BASIC PARAGRAPHS FOR HSC FINAL

Drug addiction
Drug addiction refers to such state of not being able to stop taking illegal harmful substances like
heroin, opium, marijuana, morphine, cocaine, phensidyl etc. that people take through smoking,
inhaling or injection. It being a brain disease leads to changes in the structure and function of
the brain. It can lead to a range of both short-term and long-term mental and physical health problems.
Unemployment problem, environmental factors, political unrest, family conflict, lack of love and
affection lead a man to frustration which is the main cause of drug addiction. It destroys us morally,
physically and financially. Dependence on drugs can create a number of dangerous and damaging
complications. People who are addicted to a drug are more likely to get an infectious disease, such as
HIV, either through unsafe sex or by sharing needles. Young people involved in crimes to get money
for taking drugs. Behavioural changes may cause marital or family conflict and custody issues. It can
also cause declining performance at work, absenteeism and eventual loss of employment. The best
way to prevent an addiction to a drug is not to take the drug at all. Drug-addicts must be treated with
love and kindness. A strong, stable bond between you and your child will reduce your child’s risk of
using or misusing drugs. The society should take strong measures to control the dishonest
businessmen and drug-traffickers. The highest punishment of dealing in or smuggling drugs is death
in Bangladesh. There are laws of drug-control all over the world, yet drug-addiction is increasing
gradually. What is needed an anti-drugs consciousness among the youth of the different countries.

Road safety / Road Accident

At present road accidents are regular happenings in all over the world. It is increasing day by day.
Thousands of people die every year due to street accidents. Most of the road accidents take place in
urban areas and in the highways. It is taken place by buses, trucks, rickshaws, baby-taxies etc. The
causes of street accidents are reckless driving, brake failures of vehicles, over-taking of one vehicle by
another, driving by unskilled drivers. Overloading of vehicles is another reason for accidents. Another
reason is violation of traffic rules. Even the police cannot control the traffic rule breakers. They dash
the small vehicles and cause accidents. Sometimes pedestrians are crushed under the wheels of heavy
vehicles. Sometimes the speedy vehicles fall into the roadside ditch or into the river and thus kill the
passengers on the spot. Many lives are nipped in the bud. Many a family loses the only earning
member. Many people become crippled. Street accidents make many children orphans. Many wives
become windows. So, street accidents are like a curse in our life. This problem can be solved by all
out efforts from both the authority and the general masses. To do so, first our general people have to
be made aware. The drivers have to be skilled and they also have to avoid their overtaking tendency.
And the authority should be highly strict to enforce the rules. However, this problem should be solved
by taking necessary steps. Traffic rules should be imposed strictly. Passers-by and drivers should be
aware. Radio and television can play a vital role in this regard.

Social network services/ Facebook

A social networking service is an online service provided to the public for social interaction between
families, friends, and also for making new friends over the internet. The advantages of the Internet
technology have made it possible to emerge a good number of web sites like Facebook, Google+,
Twitter, LinkedIn, etc. These services make it possible to connect people sharing interests and
activities across borders. They have made a lot for the users to feel that they really live in a global
village. Social networks are expanding so fast because one can make use of them for free, or paying
very little to one’s Internet service provider. Secondly, one can make one’s personal profile public
before the entire online community. It is like presenting oneself before the entire world. One can also
look into other people’s profile if one is interested. It is simple and easy. Thirdly, social networks

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allow users to upload pictures, multimedia contents and modify the profile. Some like Facebook
allows users to update their profiles. Fourthly, networks allow users to post blog articles and writing.
User profiles have a section dedicated to comments from friends and other users. Finally, there are
privacy protection measures too. A user himself or herself decides over the number of visitors/
viewers, and what information should be shared with others. They can share any photos or event with
their friends and relatives. There are many group activities which are very helpful for information. We
can read various informative link from there. Facebook is also very important for Online business.
People can buy and sell their products. Personal communication is very easy here with messengers
and voice call. Facebook is not only very useful but also very harmful. It kills our time. In short, the
social network connects people with each other over the internet, along with businesses, educational
institutions, health, and religious organizations all over the world. Young generation is mostly
addicted to it. We have to be careful about the positive use of Facebook.

