Modern India - History

Timeli Important Significance Publications/ Associations

ne Event
1773 Regulating Act • brought the British Government
1773 involvement in Indian affairs. British
Cabinet was given right to Control and
regulate EIC.
• Bengal Administration by Gov
General and a council of 4 members
• Supreme court was established in
Bengal - Original and Appellate
jurisdiction
• Bombay and Madras subordinate of
Governor general of Bengal
1813 Charter Act of • the company's monopoly over traded
1813 India ended, but company retained the
trade with China and trade in tea.
• company was to retain the possession
of territories and revenue for 20 more
years
Charter Act of • Companies monopoly over trade with
1833 1833 China and tea also ended
• Lord Macaulay
• Saint Helena Act
• territories to be governed in the name
of Crown, interest of his majesty
• first time Governor General of India
having authority over entire British
territory in India
• East India Company Purely
administrative body( no commerce)
1858 Government of • act of good governance of India
India Act 1858 • India was to be governed by and in the
name of crown through a secretary of the
state and a council of 15
• Lord Canning became the first Viceroy
1836- Pre Congress 1836 -Bangabhasha Prakashika
1885 Associations Sabha - Associates of RR Roy

1838 - Landholders society or

Zamindars Association -
Dwarkanath Tagore , Prasanna Kr
Tagore , Rajkamal Sen, Bhawani
Charanmitra

1843 - Bengal British India

Society

1851 - British Indian Associates-

Bengal British Indian Society +
Zamindars Society
 1952- Madras Mahajan Sabha-
Gazlu Lakshminarasu Chetty

1866 - East India Association,

London - Dadabhai Naoroji

1870 - Poona Sarvajanik Sabha-

Mahadev Govind Ranade
1875 - Indian League - Sisir Kr
Ghosh

1876 - Indian Association of

Calcutta or Indian National
Association- Subendranath
Banerjee , Aanand Mohan Bose

1884 - Madras Mahajan Sabha-M

Veeraghachari , P Anand Charlu ,
B Subramaniya Iyer

1885 - Bombay Presidency

Association-Badaruddin Tyabji ,
Kt Telang , Pherezshah Mehta
1885 Indian In Gokuldas College , Bombay -by AO Dadabhai Naoroji - Drain Theory -
National HUME Poverty and Unbritish Rule in
Congress First session presided by Womesh India
Chandra Bonerjee

First women graduate of Calcutta

University - Kadambini Ganguli- Addressed
congress session
LALA LAJPAT RAI - Safety Valve theory
RP DUTT- Conspiracy Theory
GK Gokhale- Lighting Conductor theory
Early demands - Expansion of Council -
More Indians
Reform of Council - More power

Dufferin - A factory of sedition

United Indian Patriotic Association - To
counter Congress , Sir Syed Ahmed Khan ,
Raja Shiv Prasad Singh
1903 - Swadeshi Bengal Partition- To weaken Bengal Newspapers - Hitabani ,
1908 Movement nationalists Sanjibani , Bengalee
By Lord Curzon in 1903 Dec Amar Sonar Bangla-
Rabindranath Tagore
Desher Katha - Sakharam Ganesh
Vande Mataram Movement - Anti Partition Deuskar
Campaign -Prominent Leaders
Surendranath Banerjee , KK Mitra , Bhagabat Chatushpati
Pritishchandra Ray Led the formation of National
Council of Education
Nature of the movement -
7 Aug 1907 , Proclamation of SWADESHI 1906 - National Council of
MOVEMENT Education set up
Bengal National College and
 Bande Mataaram Slogans , Boycott of Bengal Technical Institute Estd.
Foreign Goods Aurobindo Ghosh first Principal
1908- Movement Fizzles out after arrest of and Rajbehari Ghosh first
leaders president.
Satishchandra Mukherjee - Dawn,
Dawn Society, 1902

Chidambaram Pilai's venture into a

national ship building enterprise -
Swadeshi steam navigation
company- at Tuticorin

