RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

KOTA

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual

I & II Semester Common to all branches of UG Engineering & Technology

Subject Code:- 1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26

Credit: 1 [ 0L+0T+2P ] Max. Marks: 50 (IA:30, ETE:20)

 Syllabus

1. Basic safety precautions. Introduction and use of measuring instruments – voltmeter,

ammeter, multi-meter, oscilloscope. Real-life resistors, capacitors and inductors.
2. Transformers: Observation of the no-load current waveform on an oscilloscope. Loading
of a transformer: measurement of primary and secondary voltages and currents, and
power.
3. Three-phase transformers: Star and Delta connections. Voltage and Current relationships
(line-line voltage, phase-to-neutral voltage, line and phase currents).Phase-shifts
between the primary and secondary side.
4. Demonstration of cut-out sections of machines: dc machine (commutator brush
arrangement), induction machine (squirrel cage rotor), synchronous machine (field
winging - slip ring arrangement) and single-phase induction machine.
5. Torque Speed Characteristic of separately excited dc motor.
6. Demonstration of (a) dc-dc converters (b) dc-ac converters – PWM waveform (c) the
use of dc-ac converter for speed control of an induction motor and (d) Components of
LT switchgear.
 GENERAL LABORATORY RULES AND PRECAUTIONS
FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY
The following general rules and precautions are to be observed at all times in the laboratory.
These rules are for the benefit of the experimenter as well as those around him/her.
Additional rules and precautions may apply to a particular laboratory.
1. There must be at least two (2) people in the laboratory while working on live circuits.
2. Shoes must be worn at all times.
3. Remove all loose conductive jewellery and trinkets, including rings, which may come
in contact with exposed circuits. (Do not wear long loose ties, scarves, or other loose
clothing around machines.)
4. Consider all circuits to be "hot" unless proven otherwise.
5. When making measurements, form the habit of using only one hand at a time. No part
of a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
6. Keep the body, or any part of it, out of the circuit. Where interconnecting wires and
cables are involved, they should be arranged so people will not trip over them.
7. Be as neat a possible. Keep the work area and workbench clear of items not used in the
experiment.
8. Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging into the outlet. Also,
turn instrument or equipment OFF before unplugging from the outlet.
9. When unplugging a power cord, pull on the plug, not on the cable.
10. When disassembling a circuit, first remove the source of power.
11. "Cheater" cords and 3-to-2 prong adapters are prohibited unless an adequate separate
ground lead is provided, the equipment or device is double insulated, or the laboratory
ground return is known to be floating.
12. No ungrounded electrical or electronic apparatus is to be used in the laboratory unless it
is double insulated or battery operated.
13. Keep fluids, chemicals, and beat away from instruments and circuits.
14. Report any damages to equipment, hazards, and potential hazards to the laboratory
instructor.
15. If in doubt about electrical safety, see the laboratory instructor. Regarding specific
equipment, consult the instruction manual provided by the manufacturer of the
equipment. Information regarding safe use and possible- hazards should be studied
carefully.
 Experiment No. 1

Aim :- A) Basic safety precautions.

B) Introduction and use of measuring instruments – voltmeter, ammeter, multi-
meter, oscilloscope, Real-life resistors, capacitors and inductors.

Apparatus Required :-
S.N
Equipment Rating Type Quantity
o

1 Voltmeter MI 1

2 Ammeter MI 1

3 Multimeter 1

4 Oscilloscope 1

5 Resistor 1

6 Capacitor 1

7 Inductor 1

Theory:-
1) Voltmeter :- A voltmeter, also known as a voltage meter, is an instrument used for
measuring the potential difference, or voltage, between two points in an electrical or
electronic circuit. Some voltmeters are intended for use in direct current (DC) circuits;
others are designed for alternating current (AC) circuits. The measuring range of the
voltmeter depends on the value of resistance.

2) Ammeter :- The meter uses for measuring the current is known as the ammeter. The
current is the flow of electrons whose unit is ampere. Hence the instrument which
measures the flows of current in ampere is known as ampere meter or ammeter.
The ideal ammeter has zero internal resistance. But practically the ammeter has small
internal resistance. The measuring range of the ammeter depends on the value of
resistance.
3) Multimeter:- A multimeter is an electronic tool used to measure voltage, amps and
resistance across circuits.By attaching two leads to different parts of an electrical
system, professionals can use multimeters to detect levels of voltage and resistance, or
changes in electrical currents.

