What do we need to find out?

• Rock type?
– Sandstone? Shale? • Engineering
Limestone? – Well trajectory (coord)
• Rock Properties – Shape of hole
– Porosity – Casing Joints
– Permeability – Quality of cement
– Bedding Orientation – etc

Well Logs –
–
• Fluids
Fractures?
Temperature

– Type (water, oil, gas)

– Saturation
– Salinity
– Pressure

Geol472-2009

What for? (Log applications) What can we measure?

• Stratigraphic correlation • Electrical Properties
• Formation Tops • Natural radioactivity
• Quantitative Oil, Gas , Water saturations
• Porosity • Induced radioactivity
• Correlation with seismic data • Acoustic Properties (velocity)
• Sedimentological studies
• Shape of hole
• Reservoir modeling
• Structural studies • Noise
• Temperature
• etc
• Depth
• Orientation of hole
• …

Log Types
• Lithologic Logs
• Other
– Spontaneous Potential
(SP) – Dipmeter
– Gamma Ray (GR) – Caliper
– Temperature
– Acoustic
• Porosity Logs
– FMI
– Neutron
– Many more …
– Density
– Sonic

• Resistivity Logs (Fluid

Type)
– Resistivity
– Induction
 Spontaneous Potential (SP)
• One of the Oldest Logging Measurements
– Used Commercially in 1931
• Discovered as Noise in Resistivity
Surface
• Found to be Related to Presence of Sandstone

Downhole

The earth well

works like a battery
Typical SP log
E = -K log (aw/amf)

E is in millivolts

aw= water salinity

aw= mud salinity

Ion flow is easier in

permeable
sandstones

SP has Poor Spontaneous

Potential (SP)
Limestone
Drift
Response
 Gamma Ray Log SP and
Gamma Ray
• Lithology log
• Measures natural radioactivity
•Gamma Ray in API
• Uses a scintilometer (Gaiger counter)
Units
• Potassium (K), Uranim, Thorium,
•Shales swing right
Phosphorous
• K → abundant in clay → shales
• Unaffected by fluids

Spectral Gamma Ray

Differentiates the different sources of gamma rays

Resistivity Log Applications Resistivity Tool Background

• Three Classes
• “True” Rt Formation Resistivity – Electrode Logs
• Fluid Saturation Sw from Archie’s Equation – Laterologs
• Determination of Hydrocarbon-Bearing vs. Water- • Focused Electrodes
Bearing Zones
– Induction
• Geopressure Detection
• Measure Resistivity in Ohms
• Diameter of Invasion
• Porosity
• Correlation
 Resistivity Normal Resistivity Tool
Spacing of electrodes determines penetration
Resistivity of Water - Rw

Increasing Resistivity
Resistivity of Water and Formation

Resistivity of Water, Hydrocarbons,

and Formation

Resistivity of Formation

Induction (Conductivity) Tool Guard or Laterolog Tool

Receiver coil measures the induced electrical field
created in the rocks by the transmitter coil The guard electrodes focus the current in a narrow
disk

Log Presentation and Scales

ID, IM, LL8 measure Resistivity logs :
resistivity at different spherically-
distances form the focussed (SFL),
borehole. medium
ID= deep induction
induction (ILM),
and deep
IM= medium induction induction (ILD)
LL8= shallow induction from
KGS Jones #1
 The Borehole Environment
Calculating Fluid Saturation

(Rxo/Rt)5/8
Sw=
(Rmf/Rw)

Rxo= Resistivity of flushed zone

Rw= Resistivity of formation water
Rmf= Resistivity of mud filtrate
Rt= Resistivity of uninvaded zone

Sonic (Acoustic) Logs

Header Measures of acoustic travel time in formation
∆t = 1/V

• ∆t is related to Porosity, Fluid Content and

Lithology
Wellbore Environment
Depth, Diameter,
Temperature,
Mud Parameters
• Used to generate Synthetic Seismic traces
to link wells logs to seismic data

Creating synthetic seismic data:

Convolution

Wavelet

Acoustic impedance Seismic Synthetic

from Sonic log Reflectivity Seismic

GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis

 Density Log Neutron Log (CNL)
• Tool has a neutron source
• Measures of Density - ρ • H absorbs neutrons and emits gamma rays
• Tied to Porosity, Fluid Content and Lithology • Tool detects the emitted gamma rays
• Tool emits gamma rays • H is mostly in formation fluids (water and
hydrocarbons)
• Detects returning scattered gamma rays
• Can be run through casing
• Gamma ray absorption is proportional to rock
density • Reads low in gas zones
• Cannot distinguish oil from water

Porosity calibration
• If lithology is
High resistivity known, neutron and
density logs can be
calibrated for
Neutron-density porosity
cross over
indicates gas!

Relating log character to sedimentary facies

Applications of logs
• Stratigraphic studies
– Sedimentary facies
• Well correlation
• Reservoir models
• Structural interpretation
– Fault recognition
 3. Predict facies in wells
Building a reservoir without core, but with good logs
model model Log Datum Terminology
1. Define 2. Relate
facies in core facies to log

1600 wells • KB - Kelly Bushing elevation.

• MD - Measured Depth along the wellbore
from the Kelly bushing (usually)
• SS - Depth Relative to Sealevel
4. Fill the gaps between wells
• TVD – True Vertical Depth, (important for
non-
non-vertical wells)
• SSTVD - Sub-
Sub-Sea True Vertical Depth

108 Million Cells

28 cores

Correlation
Example

Major Sands
on SP