Goutam Ghosh,
Lecturer, Dept. of English

Tree plantation/ Deforestation

Trees are the best friends of human beings, but we are destroying them unwisely. They provide us
shelter, wood, Oxygen and food. Unfortunately, we are destroying our best friends very unwisely.
People cut trees for many purposes. They cut trees for making house, furniture and overall money.
They also cut trees for establishing factories and other infrastructure. As trees give us Oxygen, our
existence depends on them. To destroy trees means the destruction of life on earth. By destroying
trees, we are also destroying wildlife. Many species in the wild have been extinct. Global warming is
the main concern of this modern world. Cutting down trees means the increasing of temperature of the
earth. Global warming is threatening countries like ours. To maintain the ecological balance in a
country, it requires 25% forest land compared to the total area. In Bangladesh, we have 15% forest
land. So, it is essential to stop deforestation. Public awareness is very important to stop it. Students
have to be inspired to plant more trees in the free spaces. If we become interested in planting more
trees in our free spaces, our earth will be better place to live in.

Gender Equality / Gender Discrimination

Gender equality means the equal rights for men and women. When women or men do not get their
rights properly, we call it gender discrimination. It pervades severely both rural and urban
communities in our country. A girl is born in an unwelcomed world. Only boys are allowed to go to
school, college and university to complete higher education and to do any job anywhere outside the
home. Many girl students are deprived of getting education both in towns and villages. The girls
suffer from malnutrition. Early marriage is a very common practice for the adolescent girls in
developing countries. Women are ill paid in their working stations. They are physically tortured for
dowry demands after marriage. They are maltreated by society sometimes. Most of the time, they
don’t have economic solvency. Most of the male members of our society do not allow their daughters,
sisters and wives to do a job outside the home. They are kept busy with maintaining different
household chores and bringing up children. We have to make them aware that women can do the same
thing of men. Like men, women can change their lives by working with men and earning a lot of
money. If we want to make the earth a better place to live, we have to minimize this gender
discrimination. We have to give proper rights and respects to the girls.

A College Library:
A college library is a place where various types of books are kept for the students of a college. A
college library is a part and parcel of a college education. The college library serves as a cornerstone
of academic life, offering invaluable resources and support to students and faculty alike. It provides

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access to a wide array of books, journals, and research materials, enabling students to delve deeper
into their studies and expand their knowledge beyond the confines of the classroom. Every college
should have a library of its own. A college library should contain all sorts of book related to text and
out of text. Students usually spend their free time in the college library. They collect materials for
preparing answers to questions from the library. They can read newspapers in the library which is very
important for their general knowledge. Moreover, libraries often offer quiet and conducive
environments for study and research, fostering concentration and intellectual growth. The books of
science, commerce and humanities are arranged in different bookshelves. There is a librarian to look
after the library. Every student should have a library card to borrow books from the library. In our
country, all colleges do not have any good library. In essence, the college library plays a vital role in
enriching the educational experience, empowering students to achieve academic success, and
fostering a culture of lifelong learning within the academic community. So, authorities should be
active to set up rich libraries in all institutions of our country.
A village Fair

A village fair is a traditional celebration of rural life. Although the practice of rural fairs has gradually
declined due to the influence of modern civilization and technology, it has historical significance. This
fair is held on special occasions like Bengali New Year's Day or National Victory Day, range from
single-day events to month-long festivities Temporary sheds are built for the sale and display of the
goods. Dolls, woodworks, earthen pots and jars, bamboo-made baskets, fancy goods, and sweetmeats
are sold in a village fair. Thousands of people visit a village fair. There are many attractions of a
village fair. Jatra, circus, kite-flying, merry-go-round, magic show, and puppet show are the chief
attractions of a village fair. Circus parties often bring tigers, bears, monkeys, and elephants. They
show funny games. Flutes, kites, and toys are also attractions to children. Villagers also display their
agricultural products, cottage industry items, wooden furniture, and agricultural tools. Despite the
fair's allure, it faces challenges such as inadequate sanitation due to the massive influx of visitors, and
the presence of gambling parties, cheats, and pickpockets, posing potential harm to attendees. In
conclusion, the village fair serves as a significant source of entertainment for rural communities,
necessitating proper organization and management to ensure a wholesome experience for all.