4) Oscilloscope:- An oscilloscope is used to measure electronic signals. It is used to

observe varying-signal voltages on a two-dimensional grid representing time. When
connected to a power source through a probe, the oscilloscope displays the
corresponding real-time waveform immediately. Although mostly used in scientific and
engineering fields, they are also used in other fields such as telecommunications and
medicine.
5) Resistors :- A resistor is an electrical component with two terminals that is used to limit
or regulate the flow of electrical current in electronic circuits. Its purpose is to reduce
current flow as well as lower the voltage levels in its general vicinity or portion of the
circuit. A resistor is meant to regulate the actual load on the system, meaning that it uses
up electricity and dissipates it as heat, thereby effectively reducing the amount of
electricity flowing out of it by specific amounts.

6) Capacitor :- A capacitor is a small piece of electrical hardware that can hold electrical
energy within a circuit or field. Experts sometimes refer to capacitors as a type of
internal battery or energy holder, although capacitors and batteries work differently. The
dielectric or non-conducting substance in a capacitor separates two metal plates. The
capacitor is often linked to a battery to take in the incoming electrons it produces. One
way of saying this is that the capacitor slows down the amount of current and then
distributes it according to what the circuit can handle. Manufacturers use materials
including electrical conductors and insulating materials like glass or ceramics as
capacitors.

7) Inductor :- An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form
of a magnetic field. In its simplest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or coil. The
inductance is directly proportional to the number of turns in the coil. Inductance also
depends on the radius of the coil and on the type of material around which the coil is
wound.
 Experiment No. 2

Aim :- Observation of the no-load current waveform on an oscilloscope. Loading of a

transformer: measurement of primary and secondary voltages and currents, and
power.

Apparatus Required :-
S.N
Equipment Rating Type Quantity
o

(0-150) V MI 1
1 Voltmeter
(0-300) V MI 1

(0-10) A MI 1
2 Ammeter
(0-20) A MI 1

150V, 20A UPF 1

3 Wattmeter
300V, 10A UPF 1

4 Oscilloscope 1

5 Load Resistive 1

6 Transformer Single Phase 1

Theory :-
A transformer is a static device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly used to increase
(‘step up’) or decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels between circuits.

Circuit Diagram :-
Procedure :-
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify whether the autotransformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3. 230V,1Ø,50HZ AC supply is given to the transformer.
4. At no load, the readings from the meters are noted down.
5. The load is applied to the transformer in steps up-to 125% of the rated value of the
primary current by using rheostatic load.
6. The corresponding values from the meters are tabulated for different loads.
7. Then the load is removed gradually, auto transformer is brought to its minimum position
and the supply is switched off.
8. From the recorded values, the regulation, power factor and efficiency are calculated.

Observation :-
S. Primary Primary Primary Wattmeter Secondary Secondary Secondary
No Voltage V1 (V) Current I1 (A) W1 (Watt) Voltage V2 (V) Current I2 (A) Wattmeter W2
(Watt)

Precautions :-
1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.
2. The AC supply is given and removed from the transformer under no load condition
 Experiment No. 3

Aim :- Three-phase transformers: Star and Delta connections. Voltage and Current
relationships (line-line voltage, phase-to-neutral voltage, line and phase currents).
Phase-shifts between the primary and secondary side.

Apparatus Required :-
S.N
Equipment Rating Type Quantity
o

(0-130)V MI 1
1 Voltmeter
(0-130)V MI 1

(0-10)A MI 1
2 Ammeter
(0-10)A MI 1

3 Wattmeter 1

4 Transformer 3Ø 1

Theory :-
A three-phase transformer may consist of three single-phase windings on the same
core inside a single tank or three single-phase transformers wired externally in WYE
or DELTA. It is also common practice to construct valid three-phase transformation
using only two single-phase transformers. This configuration is called “open-
DELTA”.

