XIAMEN SOLAR FIRST ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO.

, LTD

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS REPORT

[ASCE7-10]
SOLAR MODULE MOUNTING STRUCTURE
SENEGAL FIXED TILT 15°

XIAMEN SOLAR FIRST ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.

2023-08-07
V2.0
 XIAMEN SOLAR FIRST ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD

Contents

1. DESIGN BASIS........................................................................................................................................................2

1.1. SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 2

1.2. MATERIAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 2

1.3. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................................................3

2. LOAD AND LOAD COMBINATION......................................................................................................................4

2.1. DEAR LOAD D......................................................................................................................................................... 4

2.2. WIND LOAD W.......................................................................................................................................................... 4

2.3. SNOW LOAD S.......................................................................................................................................................... 6

2.4. LOAD COMBINATION .................................................................................................................................................... 7

3. SAP2000 MODELINGANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................... 8

3.1 DEFINING MEMBER........................................................................................................................................... 8

4. CONCRETE FOUNDATION CHECK..................................................................................................................17

4.1 FOUNDATION UPLIFT CHECK ..................................................................................................................................... 17

4.2 BEARING CAPACITY CHECK .......................................................................................................................................20

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1. Design Basis
1.1. Specifications
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE7-10)

Code for Design of Steel Structures (GB 50017-2003)

Technical Code for Design of Cold-Formed Thin-Wall Steel Structures (GB 50018-2002)

Technical specifications for building foundations JGJ94-2008

1.2. Material
Table 4.4.1 Design strength index of steel（N/mm2）

Strength Value

Material thickness Tensile Section Yield Tensile

Steel Grade Shear
or diameter （mm） compression, Pressure fy fu
fv
bending f fce

Carbon ≤16 215 125 235

Q235 320 370
steel ＞16，≤40 205 120 225

≤16 305 175 355

Q355 400 470
＞16，≤40 295 170 335

low-alloy ≤16 345 200 390

Q390 415 490
high-tensile ＞16，≤40 330 190 370

structural ≤16 375 215 420

Q420 440 520
steel ＞16，≤40 355 205 400

≤16 410 235 460

Q460 470 550
＞16，≤40 390 225 440

Mechanical properties of structural steels and steel strips

Upper yield strength（MPa） Strength（MPa） Elongation

Steel Grade

No Less Than

S220GD+ZM 220 300 20

S250GD+ZM 250 330 19

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S280GD+ZM 280 360 18

S320GD+ZM 320 390 17

S350GD+ZM 350 420 16

S450GD+ZM 450 510 14

S550GD+ZM 550 560 -

Mechanical Property of Material

Material Modulus of poisson coefficient of Mass Density

elasticity(kN/mm2) ratio linear expansion (kg/mm3)

Q235/Q355/Q420/Q460 206.000 0.300 1.20e-05 7.85e-06

1.3. Boundary Conditions

Wind Load：150KM/HR 3S (41.7m/s 3s，0.53kN/㎡)；

Snow Load：0kN/㎡；

Solar Module：2112x1052x40; 460W; 24.5kg/pcs；

Mounting Structure：4X5 ,tilt 15°；

Analysis Software：SAP2000 V21；

1.4 Design Drawing

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2. Load and Load Combination

2.1. Dear Load D
Module Self- Weight Load

Length 2112 mm

Width 1052 mm

Weight 24 KG

Total rail Length 54000 mm

Unit linear load of rail D 0.113 N/mm

2.2. Wind Load W
As per ASCE Standard 7-10：27.3.2 Velocity Pressure：Wind pressure where height Z shall be calculated

according to below formula：

2
qz=0.613Kz Kzt Kd V

In formula：

Kd = wind directionality factor, Section 26.6

Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Section 27.3.1

Kzt = topographic factor defined, Section 26.8.2

V = basic wind speed, Section 26.5

qz = velocity pressure calculated using Eq. 27.3-1 at height z

Wind Load Calculation

Module length（mm） 2112

Module width（mm） 1052

Total rail Length（mm） 54000

Structure Tilt 15

Wind load（m/s） 41.667

Risk category Ⅰ

Ground roughness C

Wind direction effect coefficient Kd 0.85 Refer to table 26.6-1

Terrain coefficient Kzt 1.0

Exposure factor Kz 0.85 Refer to table 27.3-1

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Wind pressure at height h of maximum wind speed qz =

0.770
0.613KzKztKdV2 KN/㎡

Gust effect coefficient G 0.85

γ=0°（windward）net pressure coefficient CN= CNW（Up） CNL（Down）

A -0.90 -1.30

B -1.90 0.00

Design net wind pressure of open building with single slope roof P=qhGCN PNW（Up） PNL（Down）