BANGIYA SAHITYA SABHA - R

Tagore , Ramendrasundar Trivedi
Samitis-
Swadesh Bandhav Samiti-
Ashwin Kr Dutta
Swadeshi Sangam -
Chidambaram , Subramania Siva
1905 All India Anti Congress Front
Muslim League
1907 Surat split Extremist wanted to take the Swadeshi Moderate Leaders - Surendranath
Movement outside Bengal. They wanted Banerjee , K K Mitra ,
Tilak /Lajpat as president. Prithwishchandra Ray
Moderates did not want movement to
spread outside Bengal. They wanted Extremist Leaders - Aurobindo
Rashbehari Ghosh as President and drop Ghosh , Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal ,
SWADESHI MOVEMENT. Lala Lajpat Rai
Hence the SPLIT occurred in Congress
1911 Annulment of Due to menace of Revolutionary Terrorism
Partition
Government Acts for Repression of
Swadeshi Movement -
Seditious Meetings Act (1907)
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (1908)
Indian Newspapers (Incitement to
Offences) Act (1908)
Explosive Substances Act (1908)
Indian Press Act (1910)
1909 Morley Minto • Increase in size of legislative
Reform / councils - Central and provincial
Indian Council • Separate electorate for Muslim , Lord
Act 1909 Minto - Father of Communal
Electorate
• Powers of Legislative councils expanded
• Indirect elections - Local bodies elect
an ELECTORAL COLLAGE - which
elects members of Provincial
Legislature - which elects Members of
Central legislature
• Indian member in Viceroys executive
Council - Satyendra Sinha
• Provincial Council could have Non
Official Majority
1907 - Revolutionary Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev ANUSHILAN SAMITI - Promotha
1917 Activities Balwant Phadke Mitter , Jatindranath Banerjee ,
Barindra Kr Ghosh
Weekly - Yugantar

1905- Home Rule Society-

Shyamji Krishnavarma , London ,
The Komagata Maru incident involved the 'India House'
Japanese steamship Komagata Maru, on Indian Sociologist Journal
which a group of people from British India 1913
attempted to immigrate to Canada in April The Ghadr Party - Headquarter
1914, but most were denied entry and San Francisco ,
forced to return to Budge Budge, Calcutta Newspaper - Ghadr
(present-day Kolkata). There, the Indian Ex soldiers and peasants who
Imperial Police attempted to arrest the migrated from Punjab to USA
group leaders. A riot ensued, and they were Important leaders - Rajbehari
fired upon by the police, resulting in the Ghosh, Lala Hardayal ,
deaths of 22 people. Ramchandra, Kartar Singh
Saraba , Bhai Pamanand ,
Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal to
Barkatullah, Sachin Sanyal
launch Violent attack on British .
1915-Berlin Committee for Indian
Independence - VirenderNath
Defence of India Act 1915 passed to
Chatupadhyay , Bhupendra Nath
smash the Ghadr Movement
Dutta ,Lala Hardayal
Singapore Mutiny 1915
Newspapers advocating
by Punjabi Muslim , 5th light infrantry
Revolutionary Activities -
under Jamadar Chisti Khan , Jamadar
Sandhya , Yugantar (Bengal) ,
Abdul Gani , Subedar Daud Khan
Kal( Maharashtra)
Tilak Journals - Kesari ,
Maharatta
Lalalajpat Rai - Punjabee
1914- FIRST WORLD
19 WAR
Home Rule Home rule League of India founded by Bal Newspaper - New India and
1916- League Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant Commonwealh- Annie Besant
18 Movement Prominent Leader - Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
Annie Besant, GS Khaparde, S, S
Subramania iyer, Joseph Baptista

Reason - Wartime crisis , Unsatisfactory

1909 Act
Goal - Self Governance
• Tilak’s League—Started in April 1916
and operated in Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Central Provinces, and
Berar; had six branches
• Besant’s League—Started in September
1916 and operated in rest of India; had
200 branches Later, the leagues were
joined by others including Moderate
Congressmen.
1920- Gandhi accepted presidentship of All
India Home Rule League , Changed its name
to SWARAJYA SABHA
1916 Lucknow Lucknow Session -Coming together of
session/ Congress and Muslim League - Joint
 Congress and Muslim League
Lucknow Pact constitutional demands
Presided by - Ambika Charan Majumdar
Extremist Readmitted to Congress.
Demands -
• Self Governance
• More power and increase number of
Legislative councils
• term should be 5 years, Half members
Indians
1917 August Secretory of State for India , Edwin Samuel
Declaration of Montagu
1917 "The government policy is of an increasing
participation of Indians in every branch of
administration and gradual development of
self governing institution with a view to the
progressive realization of responsible
government in India as an integral part of
British Empire"
1917- Gandhi's 1917 Champaran Satyagraha -
19 Satyagraha Peasants of Champaran forced to grow
Indigo in 3/20th of their land - Tinkathiya
system. 25% Compensated
1918 Ahmedabad Mill Strike
Anushya Sarabai support , Hunger strike by
workers , 35% hike in wages
1918 Kheda Satyagraha
First non cooperation
Crops failed , Farmers could not pay tax
1919 Rowlatt Act Extension of Defence of India regulation Act
1915
Anarchial and revolutionary crimes Act or
Rowlatt Act

