Exercise 3(B)

Question 1

Define the following and give two examples in each case : (a) a normal salt, (b) an acid salt,
(c) a basic salt.

Answer

(a) A normal salt — Normal salts are the salts formed by the complete replacement of the
ionisable hydrogen atoms of an acid by a metallic or an ammonium ion.
Examples — Sodium Sulphate [Na2SO4], Sodium Chloride [NaCl]

(b) An acidic salt — Acid salts are formed by the partial replacement of the ionisable
hydrogen atoms of a polybasic acid by a metal or an ammonium ion.
Examples — Sodium Hydrogen Sulphate [NaHSO4], Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate
[Na2HPO4]

(c) A basic salt — Basic salts are formed by the partial replacement of the hydroxyl group of
a di- or a tri-acidic base by an acid radical.
Examples — Basic lead chloride [Pb(OH)Cl], Basic magnesium chloride [Mg(OH)Cl].

Question 2

Answer the following questions related to salts and their preparations:

(a) What is a 'salt' ?

(b) What kind of salt is prepared by precipitation?

(c) Name a salt prepared by direct combination. Write an equation for the reaction that takes
place in preparing the salt you have named.

(d) Name the procedure used to prepare a sodium salt such as sodium sulphate.

Answer

(a) Salt is a compound formed by the partial or total replacement of the ionisable hydrogen
atoms of an acid by a metallic ion or an ammonium ion.

(b) An insoluble salt can be prepared by precipitation.

(c) A salt prepared by direct combination is Lead(II) Sulphide.

Pb + S → Δ Δ PbS

2NaOH + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(d) By neutralisation of alkali (caustic soda) with acid (dilute sulphuric acid):

Question 3
Explain the following methods with examples:

(a) Direct combination

(b) Displacement

(c) Double decomposition (precipitation)

(d) Neutralization of insoluble base

(e) Neutralization of an alkali (titration)

Answer

(a) In direct combination, a metal and a non-metal are heated together to obtain the
corresponding salt.

i.e., Metal + Non-Metal ⟶ Salt

Example:

Pb + S → Δ Δ PbS

(b) The displacement method involves action of a dilute acid on active metal producing the
corresponding salt with the liberation of Hydrogen gas.

i.e., Active metal + Acid ⟶ Salt + Hydrogen

Example :

Zn + H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2

(c) Double decomposition (precipitation) — A chemical change, in which two compounds in

solution react to form two other compounds by the mutual exchange of radicals. A solid
precipitate is formed as a result of the reaction.

Example:

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⟶ BaSO4↓ + 2NaCl

(d) Neutralization of insoluble base — By the action of dilute acid on an insoluble base.

Example:

CuO + H2SO4 ⟶ CuSO4 + H2O

(e) Neutralization of an alkali (titration) — By the action of dilute acid on an alkali (i.e.,
soluble base):

Example:

2NaOH + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + H2O

Question 4

How would you prepare :

(a) copper sulphate crystals from a mixture of charcoal and black copper oxide.

(b) zinc sulphate crystals from zinc dust (powdered zinc and zinc oxide),

(c) sodium hydrogen carbonate crystals.

(d) calcium sulphate from calcium carbonate.

Answer

(a) Copper sulphate crystals from a mixture of charcoal and black copper oxide

Method of preparation: Neutralisation of insoluble base

CuO + H2SO4 ⟶ CuSO4 + H2O

Reaction:

CuSO4 + 5H2O ⟶ CuSO4.5H2O (blue vitriol)

Procedure:

1. Take dilute sulphuric acid in a beaker and heat it on wire gauze.

2. Add black cupric oxide in small quantities at a time, with stirring till no more of it
dissolves and the excess compound settles to the bottom.
3. Filter it hot and collect the filtrate in a china dish. Evaporate the filtrate by heating to
the point of crystallization and then allow it to cool and
4. Collect the bright blue crystals of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate CuSO4.5H2O
(blue vitriol) and dry the crystals.

(b) Zinc sulphate crystals from Zinc dust

Method of preparation: Displacement — By the action of dilute acid (dil. H2SO4) on an

active metal (Zinc, Iron).

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2↑

Reaction:

ZnSO4 + 7H2O ⟶ ZnSO4.7H2O (white vitriol)

Procedure:

1. Take dilute sulphuric acid in a beaker and heat it on a wire gauze. Add some
granulated zinc pieces with constant stirring.
2. Effervescence take place because of the liberation of hydrogen gas.
Add zinc till the Zinc settles at the base of the beaker.
When effervescence stops, it indicates that all the acid has been used up.
3. The excess of zinc is filtered off.
 4. Collect the solution in a china dish and evaporate the solution to get crystals. Filter,
wash them with water and dry them between the folds of a filter paper. The white,
needle-shaped crystals are of hydrated Zinc sulphate.