In three-phase systems, the default voltage designation is the Line-to-Line value, VL-
L. Commercial and light industrial systems utilizing three-phase are usually served at
208 Volts (with 120 Volts line-to-neutral). Larger industrial systems utilize 480 Volts
(277 Volts line-to-neutral). Very large industrial plants may use 4160 Volts (2400
Volts line-to-neutral) or even higher ranges. A high voltage system will transmit a
given amount of power at a lower current than a lower voltage system. This is
important for many reasons, not the least of which is I2R losses (efficiency).

There are really only four ways to configure a standard three-phase transformer bank:
DELTA-DELTA, WYE-WYE, DELTA-WYE and WYE-DELTA. The most
commonly used configuration is DELTA-WYE.

When creating a DELTA winding using single-phase transformers, great care must be
taken to ensure proper phasing and proper polarity. If a DELTA is completed with
the wrong polarity, it is possible to create a dead short between phases, resulting in
great damage to the transformer (and perhaps yourself). NEVER CLOSE A DELTA
TRANSFORMER CONNECTION WITHOUT MEASURING THE VOLTAGE
ACROSS THE OPEN CORNER. The life you save may be your own.

When a three-phase load is served by two single-phase transformers, the connection

is called open-DELTA. The third phase is “constructed” across the open Vee of the
 delta. Open-DELTA transformer banks will carry less than rated capacity, since both
transformers carry not only their own phase current, but also a portion of the current
for the third phase. For two transformers of equal size (kVA rating), wired in open-
DELTA and serving a balanced three-phase load, the de-rating factor is 58% of a
corresponding three-phase bank. For example, two 33.3 kVA transformers that are
wired in open-DELTA would have a three-phase capacity of 58 kVA, whereas three
transformers in DELTA would have a capacity of 100 kVA.

Circuit Diagram :-
1) Star - Star

2) Delta - Star

3) Star - Delta
!

4) Delta - Delta

Procedure :-
1) Star - Star
1) Calculate the voltages that should be produced by this circuit and record them in
the spaces below the circuit diagram.

2) Connect the circuit as shown and place voltmeters across the terminals in order to
measure V4, V5, and V6.

3) Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control for a Line Voltage of 120
Volts.
 4) Measure and record the indicated voltages in the spaces provided.

5) Turn the voltage control to zero percent and turn OFF the power supply.

6) Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 until all line and phase voltages on the primary and
secondary have been measured and recorded.

2) Delta - Star
1) Calculate the voltages that should be produced by this circuit and record them in
the spaces below the circuit diagram.

2) Connect the circuit as shown and place voltmeters across the terminals in order
to measure V4, V5, and V6.

3) Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control for a Line Voltage of 90
Volts.

4) Measure and record the indicated voltages in the spaces provided.

5) Turn the voltage control to zero percent and turn OFF the power supply.

6) Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 until all line and phase voltages on the primary and
secondary have been measured and recorded.

3) Star - Delta
1) Calculate the voltages that should be produced by this circuit and record them in
the spaces below the circuit diagram.

2) Connect the circuit as shown.

3) IMPORTANT: Open one corner of the DELTA and connect a voltmeter between
terminal 5 of one transformer and terminal 6 of the other, as shown.

4) Turn on the power supply and SLOWLY increase the voltage control while
watching the voltmeter placed across the corner of the DELTA. If the circuit is
connected properly, the voltmeter will read a small fraction (ideally zero) of the
input voltage. If the voltmeter indicates a significant amount of voltage across the
corner, turn OFF the power supply and re-check the circuit.
5) When the circuit is correct and the voltage across the corner of the DELTA is
minimal, make sure the power supply is off, remove the voltmeter from the
DELTA, close the DELTA corner and place voltmeters in a manner to record
voltages V4, V5 and V6.

6) Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control for a Line Voltage of 120
Volts.
 7) Measure and record the indicated voltages in the spaces provided.

8) Turn the voltage control to zero percent and turn OFF the power supply.

9) Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 until all line and phase voltages on the primary and
secondary have been measured and recorded.

4) Delta - Delta
1) Calculate the voltages that should be produced by this circuit and record them in
the spaces below the circuit diagram.
2) Connect the circuit as shown.

3) IMPORTANT: Open one corner of the DELTA and connect a voltmeter between
terminal 5 of one transformer and terminal 6 of the other, as shown.