Recommended by Sedition Committee ,

Black Act
Habeas Corpus suspended
Indians tried without jurist and arrested
without trials
1919 Rowlatt Mass Strike organised by Gandhi, Home
Satyagraha rule involved - Hartals , Fasting , Civil
disobedience etc

Violence began
Biggest and most violent upsurge since
1857
1919 Jallianwala Peaceful assembly in Jallianwallah Bagh on
Bagh Massacre the day of Kal Baisakhi
Local leaders called for some sort of protest
General Dyer blocked the exits and opened
fired killing thousands
Rabindranath Tagore renounced his
Knighthood and Gandhi gave up Kesar
I Hind title
Heated environment made Gandhi withdraw
the movement
Hunter Committee / Disorder Inquiry
Committee , Investigate these disturbances
1919 Montagu • separating the central and provincial
Chlemsford subjects
Reforms , • Structure of government still continued to
Government of be centralized in unitary
India Act 1919 • DYARCHY - Dual Governance Governor
executive head of provinces. Provincial
subjects divided into
• Transferred subjects - administered by
government with the aid of Council of
Ministers which is responsible to the
legislative council
• Reserved subject- administered by
Governor and its executive council without
being responsible to the legislative council.
• Minister to resign of No confidence motion
passed
• Women given right to vote above 21 ,
Legislative councils expanded
• Bicameral Legislative Council and direct
election
• three members of Viceroy's executive
council to be Indians
• Council of state or upper house tenure -
5years
• Central Legislative assembly or Lower
house - 3years
• separate electorates for Sikhs ,Indian
Christians, Anglo Indians and Europeans .
Not for Muslim
• created High Commissioner of India in
London
• established Central public Service
Commission - recruiting civil servants
• separated provincial budget from central
budget
1919- Non Khilafat Issue - Demanded British to give
22 Cooperation Khalifa, The spiritual leader of MUSLIM in Surendranath Banerjea- Founded
Khilafat Turkey - Control over sacred places and Indian National Liberal
Movement retain some of his territories Federation . Prominent leaders
Khilafat Committee - Ali Brothers - were Tej Bahadur Sapru, V. S.
Shaukat Aki , Muhammad Ali , Maulana Srinivasa Sastri and M. R.
Azad , Ajmal Khan Jayakar.
All India Khilafat Committee - Gandhi
President, Opportunity for mass and united The Communist Party of India
Non Cooperation was found in 1920 in Tashkent,
capital of Uzbekistan by M N Roy,
1920- Non Cooperation Khilafat Abani Mukherjee and others
Programme , Demand of Swaraj , Removal
of Punjab and Khilafat Wrongs
Boycott of foreign cloth , use of Khadi ,
Boycott Legislative Council (Except CR DAS)
boycott govt school and college
Congress Working Committee Established
JM Sengupta - Strikes in Assam
Awadh Kisan Movement , Eka Movement
UP
Chauri Chaura Violence - Gandhi
Withdraw the movement
 Congress CR Das , Motilal Nehru , Ajmal Khan Atmasakti, Sarathi, Bijoli -
1922 Khilafat wanted end to boycott of Legislative Articles about sacrifice of
Swarajya Party councils. Revolutionaries
Formed Formed CKWP in Gaya Session Bandi Jeevan- Sachin Sanyal
Pather Dabi - Sharath Chandra
Chatterjee
1924 Hindustan Ramprasad Bismil ,Jogesh Chandra The Philosophy of the Bomb -
Republican Chatterjee, Sachin Sanyal aim to organize Bhagwati Charan Vohra
Association armed rebellion and overthrow colonial
government Hind Swaraj - Mahatma Gandhi
Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan,
Rajendra Lahiri, Chandrashekhar Azad,
Sachindra Bakshi, Keshab Chakravarty,
Manmathnath Gupta, Murari Lal Gupta
Mukundi Lal and Banwari Lal were the
main revolutionaries involved in the Kakori
Train Robbery.