A -0.59 -0.85

B -1.24 0.00

γ=180°（front wind）net pressure coefficient CN= CNW（Down） CNL（Up）

A 1.30 1.60

B 1.80 0.60

Design net wind pressure of open building with single slope roof P=qhGCN PNW（Up） PNL（Down）

A 0.85 1.05

B 1.18 0.39

γ=0°（windward）unit linear load of rail W（N/mm） PNW（Up） PNL（Down）

A -0.62 -0.89

B -1.3 0.00

γ=180°（front wind）unit linear load of rail W（N/mm） PNW（Up） PNL（Down）

A 0.89 1.10

B 1.23 0.41

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2.3. Snow Load S

As per ASCE7-10：7.3 FLAT ROOF SNOW LOADS, pf (kN/m2),to define snow load of flat roofing:

Pf = 0.7CeCtIsPg

in formula：

Ce = Exposure Factor：Table 7-2；

Ct = Thermal Factor：Table 7-3；

Is = Importance Factor：Table 1.5-2 based on the Risk Category from Table 1.5-1.

Pg = Ground Snow Loads: Fig. 7-1、Table7-1;

Snow Load Calculation

Structure Tilt 15

Risk category Ⅰ

Ground roughness C

Exposure Coefficient Ce 0.9 Refer to table 7-2

Temperature Coefficient Ct 1.2 Refer to table 7-3

Importance Coefficient of snow load IS 0.8 Refer to table 1.5-2

2
Snow load Pg 0 KN/m

Flat roof snow load calculation Pf = 0.7CeCtIsPg= 0 KN/m

2

Roof slope coefficient Cs 1.000 Refer to 7-2c

2
Pitch roof snow load Ps=CsPf= 0 KN/m

Module Length 1900 mm

Module Width 1048 mm

Rail length for per module 1900 mm

Unit linear load of rail S 0 N/mm

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2.4. Load Combination

As per ASCE 7-10 in 2.3.2 combination，ultimate strength design load combination is：
1) 1.4D
2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
4) 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
5) 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
6) 0.9D + 1.0W
7) 0.9D + 1.0E
Where:
D = dead load
E = earthquake load
L = live load
Lr = roof live load
R = rain load
S = snow load
W = wind load

（Design method based on limit state LRFD）Basic combination condition table

Combination
With snow Without snow Notes
Condition

Condition 1 1.4D 1.4D D:dead load L：live load

Condition 2 1.2D+0.5S W: wind load Lr：roof live load

Condition 3 1.2D+1.6S+0.5W Wi：ice surface wind load Di:ice wind load

F：Fluid load with definite

Condition 4 1.2D+1.0W+0.5S 1.2D+1.0W S：snow load
pressure and peak value

Condition 5 1.2D+1.0E+0.2S 1.2D+1.0E E：seismic load R：rain load ；T:self-strain load

H:Pressure produced by soil, groundwater, or a large number

Condition 6 0.9D+1.0W 0.9D+1.0W
of materials

Condition 7 0.9D+1E 0.9D+1E

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3. SAP2000 Modeling Analysis

3.1 Defining Member

3.2 Defining Load mode, load condition and load combination

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3.3 Modeling

Structure member section shown as table 3.1-1

Table 3.1-1 Main structural member sections

Member Material Section

Column/Leg Q235 C90x40x10x1.8

Bracing Q235 C70x40x10x1.8

Beam Q235 C90x40x10x1.8

Rail Q235 C100x40x10x2.0

Back tie Q235 C70x40x10x1.8

3.4 Load Application

3.4.1 dead load application（ middle rail 0.087N/mm，side rail 0.087/2 N/mm）

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3.4.2 windward load application （middle rail 0.89N/mm，side rail 0.89/2 N/mm）

3.4.3 Front wind load application（middle rail 1.10N/mm，side rail 1.10/2 N/mm）

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3.5 Start SAP2000

3.5.1 Combine 1.4D deformed diagram

3.5.2 Combine 0.9D-W deformed diagram

3.5.3 Combine 1.2D+W deformed diagram

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Conclusion：It can be seen that among the three load combinations, combination 1.2D+W has the
largest deformation and stress.

3.6 Strength and Stiffness Check

Check maximum force and deformation values from the combination, result as follow,
Strength Check Summary Table

Member Material Design strength （MPa） Value （MPa） Result

Column/leg Q235 215 129.549 ok

Bracing Q235 215 27.657 ok

Beam Q235 215 135.538 ok

Rail Q235 215 111.953 ok

Back tie Q235 215 3.096 ok

Deflection Check Summary Table

Allowable value
Member Length Deflection Value (mm) Result
(mm)

Column/leg 1464mm L/60 24.4 0.24 ok

Rail 3100mm L/250 12.4 6.6 ok

Bracing Check Summary Table

Stability axial force

Member Length Axial force（N） Result
（N）

Bracing 1592mm 232692 12604 ok

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3.6.1 Column/Leg
1) Strength Check

Column/Leg Stress Value：129.549MPa，Material Strength 215MPa，Result: meet design requirement.