(c) Sodium hydrogen carbonate crystals:

Method of preparation: By passing carbon dioxide gas into a cold solution of sodium
carbonate.

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O ⟶ 2NaHCO3

Reaction:

Procedure:

1. Dissolve 5 grams of anhydrous sodium carbonate in about 25 cm3 of distilled water in

a flask.
2. Cool the solution by keeping the flask in a freezing mixture.
3. Pass carbon dioxide gas in the solution.
4. Crystals of sodium bicarbonate will precipitate out after some time.
5. Filter the crystals and dry it in the folds of filter paper.

(d) calcium sulphate from calcium carbonate.

Method of preparation: By Double Decomposition (precipitation)

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 ⟶ Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2↑

Reaction:

Ca(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 ⟶ CaSO4↓ + 2NaNO3

Procedure:

1. First insoluble Calcium Carbonate [CaCO3] is converted to soluble Calcium Nitrate

[Ca(NO3)2] with the help of dilute nitric acid.
2. The resulting solution is then treated with Sodium Sulphate [Na2SO4] and a precipitate
of Calcium Sulphate is obtained.

Question 5

The following is a list of methods for the preparation of salts:

A — direct combination of two elements

B — reaction of a dilute acid with a metal

C — reaction of a dilute acid with an insoluble base

D — titration of a dilute acid with a solution of soluble base.

E — reaction of two solutions of salts to form a precipitate.

Choose from the list A to E, the best method of preparing the following salts by giving a
suitable equation in each case:

1. Anhydrous ferric chloride

2. Lead chloride
3. Sodium sulphate
4. Copper sulphate

Answer

2Fe + 3Cl2 ⟶ 2FeCl3

1. Anhydrous ferric chloride — A. (Direct combination of two elements)

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl ⟶ PbCl2 + 2NaNO3

2. Lead chloride — E. (Reaction of two solutions of salts to form a precipitate)

2NaOH + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2H2O

3. Sodium sulphate — D. (Titration of dilute acid with a solution of soluble base)

Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 ⟶ CuSO4 + 2H2O

4. Copper sulphate — C. (reaction of a dilute acid with an insoluble base)

Question 6

Name:

(a) a chloride which is insoluble in cold water but dissolves in hot water,

(b) a chloride which is insoluble

(c) two sulphates which are insoluble

(d) a basic salt,

(e) an acidic salt,

(f) a mixed salt,

(g) a complex salt,

(h) a double salt.

Answer

(a) a chloride which is insoluble in cold water but dissolves in hot water - Lead Chloride
[PbCl2]

(b) a chloride which is insoluble - Silver chloride [AgCl]

(c) two sulphates which are insoluble - Barium sulphate [BaSO4] and Lead Sulphate
[PbSO4]

(d) a basic salt - Basic lead chloride [Pb(OH)Cl]

(e) an acidic salt - Sodium hydrogen sulphate [NaHSO4]

(f) a mixed salt - Sodium potassium carbonate [NaKCO3]

(g) a complex salt - Sodium zincate [Na2ZnO2]

(h) a double salt - Dolomite [CaCO3.MgCO3]

Question 7

Fill in the blanks with suitable words :

An acid is a compound which when dissolved in water forms hydronium ions as the
only ............... ions. A base is a compound which is soluble in water contains ............... ions.
A base reacts with an acid to form a ............... and water only. This type of reaction is known
as ................

Answer

An acid is a compound which when dissolved in water forms hydronium ions as the
only positively charged ions. A base is a compound which is soluble in water and
contains O2- ions. A base reacts with an acid to form a salt and water only. This type of
reaction is known as neutralisation.

Question 8

What would you observe when:

(a) blue litmus is introduced into a solution of hydrogen chloride gas.

(b) red litmus paper is introduced into a solution of ammonia in water,

(c) red litmus paper is introduced in caustic soda solution?

Answer

(a) Blue litmus will turn into red showing acidic nature of solution.

(b) Red litmus will turn into blue showing alkaline nature of ammonia.

(c) Red litmus will turn into blue showing basic nature of solution.

Question 9

Explain why :

(a) it is necessary to find out the ratio of reactants required in the preparation of sodium
sulphate,

(b) fused calcium chloride is used in the preparation of FeCl3

(c) Anhydrous FeCl3 cannot be prepared by heating hydrated Iron (III) chloride.
Answer

(a) Since sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid both are soluble, an excess of either of them
cannot be removed by filtration. Therefore, it is necessary to find out on a small scale, the
ratio of the solutions of the two reactants required for complete neutralisation before
preparation.