Surya Sen - Chittagong Armory Raid

Women Revolutionary - Pritilata

Waddedar , Kalpana Dutt , Santi Ghosh ,
Suniti Chandheri , Bina Das
1923- Lee Lee Commission , 1923
27 Commission , • for recruitment of Europeans and
Muddiman Indians in the civil services.
Committee , • Also called Royal Commission or
Linlithgow Superior Civil Services in India
Commission , • suggested Statutory Public Service
Commission as put forward by
Government of India Act 1919
Muddiman Committee , 1924
• officially known as the Report of the
Reforms Inquiry committee
• to look into the working of
Constitution as set up in 1921 under
the act of 1919
• this report was not unanimous

Linlithgow Commission , 1926

• officially the Royal Commission of
Agriculture to examine and report the
condition of Indian agricultural and
rural economy

Butler Committee -
For princely states , Improve relation
between C - S
1927 Simon All white Commission under Staney Baldwin Delhi proposal - Jinnah , Separate
Commission to discuss Constitutional status of India electorate , Constitution demand
Recommendations-
• Abolition of Dyarchy and establish
Representative govt in provinces
• Governor to have discretionary power
• Rejected parliament responsibility at
the center
 • Gov General to appoint Cabinet , Control
over High Court
• Separate Electorates , No universal
Adult Franchise
Protest against Simon Commission
Nehru Report All Parties Conference , Motilal Nehru
1928 Chairman , Framework for Constitution
• Self Governing Dominion status
• Rejection of Separate Electorate
• Linguistic Provinces
• 19 FR including Women equal rights to
form union and Universal adult suffrage
• Responsible govt at the Centre and in
Provinces
○ 500 Member House of
Representative - Direct election
○ 200 Member Senate elected by
Provincial Councils
○ Tenure - House of Representative - 5
years, Senate - 7 years , Provincial
council - 5years
Ultimatum - If Nehru Report not accepted ,
Poorna swaraj will be established