4) Turn on the power supply and SLOWLY increase the voltage control while
watching the voltmeter placed across the corner of the DELTA. If the circuit is
connected properly, the voltmeter will read a small fraction (ideally zero) of the
input voltage. If the voltmeter indicates a significant amount of voltage across the
corner, turn OFF the power supply and re-check the circuit.

5) When the circuit is correct and the voltage across the corner of the DELTA is
minimal, make sure the power supply is off, remove the voltmeter from the
DELTA, close the DELTA corner and place voltmeters in a manner to record
voltages V4, V5 and V6.

6) Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control for a Line Voltage of 120
Volts.

7) Measure and record the indicated voltages in the spaces provided.

8) Turn the voltage control to zero percent and turn OFF the power supply.

Observation :-
CALCULATED VALUES MEASURED VALUES
V1= 120V V2= 120V V3= 120V V1= 120V V2= 120V V3= 120V
V4= V5= V6= V4= V5= V6=

Precautions :-
1. Connection should be properly connected.
2. Reading should be taken properly.
3. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.
4. The AC supply is given and removed from the transformer under no load condition
 Experiment No. 4

Aim :- Demonstration of cut-out sections of machines: dc machine (commutator brush

arrangement), induction machine (squirrel cage rotor), synchronous machine (field
winging - slip ring arrangement) and single-phase induction machine.

Apparatus Required :-
S.N
Equipment Rating Type Quantity
o

1 DC Machine Motor 1

2 Synchronous Machine Generator 1

3 Induction Machine Single Phase (1-Ø) 1

4 Induction Machine Three Phase (3-Ø) 1

Theory :-
A) DC Machine :- The main parts of DC Machine (motor or generator) are as follows:
1) Yoke
2) Pole core and Pole shoes
3) Pole coil and Field coil
4) Armature Coil
5) Armature Winding or Conductor
6) Commutator
7) Brushes and Bearing
1. Yoke

Yoke
◦ Function
◦ It provide mechanical Support for poles
◦ It also provide protection to whole machine from dust, moisture etc.
◦ It also carries magnetic flux produced by the poles
◦ Yoke is also called as frame.
◦ Material used
◦ For small M/C yoke is made of cast iron.
◦ For large M/C it is made of cast steel or rolled steel.

2. Pole & Pole core

Pole & Pole core
◦ Function
◦ Pole of a generator is an electromagnet.
◦ The field winding is winding over pale.
◦ Pole provides magnetic flux when field winding is excited.
◦ Material used
◦ Pole core or pole made of cast iron or cast steel.
◦ It built of these laminations of annealed steel. The laminations is done to
reduce the power lose due to eddy currents.
3. Pole Shoe
◦ Function
◦ It is extended part of pole. It enlarge area of pole
◦ Due to this enlarged area, flux is spread out in the air gap and more flux can
pass through the air gap to armature.
◦ Material used
◦ It is made of cast iron or cast steed.
◦ It built of this lamination of annealed steel. the lamination is done to reduce
power loss due to eddy currents

4. Pole coil or field windings

Pole coil or field win dings

◦ Function
◦ It is wound around pole core and called as field coil
◦ it is connected in series to from field winding
◦ When Current is passed through field winding it electro magnetize the poles
which produce necessary flux.
◦ Material used
◦ The material used for field conductor is copper.
5. Armature Core
๏ Function
◦ It has large number of slots in its periphery

◦ Armature conductor, are placed in this slots

◦ It is also provide path of low reluctance to the flux produced by field winding
◦ Material used
◦ High permeability low reluctance materials such as cast or iron are used for
armature core.
◦ The lamination is provided so as to reduce the loss due to eddy current.
6. Armature Winding
◦ Function
◦ Armature conductor are inter connected to form armature Winding
◦ When armature winding is rotated using prime mover. the magnetic flux and
voltage gets induced in it
◦ Armature winding is connected to external circuit
◦ Material used
◦ It is made of conducting material such as coppers.
7. Commutator
 ◦ Function
◦ It Convert alternating current induce in the current in a unidirectional current
◦ It collects the current form armature conductor and pass it load with the help
of brushes
◦ It also provide unidirectional torque for dc motor
◦ Material used
◦ It is made of a large number of edge shaped segments of hard drawn copper.
◦ The Segments are insulated from each other by thin layer of mica.OR

◦ The Segment of commutator is made of copper and insulating material

between segments is mica.