Female Education
Female population of a country constitutes half of its total population. In our family and social life,
the females play a very vital role. As mothers, sisters and housewives, their function is highly
important. They give the children primary academic education and moral lesson. The mental make-up,
nature, behaviour, moral values, character, personality- everything of the children largely depend on
the knowledge and skills of the female. Even the health and treatment of the family members are also
largely dependent on their care and consciousness. Actually females are the key factors in the family
life. As they play such vital roles in family and society, they must be properly educated. If they are not
educated the whole society will be affected. If we want to make the women productive, we have to
make them educated. Women should not be confined to four walls. Female education is a major
concern for the government of Bangladesh. Primary and secondary schooling is totally free for the
women. They get new books in the very beginning of the academic year. Government and mass media
inspire the common people to send them to schools. Education ministry is very much sincere about
female education. In some years, girls do better result comparing to the boys. Now girls study in
BUET, university of Dhaka, public medicals. They serve the economy of the country. There are still
some problems for female empowerment and female education. Most of the girls cannot continue
their higher education. Early marriage is still a threat for the female education. It hinders their career
and higher education. Security for the women is another crisis here. We can say that women are
contributing a lot to the national progress of Bangladesh. They are holding many important positions
in our country. We need to inspire female education more.

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 Internet
Internet, a revolutionary global network, has transformed the way we communicate, access
information, and conduct business. Its roots trace back to the 1960s, with the development of
ARPANET, a project initiated by the U.S. Department of Defense. However, it wasn't until the 1990s
that the World Wide Web emerged, marking a pivotal moment in the internet's history. Tim Berners-
Lee's creation of the first web browser and the establishment of accessible protocols laid the
foundation for the internet as we know it today. The Internet has become an indispensable tool,
connecting people across the globe and serving as a vast repository of knowledge. Its importance
extends to various aspects of our lives, from education and research to commerce and social
interaction. The internet facilitates instant communication, allowing individuals to share ideas and
information effortlessly. It has democratized access to information, empowering users to educate
themselves on a myriad of subjects. Additionally, the rise of e-commerce has reshaped the business
landscape, enabling companies to reach a global audience and consumers to shop conveniently from
their homes. However, the internet's ubiquity also brings forth significant risks. Privacy concerns
loom large, as personal data is collected, shared, and sometimes misused. Cybersecurity threats,
including hacking, phishing, and ransomware attacks, pose substantial risks to individuals, businesses,
and even governments. The spread of misinformation and the rise of cyberbullying are societal
challenges amplified by the internet's pervasive reach. Moreover, the digital divide, the gap between
those with access to digital technologies and those without, remains a global issue, hindering equal
opportunities for all. Balancing the transformative power of the internet with the need for security and
ethical considerations is an ongoing challenge. As we navigate the evolving landscape of the digital
age, addressing these risks is crucial to harnessing the internet's full potential for the benefit of
society.
Price Spiral / Price hike
When the prices of the daily necessary commodities go high compared to the normal range, it is called
price hike or price spiral. It is the situation of beyond capacity of the people to buy daily essentials.
Every day the prices various necessary commodities are increasing. There are many reasons for price
hike. Firstly, our population is growing rapidly. But our land is limited. As a result, crops are not
growing according to our demand. Secondly, sometimes natural disasters like flood and draught are
responsible for price hike. There are also some dishonest businessmen who always try to buy crops in
cheap rate at the beginning of the season. After then they create an artificial crisis in the market and
sell crops at higher price to make illegal profit. Consequently, there occurs price hike. Apart from
these market syndicate, hoarding, black market, and political unrest are responsible for price spiral.
The rising situation of prices in the market affects the general people very seriously. As most people
of our country live below the poverty line, they cannot afford to keep pace with the rising condition.
So, sufferings of them know no bound. Children also suffer from malnutrition for price for the want of
balance diet. It is imperative to control the price hike at any cost. To solve this problem govt. should
form a monitoring cell. Some essential commodities should be imported at the time of crisis. Govt.
should have an arrangement to import essential commodities and should establish public sale points at
the crisis. Hi-breed crops should be grown in plenty. Money inflation, activities of black market,
political turmoil should be derived away. Again, law enforcement agencies should take punitive action
against the dishonest businessmen and black marketers.