Jawahar Lal Nehru and Subash Bose

opposed proposal for dominion status-
formed Independence for India League
1928 Peasants Led by Vallabhai Patel and Gandhi Ji.
Agitation - Got sardar Title
Bardoli
Satyagraha
1929 Irwins Meerut Conspiracy Case Congress Muslim Party - To cater
Declaration Muslim
Bhagat Singh , Batukeshwar Dutt arrested .
Political prisoners demand Khudai Khidmatgars - Abdul
Ghaffar khan (Frontier Gandhi)
Irwins Declaration / Deevali declaration Northwest frontier
Promised Dominion status , Round Table Muslim support.
Conference
Delhi Manifesto - Conditions for Attending
RTC
• formulate a constitution for
implementation of dominant status
• congress should have majority
representation at the conference
Viceroy Irwin rejected these demands
1930 Poorna Swaraj Poorna Swaraj popularised by J Nehru,
and Lahore President of Lahore Session
Congress • RTC was to be boycotted
• Complete independence declared
• CWC authorized to launch Civil
Disobedience Movement
• 26 Jan , 1930 First Independence
(Swarajya )Day
• Tricolor flag hosted by Nehru , Inquilab
Zindabad Slogans ,near Ravi river
Civil Gandhi's 11 demands Demands -
1930- Disobedience Abolition of Salt Tax • Abolish salt tax
34 Movement DANDI MARCH - 12 Mar - 6 April , 1930 • Reduction land rev
• Tamil Nadu - C Rajagopalachari- • Textile industry
March from Tirchipalli to Vedaranniyam • Military expense reduction
coast to break salt law • Reform CID
• Malabar - K Kelappan ,Vaikom • Release pol prisoners
Satyagraha , organised salt marches • Lower exchange ratio
• Orissa - Gopalbandhu Choudhuri
• Prohibition of intoxicant
• Bihar - Champaran and Saran District ,
• Arms possess for defense
Patna - Nakhas Pond to make salt ,
• Res for coastal shipping
Ambika Kant Sinha
• Peshawar - Khan Abdul Gharffar Khan
41 DAYS ULTIMATUM
/ Frontier Gandhi / Badshah Khan- Or else CIVIL Disobedience
Political Monthly Pukhtoon, Khudai
Khidmatgars Red shirt JHN arrested
• Dharasana GJ -Gandhiji arrested Chittagong Armory raid - Surya
• Sarojini Naidu , Imam Sahib Raid on Sen , Parallel Govt estd
Dharasana Salt works
• Assam - Cunningham circular , Zamindari areas - No Chowkidari
Chandraprabha saikyani tax ,Ryotwari areas - No rent
• Nagaland - Rani Gaidinlliu 13 years
age - Revolt against foreign rule
1931 Gandhi Irwin Also called Delhi Pact - after 1st RTC Karachi Session - Vallabhai Patel -
Pact • Suspend Civil Disobedience Movement FR , National Economic Programme
• Participate in Round Table Conference
• Right to make salt in coastal villages
• Right to peaceful protest
• Release of political prisoners who were
not charged with violence
Round Table First Round Table Conference- Participants -
1931- Conferences • held in London, chaired by Ramsay • Indian Princely states
32 MacDonald. Goal - Dominion status represented by Various
• first conference arranged between the Maharaja and Nawabs
British and the Indians as equals. • Muslim League represented by
• Congress didn't attend it. Aga Khan, maulana
• Dr B R Ambedkar demanded separate Mohammed Ali Jauhar, M
electorates for the ‘untouchables’. Shafiq, M Ali Jinnah etc
• Tej Bahadur Sapru moved the idea of • Hindu Mahasabha
an All-India Federation. representatives
• Nothing much was achieved at the • Women represented by Begum
conference. Jahanara shah Nawaz,
Second Round Table Conference- Radhabai Subarayan , Sarojini
• replaced by Lord Willingdon as viceroy Naidu
in India. • Depressed classes represented
• The Indian National Congress nominated by BR Ambedkar Retamalai
Gandhi as its sole representative. Srinivasan
• large number of Indian participants, • labour represented by NM Joshi
besides the Congress. The Princely and B Shiva Rao, KT Paul
States, Muslim League, Justice Party, • anglo Indians Indian Christian
Hindu Mahasabha, Depressed etc. Sikh, Parsis, landlord,
• deadlocked on the question of the universities Europeans
minorities. Separate electorates were • the Government of India
being demanded by the Muslims, represented by Narendra Nath
depressed classes, Christians and Law , Bhupendra Nath Mitra ,
Anglo-Indians. CP Ramaswamy Iyer , M
• ‘Minorities’ Pact’. Ramachandra Rao
• no substantial results regarding India’s
 constitutional future Tarapur Massacre - Bihar , Flag
• Gandhi returned to India and gave a call hosted in Gov building
to resume the Civil Disobedience
Movement.
Third Round Table Conference
• was not attended by the Indian
National Congress and Gandhi. It was
ignored by most other Indian leaders
• Aga Khan III, B.R. Ambedkar,
Muhammad Iqbal, M.R. Jayakar, N.M.
Joshi etc. were present.
• . The recommendations were published
in a White Paper in March 1933 and
debated in the British Parliament
afterwards based on which Government
of India Act 1935 was enacted.
• B.R. Ambedkar attended all the three
round table conferences.
1932 Poona Pact Communal Award announced by Gandhi's Campaigns against
MacDonald Untouchability -
Accorded separate electorate for Muslim , While in jail, he set up the All India
Depressed class. etc anti untouchability league in
BR AMBEDKAR demanded separate 1932
electorate in 2nd RTC He conducted Harijan Tour of the
Gandhi Rejected. Fast until death. Rejected country, set up Harijan Sevak
Ambedkars proposal Sangh and started the weekly
Depressed classes to get Double Vote horizontal Harijan
Seats to be distributed on communal basis
Poona Pact - Signed by BR Ambedkar , BR Ambedkar founded the All
Seats reserved for Depressed class, No India Schedule Caste Federation
separate electorate
1934
1935 Government of • All India Federation consisting of Hindu Mahasabha , National
India Act 1935 provinces and Princely states as units Liberal Foundation showed support
proposed. to Act of 1945
• Condition -Voluntary , Instrument of Congress Election Manifesto
accession , 50% Council of state strongly rejected the Govt of India
support , Population 50% Act 1935 .
• governor general at the pivot of Gandhi did not attend a single
Constitution Election meeting
• powers divided between center and
unit in terms of three lists- federal list All India Federation never became a
for center, provincial list for reality.
provinces, concurrent list for both.
Residuary powers given to Viceroy. Power of legislature confined.
• abolished dyarchy in provinces and 80% budget not votable
adopted dyarchy at the center.
Gov general - Overriding powers
Federal subjects were divided into
reserve subjects and transferred
subjects.
Elections -
• reserved subjects - Foreign affairs,
1936 - All India Agrarian Program
defense, tribal areas ,
All India Kisan Sabha
church administered by governor
general on the advice of executive
Nehru - participate in election for
counselors executive council were not mass mobilization
responsible to central legislature.
 Need for Cons. Assembly
• Transferred subjects- all other
subjects administered by governor 1937- Provincial election
general on the advice of Ministers
elected by Legislature. These ministers
were to be responsible to federal
legislature.
• all members were to be directly elected.
franchise was extended, women got right
on the same basis as men
• Bicameral council in six out of 11
promise provinces
• Council of states was to be a
permanent body with 1/3rd member
retiring every 3 years. DIRECT
ELECTION for British. The duration of
the assembly was to be five years
• Federal Assembly - 5 years , Nominated
from Indian states . Indirect Election
• Women voters allowed 21+
• separate electorate for depressed class,
women and Labor, Sikh, Muslim , Anglo
Indian , Eu Christian according to the
communal awards. Women electorate
Collage
• Abolished the Council of India
established by Government of India
Act 1858
• 10% population got voting rights
• establishment of Reserve Bank of
India ,Federal Public Service
Commission, Provincial Public Service
Commission, Joint Public Service
Commission
• establishment of federal court system
1939 Second World Linlithgow wanted India's support
War
Congress offer to Viceroy
• After the war , Constitution assembly
should be convened to determine
political structure of free India
• Immediately some form of responsible
govt should be established at the center
• Indian support only if India given
independence
Rejected by Linlithgow - Tried to use
Muslims and princes against Congress