8. Brushes
◦ Function
◦ Brushes collect the current from commutator and apply it to external load.
◦ Brushes wear with time and it is should be inspected regularly.
◦ Material used
◦ Brushes are made of carbon or graphite it is rectangular in shape.
B) AC Machine :-
a) Induction Machine
b) Synchronous Machine

I. Induction Machine ( Squirrel Cage) :-

The three phase induction motor is a preferable type of motor. It is mostly used in industrial
drives because it is very reasonable and vigorous, economical and reliable. It is also called
asynchronous motor because it does not run at a synchronous speed. The induction motor
requires very little maintenance and also it has high overloading capacity.
A three phase Induction motor mainly consists of two parts called as the Stator and
the Rotor. The stator is the stationary part of the induction motor, and the rotor is the
rotating part. The construction of the stator is similar to the three-phase synchronous motor,
and the construction of rotor is different for the different machine. The construction of the
induction motor is explained below in detail.
- Construction of Stator
The stator is built up of high-grade alloy steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses. It
has three main parts, namely outer frame, the stator core and a stator winding.
- Outer frame
It is the outer body of the motor. Its main function is to support the stator core and to protect
the inner parts of the machine. For small machines, the outer frame is casted, but for the
large machine, it is fabricated. The figure below shows the stator construction.
- Stator Core
The stator core is built of high-grade silicon steel stampings. Its main function is to carry the
alternating magnetic field which produces hysteresis and eddy current losses. The stampings
are fixed to the stator frame. Each stamping are insulated from the other with a thin varnish
layer. The thickness of the stamping usually varies from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. Slots are punched
on the inner side of the stampings as shown in the figure below.
- Stator windings
The core of the stator carries three phase windings which are usually supplied from a three-
phase supply system. The six terminals of the windings (two of each phase) are connected in
the terminal box of the machine. The stator of the motor is wound for a definite number of
poles, depending on the speed of the motor. If the number of poles is greater, the speed of
the motor will be less and if the number of poles is less than the speed will be high.

As the relationship between the speed and the pole of the motor is given as

- Construction of Rotor
The rotor is also built of thin laminations of the same material as the stator. The laminated
cylindrical core is mounted directly on the shaft. These laminations are slotted on the outer
side to receive the conductors. There are two types of rotor.

- Squirrel Cage Rotor

A squirrel cage rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core. The circular slots at the outer
periphery are semi-closed. Each slot contains uninsulated bar conductor of aluminium or
copper. At the end of the rotor the conductors the short-circuited by a heavy ring of copper
or aluminium. The diagram of the cage rotor is shown below.

The rotor slots are usually not parallel to the shaft but are skewed. The skewing of the rotor
conductors has the following advantages given below.

• It reduces humming and provide smooth and noise free operation.

• It results in a uniform torque curve for different positions of the rotor.
• The locking tendency of the rotor is reduced. As the teeth of the rotor and the stator
attract each other and lock.
• It increases the rotor resistance due to the increased length of the rotor bar
conductors.
- Advantages of Squirrel Cage Rotor
The following advantages of the cage rotor are given below.
• The cage rotor is cheaper, and the construction is robust.
• The absence of the brushes reduces the risk of sparking.
• Its Maintenance is less.
• The power factor is higher
• The efficiency of the cage rotor is higher.

- Phase Wound Rotor

The Phase wound rotor is also called as Slip Ring Rotor. It consists of a cylindrical core
which is laminated. The outer periphery of the rotor has a semi-closed slot which carries a 3
phase insulated windings. The rotor windings are connected in star.
The slip ring induction motor is shown in the figure below.

The slip rings are mounted on the shaft with brushes resting on them. The brushes are
connected to the variable resistor. The function of the slip rings and the brushes is to provide
a means of connecting external resistors in the rotor circuit. The resistor enables the
variation of each rotor phase resistance to serve the following purposes given below.

• It increases the starting torque and decreases the starting current.

• It is used to control the speed of the motor.

In this type also, the rotor is skewed. A mild steel shaft is passed through the center of the
rotor and is fixed to it. The purpose of the shaft is to transfer mechanical power.