2）Stiffness Check

Column/Leg Deformation：0.25mm, max allowable displacement is 1464/60=24.4mm，Result: meet design

requirement.
3.6.2 Bracing
1）Strength

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Bracing stress value：27.657MPa，material strength 215MPa，Result: meet design requirement.

2）Stability
According to the formula of the critical force of the stability of the compression member Pcr=n2π2EI/L2，
calculate allowable axial pressure force Pcr

Bracing force7616.81N,allowable axial force of stability 232692N，Result: meet design requirement.

3.6.3 Beam

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Beam stress value：135.538MPa，material strength 215MPa，Result: meet design requirement.

3.6.4 Rail
1）Strength Check

Rail stress value：111.953MPa,material strength 215MPa，Result: meet design requirement.

2）Stiffness Check

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Rail max. Displacement 6.7mm,allowable max. Displacement 3100/250=12.4mm，Result: meet design

requirement.

3.6.5 Back Tie

Back tie stress value：4.094MPa，material strength 215MPa，Result: meet design requirement.

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4. Concrete Foundation Check

4.1 Foundation uplift check
4.1.1 when negative pressure,max. reaction force of column is Nk=6320.8N

4.1.2 Foundation Design

Concrete foundation design as below Figure

Concrete stand length 450mm, width 450mm, height 850mm，exposure above ground level 200mm,
underground 650mm
Cubic meter of concrete stand：0.85*0.45*0.45=0.172m3
Concrete density：2400kg/m3
Concrete mass M：0.172*2400=412.8kg

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4.1.3 Foundation uplift check

As per technical code for building foundation JGJ94-2008, check uplift force of concrete stand

In formula：

Nk :Pullout Force of Pile Foundation Calculated According to Standard Combination of Load Effects
Tgk: The standard value of the ultimate uplift bearing capacity of foundation piles when the pile group is in
overall failure can be specified in Article 5.4.6 of this specification

Tuk: The standard value of the ultimate uplift bearing capacity of foundation piles when the pile group is
non-integral failure can be specified in Article 5.4.6 of this code

Ggp: The total self-weight of the pile soil in the volume surrounded by the pile group foundation is divided
by the total number of piles, and the buoyant weight is taken below the groundwater level

Gp: The self-weight of the foundation pile is taken as the buoyant weight below the groundwater level. For
the bottom-enlarged pile, the pile and soil column perimeter, and the calculated pile and soil self-weight shall
be determined according to Table 5.4.6-1 of this code.

In formula:

Tuk: Standard value of ultimate bearing capacity of foundation piles

ui: The circumference of the pile body, take u=Πd for equal-diameter piles; take the value in Table 5.4.6-1
for expanded-bottom piles

Qsik: The standard value of the compressive limit lateral resistance of the i-th layer of soil on the surface of
the pile side can be taken according to Table 5.3.5-1 of this specification

λi:The pullout coefficient can be taken according to Table 5.4.6-2

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Table 5.4.6-2

Uplift Coefficient Value λ

Soil Type Value λ

Sand 0.50~0.70

Clay,Silt 0.70~0.80

Note：value λ is minimal, when the ratio of Pole length L and Pole diameter d less than 20.

Tuk=0.7*53*(0.45*4)*0.65=43KN=43000N
Gp=M*g=412.8*9.8=4045.44N
3）Check result
Tuk/2+Gp=43000/2+4045.4=25545.44N>Nk=6320.8, design complies requirements.
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4.2 Bearing capacity check

4.2.1 when positive pressure , max. reaction force of column is 9121.25N

4.2.2 Foundation Check

As per technical code for building foundation JGJ94-2008, check bearing capacity of concrete stand

5.35 When determining the standard value of the vertical ultimate bearing capacity of a single pile based on
the empirical relationship between the physical index of the soil and the bearing capacity parameters, it
should be estimated according to the formula:

In formula,

qsik－ The standard value of ultimate lateral resistance of the i-th layer of soil on the side of the pile, if there is
no local experience, can be taken according to Table 5.3.5-1

q pk－The standard value of limit end resistance, if there is no local experience, can be taken according to

Table 5.3.5-2

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Qsk,Qpk- Respectively, the standard value of the total limit side resistance and end resistance
Ap -Pole end area

Check Result: pole/foundation side resistance is 43000N>9121.25N, meet design requirement.

Note: The above calculations are for reference, and the actual geological conditions and geological
exploration test results shall prevail.

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