Congress ministries resigned in 7 provinces

1940 August Offer / • dominion status as the objective for India Muslim League - Lahore , Two
Linlithgow • expansion of Viceroy's executive council nation theory, Jinnah
statement which would have majority of Indians Pakistan Resolution - Fazlul Haq
setting up of constituent assembly after the
war where mainly Indians could decide the
Constitution
• no future constitution to be adopted
without consent of minorities
 • Indian - War advisory Council
Not accepted by Congress

INDIVIDUAL SATYAGRAHA LAUNCHED

by Gandhi- Limited satyagraha for future
mass struggle.
Vinoba Bhave first to offer Satyagraha
Delhi Chalo Movement
1942 Cripps Mission Headed by Stafford Cripps - Supporter of
Indian National Movement
Constitutional proposals to seek Indian
support for the war
Japan's Threat to invade India , Asia for
Asiatic
• All Indian Union Dominion Status
would be set up
• after the end of the war , constituent
assembly would be made to frame a
new constitution. All Indians
• Members of this assembly would be
partly elected from provinces by
proportional representation and party
nominated by princess

• British will accept new Constitution on

two condition -
○ any province not willing to join the
union would have separate
constitution and form a separate
union
○ the new constitution making body
and the British government would to
effect the transfer of power and to
safeguard racial and religious
minorities
• in the meantime defense of India would
remain in British hands
1942 Quit India Gandhi Framed a resolution calling for slogan Bharat Choro was coined
Movement British withdrawal , and a non violent Non by Freedom Fighter Yusuf Mehar
cooperation Movement against Japanese Ali
invasion.
Do or Die mantra by Gandhi
Economic Impact of war Aruna Asaf Ali hoisted the flag
QUIT INDIA RESOLUTION - DO OR DIE when the top leaders of Congress
Proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru and were arrested
seconded by Sardar Patel
August 8 , 1942 - Resolution passed
• Gandhi named the leader of the struggle
• demand an immediate end to British
rule India
• Non violent mass struggle
• declare commitment of free India to
defend itself against all types of fascism
and imperialism
• form a provisional government of India
after British withdrawal
• Gandhiji - I am not going to be satisfied
 with anything short of complete
freedom.
• 12 point program - parallel govt

Leaders arrested
Movement became violent
Mass participation

21 days fast by Gandhi to oppose govt

suppression
Movement opposed by Muslim League and
Hindu Mahasaba
Parallel Governments established
Government repression
Indian National Mohan Singh, Fuziwara Founded the The famous slogan 'give me blood I
Army INA , Recruited Indian Prisoners of war from will keep you freedom' was in
Japan, Singapore Malaya
INA headquarters shifted to
INA under the Indian Independence League Rangoon in Burma in 1944 War
whose chairman was Rajbehari Bose cry - 'Chalo Delhi'

Subhas Chandra Bose became Supreme Usha Mehta - Underground secret

1942 Commander of INA . He formed the radio
Provisional Government for Free India at
Singapore SCB - Azad Hind Radio , Mukti
Andaman Nicobar Islands given by sena(POW) - Berlin
Japanese to INA and renamed as Shahid
Dweep and Swaraj Dweep respectively.