- Advantages of Phase Wound Rotor

Following are the advantages of the Phase Wound Rotor.
• High starting torque and low starting current.
• For controlling the speed of the motor, an external resistance can be added in the
circuit.

II. Synchronous Machine :-

Synchronous Machine run at synchronous speed. The synchronous speed is given by

Where, Ns = synchronous speed, f = supply frequency and p = number of poles. As we can

see from the equation, the synchronous speed depends on the frequency of the supply and
the number of poles.
The construction of a synchronous motor is very similar to the construction of an alternator.
Both are synchronous machines where one we use as a motor and the other as a generator.
Just like any other motor, the synchronous motor. also has a stator and a rotor. We will look
into the construction details of the various parts one by one in detail.

- The main stationary part of the machine is stator. The stator consists of the following
parts.
Stator Frame
The stator frame is the outer part of the machine and is made up of cast iron. It protects the
enter inner parts of the machine.

Stator Core
The stator core is made up of thin silicon laminations. It is insulated by a surface coating to
minimize hysteresis and eddy current losses.
Its main purpose is to provide a path of low reluctance for the magnetic lines of force and
accommodate the stator windings.

Stator Winding
The stator core has cuts on the inner periphery to accommodate the stator windings. The
stator windings could be either three-phase windings or single phase windings.

Enamelled copper is used as the winding material. In the case of 3 phase windings, the
windings are distributed over several slots. This is done to produce a sinusoidal distribution
of EMF.
Rotor of Synchronous Motor
The rotor is the moving part of the machine. Rotors are available in two types:
• Salient Pole Type
• Cylindrical Rotor Type
The salient pole type rotor consists of poles projecting out from the rotor surface. It is made
up of steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses.

A salient pole machine has a non-uniform air gap. The gap is maximum between the poles
and is minimum at the pole centres. They are generally used for medium and low-speed
operations as they have a large number of poles. They contain damper windings which are
used for starting the motor.
A cylindrical rotor is made from solid forgings of high-grade nickel chrome molybdenum
steel forgings of high-grade nickel chrome molybdenum steel. The poles are created by the
current flowing through the windings. They are used for high-speed applications as they
have less number of poles. They also produce less noise and windage losses as they have a
uniform air gap. DC supply is given to the rotor windings via slip-rings. Once the rotor
windings are excited, they act like poles.
 Experiment No. 5

Aim :- Torque Speed Characteristic of separately excited dc motor.

Apparatus Required :-
S.N
Equipment Rating Type Quantity
o

1 DC Machine Motor 1

2 Rheostat 2

3 Ammeter DC 2

4 Voltmeter DC 2

Theory :-

A separately excited dc motor is shown in figure 1. The armature and the field winding is
excited from separate dc sources, Va and Vf respectively. The effective resistance of the
armature winding is given by Ra and current Ia flowing into the armature. The motor back
emf or speed voltage is given by Eb. The KVL for the separately excited motor from fig.1
will be Va = Eb + IaRa. The armature induced voltage with motor rotating at a speed ω is
given by Eb = Keφω, where φ is the field flux and Ke is the machine constant. Similarly the
motor torque is given by T = KeφIa. Using the above equations, the expression for speed ω
in terms of torque T can be obtained as ω = Va Keφ − Ra (Keφ) 2 Ta. If we plot the torque-
speed expression for the separately excited dc motor, torque-speed characteristics as shown
in figure 2 will be obtained. As the torque developed is increased, as given by the torque-
speed relation, speed will fall with a gradient of Ra (Keφ) 2
Circuit Diagram :-

LOAD

Procedure :-
Armature Voltage control:
1. Connect the circuit as shown above. In this experiment the motor is loaded by loading
the generator. Put off all switches of the lamp load and open the main switch ‘S’
connected between the load and the armature of the DC generator. Also, open switches
S1, S2 and S3. These are on machine stand.
2. Switch on the AC supply to the power electronic controller supplying power to the field
winding of the motor. Using the knob on the controller, apply the rated voltage to the
field winding.
3. Switch on the AC supply to the power electronic controller supplying power to the
armature of the motor. Using the knob on the controller, slowly increase the voltage to
the armature till the rated value. Also, apply the rated voltage to the field winding of the
generator (the output terminals are at the rear side of the controller feeding the armature
of the motor). Note down the meter readings, speed and direction of rotation.
4. Close switch S and load the generator in steps till it reaches full load. For each load keep
the input voltage to the armature constant & note down all the meter readings and speed.
You may find that beyond a certain load, it is not possible to keep the armature input
voltage constant. Do not increase the load beyond this point. Switch off the load and
open S.
5. Now apply 85% of the rated voltage to the armature and repeat the above step. Do not
switch off the supply.