Moral Values:
Moral values serve as the guiding principles that shape our decisions, actions, and interactions with
others, reflecting our beliefs about what is right and wrong. Rooted in cultural, religious, and
philosophical traditions, moral values provide a framework for ethical behavior and contribute to the
fabric of society. Integrity, compassion, honesty, respect, and responsibility are among the core moral
values that underpin virtuous conduct. These values not only dictate how we treat others but also
influence our personal growth and development. In a world fraught with complexity and diversity,
moral values serve as a compass, helping individuals navigate ethical dilemmas and make principled
choices. They foster empathy and understanding, promoting harmony and cooperation within

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communities. Moreover, moral values play a crucial role in shaping social norms and institutions,
contributing to the establishment of justice and equality. In education, the imparting of moral values is
often considered as essential as academic instruction, as it cultivates character and citizenship.
Families, religious institutions, schools, and societal structures all play vital roles in transmitting and
reinforcing moral values across generations. Ultimately, embracing and upholding moral values
fosters a sense of purpose and fulfilment, guiding individuals toward a life of integrity and meaning.

International mother Language day/ 21st February:

International Mother Language Day, popularly known as 'Shaheed Dibas' is a red-letter day in our
history. On this day in 1952, some brave sons of Bangladesh sacrificed their valuable lives for our
mother tongue. The then Pakistani Government wanted to impose Urdu language on us. We wanted
our mother tongue, we were ready to die to protect it. In the area of Dhaka University, some students
broke section 144 and brought out a procession. Police fired on them. Salam, Rafiq, Jabber, and many
unknown brave boys sacrificed their lives on that day. The Language Movement accelerated
nationalism among us which helped us to win in our liberation war 1971. UNESCO declared 21st
February as the International Mother Language Day showing respect to the martyrs of our language
movement. This declaration has turned a national celebration to an international event. Now the whole
world observes the 21st February as International Mother Language Day. Every year on this day, people
from all walks of life come to the martyrs' monument and offer flowers to pay homage to the martyrs.
They put on black badges on their clothes. Hundreds of people walk bare-footed and gather in front of
the Shaheed Minar with flowers and garlands. The government, different organizations and institutions
arrange programmes to celebrate the day. Newspapers publish special supplements on this day. It is our
national holiday. Schools, colleges and offices remain closed on this day. Our national flag is kept
hoisted half-mast on this day. Actually, the day possesses a great significance for the whole nation as
well as the whole world. Now we are proud of our mother tongue.
Food Adulteration:
Food adulteration refers to the act of intentionally adding harmful substances or inferior ingredients to
food products in order to increase quantity, improve appearance, or extend shelf life, often at the
expense of quality and safety. Food adulteration is a burning question of the day. We know that food is
one of the basic needs of human beings. We cannot live a single day without food. With a rapidly
growing population and increasing demand for food products, Bangladesh faces challenges in
ensuring the authenticity and quality of its food supply chain. Common adulterants include toxic
chemicals, such as formalin and industrial dyes, which are used to preserve and enhance the
appearance of perishable items like fruits, vegetables, and fish. Additionally, unscrupulous practices
extend to staple foods like rice and spices, where substances like brick dust and lead chromate are
added to increase weight and bulk, thereby deceiving consumers and maximizing profits for dishonest
vendors. The consequences of consuming adulterated foods are dire, ranging from acute poisoning to
long-term health complications such as cancer and organ damage. Despite efforts by government
agencies to combat this issue through regulatory measures and periodic crackdowns on offenders,
enforcement remains a challenge due to corruption, inadequate resources, and a lack of public
awareness. Addressing food adulteration in Bangladesh requires a multi-faceted approach, including
stringent regulation, improved testing infrastructure, consumer education, and collaboration between
authorities, industry stakeholders, and civil society to safeguard the integrity of the food supply and
protect the well-being of the population.