1944 INA crossed Burma Border , Col Malik

of Bahadur group hoisted INA flag at
Moirang , Manipur
INA had to surrender after Japan
surrendered in the Second World War.
1943 Bengal Famine Feb 1943 - Gandhi undertook Fasting to
raise public moral
March 23 - Pakistan Day
Bengal Famine - Worst affected regions -
southwest Bengal Tamluk-Contai diamond
harbor region, Dacca, Faridpur Tippera and
Noakhali
Rajagopalachar Rajagopalachari Formula -
i Formula, to resolve the constitutional Deadlock Jinnah Opposed
1944 • Congress - Muslim League • Wanted congress to accept two
Desai Liaqat Cooperation for provisional Gov nation theory
pact • acceptance of the Leagues demand for • Voting partition only by
Pakistan Muslims of NW and NE, not
• Muslim to endorse India's demand for whole population
Independence • opposed the Idea of common
• Plebiscite - One center , Provincial center
autonomy

Issued a Pamphlet titled - The Way Out

Desai Liaqat Pact

• Bhulabhai Desai, leader of congress in
 CLA and Liaqat Ali Khan, dep leader of
Muslim league came up with draft
proposal for formation of Interim Govt
• Executive body - Congress , Muslim
league nominations , 20 % reserved
minorities
• no settlement could be reached
1945 Wavell Plan • Plan for Interim Govt.
• all members of executive councils to Election -
be Indians (except governor general Bengal and Sind - Muslim league
and the commander in chief) majority
• Hindu and Muslim were to have
equal representation, Prop Congress -Majority in most
representation of Minorities provinces including NWFP and
• reconstructed council was to function Assam
as an interim government with the
framework of 1935 Act
• governor general was to exercise his
veto on the advice of Ministers
• negotiations on a new constitution
once the war was finally won
1945- INA trail • mass protest against the trial of INA
46 upsurge prisoners of wars
• congress showed support for the INA
cause and formed INA Relief and
Inquiry Committee
• Released prisoners
Popular Upsurge
○ Royal Indian Navy ratings of HMIS
Talwar went on strike
1946 The Cabinet Pathic Lawrence, Secretary of state for Jinnah called for direct action
Mission India; • There were communal riots on
Stafford Cripps, president of the board of an unprecedented scale and the
Trade; worst hit areas were Calcutta ,
AV Alexander Noakhali, Bihar,
Cripps Mission reached India to find out Gormukteshwar
ways and means for peaceful transfer of
power , Cons of India A Congress dominated interim
Key Points government headed by Nehru was
• Union of India - British India + states sworn in on September 2 1946
• Common center - Important functions
• Residuary powers , Full autonomy to Ministers of Interim Govt .
provinces President of the Executive
• rejection of the demand for a full Council (Viceroy and Governor-
fledged Pakistan General of India): Viscount Wavell
(till February 1947); Lord
• three tier executive and Legislature at Mountbatten(from February 1947)
provincial, section and union levels Commander-in-Chief: Sir Claude
• a constituent assembly was to be elected Auchinleck
by provincial assembly by proportional Vice President, External Affairs
representation voting in three groups - and Commonwealth Relations:
general, Muslims and Sikhs Jawaharlal Nehru (INC)
• constituent assembly -389 member body Home Affairs, Information and
with provincial assembly sending Broadcasting: Sardar Vallabhbhai
292 ,chief commissioners provinces Patel (INC)
sending four and Princely states sending Agriculture and Food: Rajendra
93 Prasad (INC)
 (INC)
Commerce: Ibrahim Ismail
• princely states were no longer to be Chundrigar (ML)
under Paramount of British government Defence: Baldev Singh (INC)
• After the first journey election, a Finance: Liaquat Ali Khan (ML)
province was to be free to come out of a Education and Arts: C
group Rajagopalachari (INC)
• meanwhile an interim government was Health: Ghazanfar Ali Khan (ML)
to be formed for from the constituent Labour: Jagjivan Ram (INC)
assembly Law: Jogendra Nath Mandal (ML)
Railways and Communications,
Congress and Muslim rejected interim Govt Post and Air: Abdur Rab Nishtar
(ML)
Works, Mines and Power:
C H Bhabha (INC)

Nehu - Objective Resolution.

