftrooks = 5 x 20 = 100 mm
='-m
10b Thickness of 5 paper sheets
= 10{ m = 5x0.016mrn
(ii) Charge of an election = 0.080 mrn.
.'. Total thickness ofthe stack
-- 0.000,000,000,000,000,000, 16 = IQQ rnm + 0.080 mm
16
= 100.080 mm
1, 000. 000, 000, 000,000,000,00 = 1.0008 x 102 mm

LearningMoreO&A
l. Venv suonr AruswER (VSA) Quesrrots
Q1. Find the mulfiplicative inverse of, Sol. (i)0.0523=5*2*3
' 100 1000 10000
(i) 3-3 (ii) 10-10
1+2x I I
Sol. (i) Multiplicative inverse ofs-3 = 4 = Ss
"" 100' -^ lo00'*8,
-=5x "^10000
3-'
(li) Multiplicative inverse oflO-lo =
fr = tO, = 5r{*2,{
to" 10"
*srl10,
Q2. Expand the following usi:ag exponents.
=5x10-2+2x10J+3x10.a
(,) 0.0523 (ii) 32.005

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+ (-zYa = (-2)7
(irS2.005=3x10+2r1*# 3 k+4=7
1
=3x 10+2x 1+5x rO55 Hence, =3 h
Q8. Simplify the following:
=3x10+2x1+5xl
-"- -" 103 -3 '9
1 1
=3x10+2x1+x5x10J
Qs. Simplify and write in exponential form.
-2
i)

2
4
q 4
3
l-(iI
(i) (-5)2 x (-E)-€ (,,) (;)- , [i) (i
5
x
2
5o1. 1;) (-6)2 x (-5F I I 2

= (-5)2+(r) - (-5)2r Sol. (i)

4 5
- (i)
1
= (-5)-r = - ;t) f I -3 I r-'
I ^-3 l=F
i f.(if
4
(ii) (;)*"'*'
(+3 83)
-
lto tt]
-3-
(;)
t
=(;
r (M -27) + 16
37
-ou
2-n + az+16=
G
Q4. Simplify the following and write in exponential 2 -6
4
form. (i,)
3 " (;)
4
(i) 23 x 33
I.(:i (,r)
5
2-s g4 36 24
- 94"24 -- -Y-
26"g4
Sol. (i) 23 x 3s (2 x3)3=63
o6-4
(ii) (;l .[:)'= (;':l
g2

7 (;I
=(*l =(3)' ee. Find the var"" ",
Q6. Express 8a as a power with tJ:e base 2.
[(-:l'i
Sol. We have 8 =2x2x2=23
... 8r = (23Y = 23'14) = 2-r2 Sol. (-:)"
Q6. Sinplifu the following and write in exponential l(-il"]'= 4
form.
- , .r,''.[!)
\41
(i) (36 + 38)4 ,. 3--l '-- l,
- 1,;1 27
a-3
g4 44 256
Sol. (i) (96:98)4 x Br ^'- 44 34 81
= (3H)4 x 34 = 3-2t4 x 34
= 3-€ x 3-4 = 3-a-4 - 3-12 Q10. Write the following in standard form
(r) 0.0035 (ri) 365.05
r;;t
"- a r g-3
27 35
I --:r Sol. (i) 0.0035 =
10000
= -i.,J
3.5 x 10
= 3jr x 3J = 3-$-3 = 3-6 = 3.5 x 101a = 3.5 x lF
Q7. Find the value of* if
(,r)g65.ob=36505==_T
ezf+l x (_2\3 = (-2)7 3.6505 x 104
Sol. (-2F*1 x (-2)s = (-2)7 loo
+ GZ)h+t+S = (-2)7 = 3.6505 x 102

ETPONENTS AND POWERS 191

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ll. Sxonr Alswrn (SA) Quesrrous 3 3+r=18
Qll. Find the value of P if lEquating the powers of sa:ae base]
.'. r= 18-3=15
(;)"(;)"=(;r' Q14. Solve the following: 81a + 729h = #
SoI. (8lY + ('l)$12"a = 19'1*

Sol. (;)"(;r =(;r' :+ (*Y

c{=oHr-o&
+ (93)2-' = (9)4'

3-6
- (;) (;l'' ()-€16-3:)
-
c{-e€r -
04,
oa,

(;) (;r' = 9-t4+b = 94,

Equating the power of same base, we have
Equating the powers ofthe same baae
2P-1 =-3 -14+3*= 4r
2P=-3+1 =) 4z-k= -14
2P=-2 :. r= -14
.: P=-1 (tn+n)2 x (xn+P)2 x ('p*mt2
el6. sinnlifv:
(t^ . rn .rP)B
(|)',n .. u*eva,ueor (,
"," "(;)=(;)-' Sol.
(tn+n)2 xlan+c'f y 1rr+m)2

., (;)=(#).' 10

G )=
,]
(r^.rL.rP)8
A2m+2n X,2n+2p X 1;2p+2m

224 ,3^ . x9n . ,3,

32 9
p+2p+2n
t': t*Y =(P)l
l;2n+2n+2n+2

(;)" =(3)" aln+Sn+s

p

l'.'*x*=*il
g3 14m+4tu+4p
-g€ F I:3n+3L+3p
= tu'm+{gt+4p) -
@n+3n+3p)
729
64 - -4r4+4t+4t -3m-3D-3D

Qr3. Find the value of.r if ta _ -a-b

125 t26 r 5
18 a
27 ),( 27 5
125 126
er6. simprifr:
-# (NCERT Exemplar)

Sol.
27 ),( 27 [:)" (-2)a x (-D7 t-2\*7
Sol. --t;4- =
*ftry tan x 4n = sm+nl
53
(3)"
[$)"I F (-2)10
3x2'"
Ka\n = an'41