Global Warming/ Green House Effect/ Climate Change

Climate change is the burning question of the day that causes the threat of human existence on earth.
The rise of temperature in our environment is known as global warming. This global warming effect
is changing our climate very rapidly. Climate change is being done only by human beings. We are
responsible for this threat. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial
processes, have significantly contributed to the rise in greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global

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warming and its associated impacts. Due to this climate change, the sea-level is rising gradually and
some countries like ours will go under water one day. Consequently, displacement of people will be a
major issue in the new situation. If the earth gets warmed gradually, most of the animals and plants
will not be able to survive on this new condition of the earth’s environment. As stewards of the planet,
it is our duty to address climate change through various means. Firstly, adopting sustainable practices
in our daily lives, such as reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste, and embracing renewable
energy sources, can significantly mitigate our carbon footprint. Secondly, advocating for policy
changes and supporting initiatives aimed at reducing emissions, protecting natural habitats, and
promoting climate resilience can drive systemic change at local, national, and international levels.
Additionally, raising awareness and educating others about the causes and consequences of climate
change can empower communities to take meaningful action and build a more sustainable future.
Industrialization should be eco-friendly. Green industry should be inspired by the developed countries
of the world. Our collective efforts are crucial in safeguarding the environment, preserving
biodiversity, and ensuring a liveable planet for future generations. By fulfilling our duties as
responsible stewards of the Earth, we can work towards mitigating the impacts of climate change and
fostering a more sustainable and resilient world for all.

Natural disasters / Natural calamities :

Bangladesh, often referred to as a disaster-prone land, frequently faces natural calamities such as
cyclones, floods, and droughts. These events are regular occurrences, causing significant hardship for
its people. Despite the challenges, Bangladeshis have adapted to combatting these adversities. Floods,
primarily caused by heavy monsoon rains and overflowing rivers, ravage vast areas of Bangladesh
annually, leading to loss of lives, displacement of communities, and extensive damage to property and
infrastructure. Cyclones pose a grave threat, especially to coastal regions, claiming numerous lives.
Moreover, droughts pose a significant threat to agriculture, exacerbating food insecurity and economic
hardship for millions. Despite the damage caused, floods and cyclones play a role in replenishing soil
fertility, albeit at the expense of infrastructure damage. Consequently, reliance on government relief
becomes necessary during these crises. Despite concerted efforts to mitigate the impact of these
disasters, Bangladesh continues to grapple with the profound socio-economic and environmental
consequences of natural calamities, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive disaster
preparedness and resilience-building measures. Overall, Bangladesh's susceptibility to natural
disasters underscores the resilience of its people in confronting and adapting to these recurring
challenges.
Environment Pollution
Environment pollution means the pollution of the elements of the environment. Our existence on earth
is in danger due to this problem. Environment pollution refers to sound pollution, water pollution, air
pollution and global warming. There are various causes behind this problem. Unwise activities of
human beings are responsible for this problem. We are cutting down trees and causing global
warming. We are producing lots of Carbon- di- Oxide which is very harmful to environment. Global
warming is disturbing the ecological balance of our environment. We are using various plastic
products which pollute our soil. Soil pollution makes soil infertile and hampers agriculture
production. We are using many sound system and horns which are creating sound pollution. Sound
Pollution is causing various fatal diseases. We are burning fuel and creating smoke which creates air
pollution. If we want to protect our environment, we have to be more careful about our activities.
Public awareness is the only solution to this problem. Our government should take strong action to
minimize environment pollution.
Village life vs City life
Village life and city life offer starkly contrasting experiences and environments, each with its set of
positive and negative aspects. In village life, one can relish the tranquillity and close-knit community.
The peaceful and serene atmosphere fosters a strong sense of belonging and social cohesion among
the residents. People in villages often have stronger interpersonal relationships, helping each other in