(b) Iron (III) Chloride (FeCl3) is highly deliquescent. So, to keep it dry fused calcium chloride
is used which is a drying agent.

(c) Anhydrous FeCl3 cannot be prepared by heating the hydrated Iron (III) chloride
(FeCl3.6H2O) because on heating, FeCl3.6H2O produces Fe2O3, H2O, HCl.

2[FeCl3.6H2O] → Δ Δ Fe2O3 + 9H2O + 6HCl

Question 10

Match the salts given in column A to their methods of preparation in column B. Write a
balanced equation for each preparation.

Column A Column B

Zinc sulphate Precipitation

Ferrous sulphide Oxidation

Barium sulphate Displacement

Ferric sulphate Neutralisation

Sodium sulphate Synthesis.

Answer

Zn + H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2
Zinc Sulphate — Displacement

Fe + S ⟶ FeS
Ferrous sulphide — Synthesis

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⟶ BaSO4 ↓ + 2NaCl

Barium sulphate — Precipitation

Fe + H2SO4 ⟶ FeSO4 + H2
Ferric Sulphate — Displacement
2NaOH + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Sodium sulphate — Neutralisation

Question 11(a)

Give the pH value of pure water. Does it change if common salt is added to it.

Answer

pH of pure water is 7. No, it does not change when common salt is added.

Common salt is sodium chloride (NaCl). It is a salt derived from a strong acid (HCl) and
strong base (NaOH) hence it gives a neutral solution with water.

Question 11(b)

Classify the following solutions as acids, bases or salts.

Ammonium hydroxide, barium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, H2SO4 and
HNO3

Answer

Acids — H2SO4 and HNO3

Bases — Ammonium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.

Salts — Barium chloride and sodium chloride.

Question 12

Complete the following table and write one equation for each to justify the statement:

Reactants Products Metho

Neutralisation
Soluble base + Acid (dil) Salt + water
Titration

Metal + Non-metal Salt (soluble/insoluble) ...............

Insoluble base + ............... Salt (soluble) + water ...............

Active metal + Acid (dil) ............... + ............... ...............

Soluble salt solution (A) + Soluble salt solution Precipitated salt + soluble
...............
(B) salt
 Reactants Products Metho

Carbonate/bicarbonate + Acid (dil) Salt + ............... + ............... Decomposition of car

Decomposition of chl
Chlorides/nitrates + Acid (conc.) ............... + ...............
nitrates.

Answer

Completed table along with the equations is given below:

Sl.
Reactants Products Meth
No.

Neutralisation
Soluble base + Acid (dil) Salt + water
Titration
1.

Eqn: HNO3 + NaOH ⟶ NaNO3 + H2O

Metal + Non-metal Salt (soluble/insoluble) Direct combinatio

2.
Eqn: 2Fe + 3Cl2 ⟶ 2FeCl3

Insoluble base + acid Salt (soluble) + water Neutralisation

3.
Eqn: 2HCl + MgO ⟶ MgCl2 + H2O

Active metal + Acid (dil) salt + hydrogen Simple Displacem

4.
Eqn: Fe + 2HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2 ↑

Soluble salt solution (A) + Soluble salt Precipitated salt + soluble

Precipitation
solution (B) salt
5.

Eqn: Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⟶ BaSO4 ↓ + 2NaCl

Salt + water + carbon

Carbonate/bicarbonate + Acid (dil) Decomposition of
dioxide
6.

Eqn: MgCO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ MgSO4 + H2O + CO2 ↑

 Decomposition of
Chloride/nitrate + Acid (conc.) salt + acid (HCl/HNO3)
nitrates.
7.

Eqn: AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + HNO3

Question 13

Write the balanced equations for the preparation of the following salts in the laboratory.

(a) A soluble sulphate by the action of an acid on an insoluble base,

(b) An insoluble salt by the action of an acid on another salt,

(c) An insoluble base by the action of a soluble base on a soluble salt,

(d) A soluble sulphate by the action of an acid on a metal.

Answer

(a) CuO + H2SO4 ⟶ CuSO4 + H2O

(b) AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + HNO3

(c) FeCl3 + 3NaOH [base] ⟶ 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3 ↓

(d) Zn + H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2↑

Question 14

You are provided with the following chemicals:

NaOH, Na2CO3, H2O, Zn(OH)2, CO2, HCl, Fe, H2SO4, Cl2, Zn.

