Newtons law,s
Newton's Laws of Motion are three fundamental principles that describe the
relationship between an object's motion and the forces acting upon it. These
laws form the basis of classical mechanics and are widely used to understand
and predict the motion of objects.
Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia): An object at rest will remain at
rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion with constant velocity (i.e.,
constant speed and direction) unless acted upon by a net external force. This
law essentially states that objects resist changes in their state of motion.
Newton's Second Law of Motion (Force and Acceleration): The acceleration of
an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and
inversely proportional to its mass. This law can be expressed mathematically
as F = ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass, and a is the acceleration.
Newton's Third Law of Motion (Action and Reaction): For every action,
there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law means that when one
object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an
equal and opposite force back on the first object.
Newton’s Second Law: Force
The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount
of force applied.
His second law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass
times velocity) per change in time. Momentum is defined to be the
mass m of an object times its velocity V.
Let us assume that we have an airplane at a point “0” defined by its
location X0 and time t0. The airplane has a mass m0 and travels at
velocity V0. An external force F to the airplane shown above moves it to
point “1”. The airplane’s new location is X1 and time t1.
The mass and velocity of the airplane change during the flight to
values m1 and V1. Newton’s second law can help us determine the new
values of V1 and m1, if we know how big the force F is. Let us just take the
difference between the conditions at point “1” and the conditions at point
“0”.
F=m1⋅V1–m0⋅V0t1–t0
Newton’s second law talks about changes in momentum (m V). So, at this
point, we can’t separate out how much the mass changed and how much the
velocity changed. We only know how much product (m V) changed.
Let us assume that the mass stays at a constant value equal to m. This
assumption is rather good for an airplane because the only change in mass
would be for the fuel burned between point “1” and point “0”. The weight of
the fuel is probably small relative to the weight of the rest of the airplane,
especially if we only look at small changes in time. If we were discussing the
flight of a baseball, then certainly the mass remains a constant. But if we
were discussing the flight of a bottle rocket, then the mass does not remain
a constant and we can only look at changes in momentum. For a constant
mass m, Newton’s second law looks like:
F=m⋅(V1–V0)t1–t0
The change in velocity divided by the change in time is the definition of the
acceleration a. The second law then reduces to the more familiar product of
a mass and an acceleration:
F=m⋅a
Remember that this relation is only good for objects that have a constant
mass. This equation tells us that an object subjected to an external force
will accelerate and that the amount of the acceleration is proportional to the
size of the force. The amount of acceleration is also inversely proportional
to the mass of the object; for equal forces, a heavier object will experience
less acceleration than a lighter object. Considering the momentum
equation, a force causes a change in velocity; and likewise, a change in
velocity generates a force. The equation works both ways.
The velocity, force, acceleration, and momentum have both
a magnitude and a direction associated with them. Scientists and
mathematicians call this a vector quantity. The equations shown here are
actually vector equations and can be applied in each of the component
directions. We have only looked at one direction, and, in general, an object
moves in all three directions (up-down, left-right, forward-back).
Example of force involving aerodynamics:
An aircraft’s motion resulting from aerodynamic forces,
aircraft weight, and thrust.
Newton’s Third Law: Action & Reaction
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts
an equal and opposite force on the first.
His third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal
and opposite reaction. If object A exerts a force on object B, object B also
exerts an equal and opposite force on object A. In other words, forces result
from interactions.
Examples of action and reaction involving aerodynamics:
The motion of lift from an airfoil, the air is deflected downward by the
airfoil’s action, and in reaction, the wing is pushed upward.
The motion of a spinning ball, the air is deflected to one side, and the
ball reacts by moving in the opposite direction.
The motion of a jet engine produces thrust and hot exhaust gases
flow out the back of the engine, and a thrusting force is produced in
the opposite direction.
Review Newton’s Laws of Motion
An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion
1. Newton’s First Law of
remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line
Motion (Inertia)
unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
2. Newton’s Second Law of The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of th
Motion (Force) object and the amount of force applied.
Whenever one object exerts a force on another object,
3. Newton’s Third Law of
the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on
Motion (Action & Reaction)
the first.