(;I, (:)' = (;)" r-or10

=#=",
ol0-12
lan +an = an'a, (-2)lo = 2rol

(:l- =(5)'' 2-2 ll

3 3 x22 Lz

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Qr7. Find r so th"t (-s)'*' , (-5)6 = (-5)7 On both sides, powers have the same base, so
Sol. (-5)r+r x (-5)5 = (-5)7 (NCERT Exemplar) their exponents must be equal.
Therefore, r+6=7
(_5),+1+5 = (_E)7 lsn x an = an+n) r=7-6=l
(-5)'s = (-5)7 r=L,

Test Yourcelf
l. Vrnv SHonr (VSA) Quesrtons
ANSwER Qr0. Simplify:
(a) (5-1 x 3-1rt:61
Q1. Express each of the following as a rational (b) (6-1 - 8rrl + (rr - 3-t)-1
numbers.

r,(-3)' (b) (*)'

ll. Ssonr Auswen (SA) Quesrtots
2m-73
Q2. Express the following in power notation- o,'. r(ft)-'-(*f 1l
6
, flnd m.

(a) -
27 (b)
16
,* 8l Q12. By what number should (i)- * divided so
Q3. Find the value of the following:
(a) (-2)E +(-i)' *, $' - 2\ - (l) that the quotient may be (i:r'
Q4. Find the reciprocal ofthe following: Q13. Compare: 4.67 x 10.s f] 4.67 x l0r.
,r or3 in scientific
t, l-;] (b) (-3)g Qr4. Write the following numbers
notation.
Q6. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following. (a) O.OO4L2 (b) 0.00000082
(o) (-3)a (b) (6P Q16. Write the following in standard form:
Q6. Express the following in exponential form. (a) 6.74 x 7F (b) 2.302 x 10'€
bobD Qr6. Solve for r: (12-c-2 + 625r-t) = lLt.
la)-rx--r-7*-i Q17. Mass ofthe Earth is 5.97 x 1024 kg and the mass
(6) 33333
of Moon is 7.35 x 102 kg. Find the total mass.
'-'8-x-x-x-x-
8 8 8 8 3$x106x125
Q7. Find the value of Qr8. Simnlifv: ------------;---- .
5-' x 6"
Q1e. Find the value of & if (-3f.1 x (-3)6 = (i)7.
r, (3)',(;)' *, (-i)',(-;)' Q20. The distance between Sun and Earth is 1.496
Find the value of x 101r m and the distance between Earth and
Q8. Moon is 3.84 x ld m. Find the distance between

(o)
[(;f l .,l[-*f ]" qzt.
Sun and Moon.
The diameter of the Sun is 1.4 x 10e m and
the diameter of the Earth ia 1.2756 x 107 m.
-7r Compare the diameter of the Earth with the
ee. Findtheval"""frtf (;f , (;)-" (3) diameter of the Sun.

ANSWERS
16 I
r. (o),, (b
n 5. a (-*)' *'[*)'
,. <,, (-i)' b (3) (a (+)' ,r, (:l
3. (a) -2592 b 125 32
3 7, (a) (b)
243 loooo-il
(", (-:) (D) (:)
".
EXPONENTS AND POWERS 193

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16 13. 4.67 x l0r > 4.67 x 1F
8. (a) (;I' (b)
6
13
14. (a) 4.72 x loa (b) 8.2 x 70-7
9. x= 2 15. (o) 0.0000674 (b) 0.00000002302
10. (o) 90 (b) 30 16. r=5 17. 604.35 x lOz2kg
o 18. 56 19. I
ll. m=9 12- 20. 1492.16 x l08m 21. 100 times (approx.)
-20

lnterna! Assessment
Ql. FiIl in the blgnks: Q7. Ttre va.lue of (42 + 40) + 30 (51 + 50) + E0 - (11t -
(a) 2.67 x lF 2.67 x 7V 11)o is
(b) 1.16 x 10+ 1.16 x l0-2 (o) 33 (b) 23 (c) 32 (d) 0
(c) 5.2 x 10r Q8. Complete the cross-puzzle.
0.52 x 10.6
(d) [3_1 + 5_r _6-1] 0_ Hint:
j).(-;).(-*).(j) 1. The charge ofan ....... is 1.6 x 10-le coulombs.
2. The ....... form of0.00037 is 3.7 x 10r.
",(
@1

lt . MurrrpLe cHorce ouesrror,rs (MCQ) E T

o
Q2. The value of(6 x 10-2 + 0.49 x l0r) is @
(a) 0.006049 (b) 6.049 x 10-1 + @
(c) 0.06049 (d) 6.0049 x 10-2 +

2
3m R I
Q3 (-3)" , ( il' , then rz is equal
"
to
(a) 2 (6) 0 (c) 3 (d\ l
.. "(#),( 125
77 (:)
18

, then r is equal to
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) L

Q5.
l{er}'
..64
ta)
I ft)
is equal to

729 . 64
lc) - 72g (d) -
729
B. rhe........"-, # * (;)'
72g 64 64 4. The ....... notation of 0.00002 is 2.0 x lF.
Q6. Value of (5-1 +4-t)a
6
2
..725
ta) (b) 64 125
tc) -?4 tdt --64 5. The ...... of ; rs (;I
- t25

ANSWERS

1.
2. (d)
(o) > (6) < (c) = (d) | (e) (ji 8. (1) ELECTRON
(2) STANDARD
3. (o) (3) DPONENTIAL
4.(b) 5. (a) (4) SCIENTIFICAL
6. (6) 7. (b) (5) RECIPROCAL

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