Using the suitable chemicals from the given list only, state briefly how you would prepare :

(a) iron (III) chloride

(b) sodium sulphate

(c) sodium zincate

(d) iron (II) sulphate

(e) sodium chloride

Answer

2Fe + 3Cl2 ⟶ 2FeCl2

(a) Iron (III) Chloride: By synthesis i.e., direct combination of elements.
(b) Sodium sulphate: By neutralisation of an alkali (caustic soda) with acid (dilute sulphuric

2NaOH + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2H2O

acid)

Zn + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2
(c) Sodium zincate: By the action of metals with alkalis

(d) Iron (II) sulphate: Method of Simple Displacement by the action of dilute acid (H2SO4) on

Fe + H2SO4 (dil.) ⟶ FeSO4 + H2

an active metal (iron).

(NaOH) also known as titration NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O

(e) Sodium chloride: By the neutralisation reaction of strong acid (HCl) with strong base

Question 15

For each of the salt : A, B, C and D, suggest a suitable method of it's preparation.

(a) A is a sodium salt,

(b) B is an insoluble salt,

(c) C is a soluble salt of copper

(d) D is a soluble salt of zinc.

Answer

NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O

(a) By neutralisation:

AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl + HNO3

(b) By precipitation:

Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4⟶ CuSO4 + 2H2O

(c) By Neutralisation :

Zn + H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2↑

(d) Simple displacement:

Question 16

Choosing only substances from the list given in the box below, write equations for the
reactions which you would use in the laboratory to obtain:

(a) Sodium sulphate

(b) Copper sulphate

(c) Iron (II) sulphate

(d) Zinc carbonate

Dilute sulphuric acid Copper Copper carbonate

Iron Sodium carbonate

Sodium

Zinc

Answer

a. Na2CO3 + H2SO4 (dil.) ⟶ Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2↑

b. CuCO3 + H2SO4 (dil.) ⟶ CuSO4 + H2O + CO2↑

c. Fe + H2SO4 (dil.) ⟶ FeSO4 + H2↑

d. Zn + H2SO4 (dil.) ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2↑

ZnSO4 + Na2CO3 ⟶ ZnCO3 + Na2SO4

Question 17

From the formula listed below, choose one, in each case, corresponding to the salt having the
given description :

AgCl, CuCO3, CuSO4.5H2O, KNO3, NaCl, NaHSO4, Pb(NO3)2, ZnCO3, ZnSO4.7H2O

(a) an acid salt.

(b) an insoluble chloride.

(c) on treating with concentrated sulphuric acid, this salt changes from blue to white.

(d) on heating, this salt changes from green to black.

(e) this salt gives nitrogen dioxide on heating.

Answer

(a) NaHSO4

(b) AgCl

(c) CuSO4.5H2O

(d) CuCO3

(e) Pb(NO3)2
Question 18

(a) Ca(H2PO4)2 is an example of compound called ............... (acid salt / basic salt / normal
salt).

(b) Write the balanced equation for the reaction of :

A named acid and a named alkali.

Answer

(a) Ca(H2PO4)2 is an example of compound called acid salt

(b) NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O

Question 19

State the terms defined by the following sentences:

(a) A soluble base

(b) The insoluble solid formed when two solution are mixed together.

(c) An acidic solution in which there is only partial ionization of the solute molecules.

Answer

(a) Alkali

(b) Precipitate

(c) Weak acid

Question 20

Which of the following methods A, B, C, D or E is generally used for preparing the chlorides
listed below from (i) to (v). Answer by writing down the chloride and the letter pertaining to
the corresponding method. Each letter is to be used only once.

A Action of an acid on a metal

B Action of an acid on an oxide or carbonate

C Direct combination

D Neutralization of an alkali by an acid

E Precipitation (double decomposition)

 (i) Copper (II) chloride

(ii) Iron (II) chloride

(iii) Iron (III) chloride

(iv) Lead (II) chloride

(v) Sodium chloride

Answer

The methods for preparation of the given chlorides are listed below:

Sl.
Chloride Me
No.

(i) Copper (II) chloride B

(ii) Iron (II) chloride A

(iii) Iron (III) chloride C

(iv) Lead (II) chloride E

(v) Sodium chloride D

Question 21

From the list given below, which one is:

[SO2, SiO2, Al2O3, CO, MgO, Na2O]

(a) A covalent oxide of a metalloid

(b) An oxide which when dissolved in water form acid.

(c) A basic oxide

(d) An amphoteric oxide

Answer

(a) SiO2
(b) SO2 (c) Na2O (d) Al2O3