1947 Atlee's • a deadline of June 30 ,1948 was fixed
Statement for mortal power even if Indian
politicians had not agreed by that time
on the constitution
• Mountbatten would replace Wavell as
the Viceroy
• if Muslim majority provinces did not
join, the British would relinquish power
either in the form of central
government or in some areas to existing
provincial government if the
Constituent assembly was not fully
representative
Mountbatten • Punjab and Bengal Legislative Radcliff Committee - To delimit the
1947 Plan Assembly would meet in two groups, boundaries between India and
Hindus and Muslims, to vote for Pakistan
partition .
• If a simple majority of either group • Consisted of four members from
voted for partition then these provinces Indian National Congress and
would be partitioned four members from Muslim leak
• in case of Partition , two dominion and • The demarcation line was
two constituent assembly will be set up published on 17 August 1947
• independence of princely states ruled
out , they would either join India or
Pakistan
• Independence for Bengal ruled out
• freedom to come on 15th Aug 1947
Indian • he British Parliament passed Indian India wins Freedom
1947 Independence Independence Act which was based on
Act Mountbatten's plan on August 15 1947
• the Act provided for the creation of two
independent dominions of India and
Pakistan with effect from August 15
1947.
• Each dominion was to have governor
general responsible for effective
operation of the act.
• The constituent assembly of each new
dominion was to exercise the power of
the Legislature of their dominion and
the existing central legislative assembly
 and the Council of states where to be
automatically dissolved.

Land Izaredari System Permanent Settlement Ryotwari System Mahalwari System

Reve
nue
• By Warren • By Phillip Francis • Introduced by Thomas • Holt Mackenzie , Sec of
hastings • Implemented by Lord Munro - gov of Madras the board of
• Also called Cornwallis Presidency Commissioners
Farming system • Made a committee - • Ryots paid tax directly to recommended this
• Contractors Cornwallis , John the Company . 45-55% of system.
collected land Shore , James Grant their production • Merttins Bird- Father of
revenues • Collect revenue from • Revenue was not fixed , land settlements
• they were zamindars could be raised when supervised
chosen on the • Covered 19% of production was higher • Survey of land done
basis of highest territory under • Settlement was not • State share was 60% of
bids, those who British rule - Bihar , permanent , could be the rental value
offered to pay Bengal , vanaras , revised periodically • Mahal - Village or group
largest amount Odisha • Covered Bombay , of villages considered as
from a particular • Zamindars given Madras , Assam , units of assesment of tax
district proprietary rights Deccan , East Bengal , • the village community
over land was considered
• Revenue was
collected by him from • the owner of the land,
cultivators or tenants individual ownership
/ ryots rights live with the
• Zamindars allowed cultivator
to keep 1/10th of • concept of average rents
the revenue and pay for different soil classes
the rest to company was introduced
• Sunset clause - paisa • implemented in
nai diya to zamindar northwestern provinces
ka zameen le lega under the name
mauzavar and in
regions of central
provinces with the name
malguzari
• Led to subinfeudation • High tax and harrasment • Practically impossible to
• Peasants at the mercy • Overasssesment of keep record of all
of Zamindars revenue cultivators , zamindars
etc
Press Early Regulation Vernacular Press Act of 1878 Other Acts
Acts
James Augustus Hickey - 1780 - For better control , punish and Newspaper (Incitement
The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta repress seditious writing in to Offences )Act 1908
General Advertiser - First oriental writing • Aimed against
newspaper in India , Seized in Extremist national
1782 activity
• DM empowered to take deposit • Tilak sent to Burma
Censorship Act of 1799 security , forfeited if for 6 years
• By Lord Wellesley regulations were contravened ,
• Wartime restriction seize press Indian Press Act 1910
anticipating French Invasion • No appeal could be made • Revived the worst
Licensing Regulation 1823 • Also called Gagging Act feature of VPA
• By Gov gen , John Adams • Proceedings against Som • Submit two copies of
Prakash , Bharat Mihir , paper to local govt free
 • Press without license is a Prakash , Bharat Mihir , paper to local govt free
penal offense Dacca Prakash , Samachar of charge
• Rammohan Roys - Mirat Ul
Akbar had to stop publication Surendranath Banerjea - First Indian Press (Emergency
The Press act of 1835 or Indian journalist to be powers ) Act 1931
Metcalfe Act imprisoned - for publishing • Powers to Provincial
• Liberator of Indian Press Bengalee goct to supress
• By Gov gen Metcalfe Bal Gangadhar Tilak arrested for propaganda for Civil
Maharatta, Kesari Disobedience
• premises of press and cease
Movement
functioning
• Rapid growth of publications Amrita Bazar Patrika overnight
Regulating Act 1857 turned into English newspaper to
• After 1857 emergency escape VPA - Sisir Kr hosh ,
Motilal Ghosh
• Right to stop publication with
the company
The Hindu , Swadesamitran -
• Licensing along with Metcalfe
provision Subramania Aiyar
Registration Act 1857 Voice of India - Dadabhai
• Regulatory nature not Naoroji
restrictive Indian Mirror - N N Sen
• Provide info about writer , Sudharak - Gopal Ganesh
send copy to local govt within Agarkar
1 month Hindustan , Advocate - GP
Verma