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times of need and celebrating joys together. Additionally, the natural surroundings and agricultural
landscapes provide a refreshing escape from the fast-paced urban lifestyle. However, village life can
also come with certain drawbacks. Limited access to modern amenities and infrastructure might
hinder the overall development and growth of the community. Opportunities for education, healthcare,
and employment may be limited, leading to a lack of progress and economic challenges. Additionally,
the lack of diverse entertainment options and cultural events can result in a relatively monotonous
lifestyle. On the other hand, city life offers a many opportunities and conveniences. Urban centers are
bustling with activities, providing access to top-notch education, healthcare, and job opportunities.
The diversity of cultures and experiences enriches one's worldview and fosters tolerance and
acceptance. Moreover, cities offer a wide range of entertainment options, from theatres and museums
to restaurants and shopping malls, catering to various tastes and interests. On the flip side, city life can
be overwhelming and stressful. The fast-paced lifestyle may lead to a sense of isolation and
anonymity as people get caught up in their daily routines. The constant noise, pollution, and traffic
congestion can adversely affect the quality of life and physical health. The cost of living in cities is
often higher, leading to financial pressures and disparities in society.

Dengue Fever:
Bangladesh has been grappling with a severe Dengue fever crisis, posing significant challenges to
public health and healthcare infrastructure. The country, with its dense population and tropical
climate, is particularly vulnerable to the spread of mosquito-borne diseases like Dengue. In recent
years, the number of Dengue cases has surged, overwhelming hospitals and healthcare facilities. The
monsoon season exacerbates the situation, creating breeding grounds for the Aedes mosquitoes
responsible for transmitting the Dengue virus. The lack of adequate sanitation and standing water in
urban areas further exacerbates the problem. The outbreak has strained the healthcare system, with
hospitals struggling to accommodate the influx of patients, leading to overcrowded wards and
shortages of medical supplies. Additionally, misinformation and stigma surrounding Dengue have
hindered efforts to control the spread of the disease. Efforts to combat Dengue include vector control
measures such as fumigation, public awareness campaigns to educate communities about preventive
measures, and improving healthcare infrastructure to enhance capacity for diagnosis and treatment.
International assistance and collaboration with organizations like the World Health Organization
(WHO) have also been crucial in addressing the crisis. Despite these efforts, the Dengue fever crisis in
Bangladesh underscores the urgent need for sustained investment in public health infrastructure and
preventive measures to mitigate the impact of future outbreaks.
A Book Fair:
Nowadays book fairs are well-known to most of the people both in villages and towns. A book fair is
a display of a great stock of books of various interests. Every year many book fairs are held in
different places of our country. In the national days such as 21st February 16th December, 26th March
and also in the new year book fairs are arranged. The two main book fairs held in our country are the
Ekushey Boi Mela and the Dhaka Boi Mela. A book fair is very much popular. Readers can purchase
their desired books. Authors also meet their favourite readers. This year I visited the book fair
arranged by the Bangla Academy on 21st February. Everywhere there was a festive look. Various
publication companies hire stalls. Many types of necessary articles are found there. All kinds of books
such as drama, novel, poetry, adventure, biography, translation are usually found. New writers often
arrange discussion programmes on their new books. Seminars and cultural programmes are also held
in such a fair. Actually, books are the best companions, and a book fair only gives us opportunities to
seek books from a great collection. If we can arrange a disciplined book fair, the fair will be
successful.

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