Field Control :-
1. Using the power electronic controller apply the rated voltage to the armature of the DC
motor.
2. Using the power electronic controller suppling power to the field of the DC motor,
reduce the field current to 0.4 A.
3. Close S and load the generator in steps till full load. For each load keep the input voltage
to the armature and field current constant, and note down all the meter readings and
speed. You may find that beyond a certain load, it is not possible to keep the armature
input voltage constant. Do not increase the load beyond this point. Switch off the load
and open S.
4. Now reduce the field current to 0.38A with armature voltage unchanged at its rated
value. Repeat the above step. E. Reduce the voltage applied to the armature to zero.
Observation :-
Armature Voltage Armature Current Field Current (I2) Torque (T) Speed (N)
(E1) (I1)
V A A N.m r/min

Results:-

Precaution :-
1. Connection should be tight and proper.
2. Plot graph properly
3. Take reading accurately.
 Experiment No. 6

Aim :- Demonstration of (a) dc-dc converters (b) dc-ac converters – PWM waveform (c) the
use of dc-ac converter for speed control of an induction motor and (d) Components
of LT switchgear.

Apparatus Required :-
S.N
Equipment Rating Type Quantity
o

1 Buck Converter 12v- 9v 1

2 Inverter 12V DC to 230V AC, 2A 100W 1

3 Traic 230V , 5A Controlled 1

4 Induction Machine Single Phase 1

Theory :-
A) DC- DC Converters (Chopper)
A DC-DC converter is a power electronics device that accepts a DC input voltage and also
provides a DC output voltage. The output voltage of DC to DC converter can be greater than
the input voltage or vice versa. The converter output voltages are used to match the power
supply required to the loads. The connection and disconnection of power supply to the load
can be controlled using a switch in the simple DC to DC converter circuit. DC to DC
converter circuits consists of a transistor or diode switch, energy storage devices like
inductors or capacitors and these converters are generally used as linear voltage regulators
or switched mode voltage regulators. DC to DC converters are used to provide DC regulated
power supply, constant DC power supply to the electrical and electronics project circuits.
1. Buck Converter (Step- Down)
2. Boost Converter (Step- UP)
3. Buck- Boost Converter
- Buck Converter :-
B) DC- AC Converter (Inverter)
DC to AC converters is mainly designed for changing a DC power supply to an AC power
supply. Here, DC power supply is comparatively stable as well as positive voltage source
whereas AC oscillates approximately a 0V base stage, typically in a sinusoidal or square or
mode.
The common inverter technology used in electronics is to convert a voltage source from a
battery into an AC signal. Generally, they operate with 12 volts and commonly used in
applications like automotive, lead-acid technology, photovoltaic cell etc.
A transformer coil system & a switch is the simple circuit used for an inverter. A typical
transformer can be connected toward the DC signal’s input through a switch to oscillate
back quickly. Due to the current flow in bi-directional in the primary coil of the transformer,
an alternating current signal is an output throughout the secondary coils.

C) Component of LT switchgear.
Definition of Switchgear: The apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting
the electrical circuits and equipment is known as switchgear.
It also includes the combination of these switching devices with associated control,
measuring, protecting and regulating equipment. The switchgear devices and their
assemblies are used in connection with the generation, transmission, distribution, and
conversion of electrical energy.
In addition, it has to perform the function of clearing the fault current for which sensing
devices like current transformers, potential transformers and various types of relays,
depending on the application, are employed.
There also has to be provision for metering, controlling and data, wherein innumerable
devices are used for achieving the switching function.
Thus switchgear can include circuit breaker, current transformer, potential transformers,
protective relays, measuring instruments, switches, fuses, MCBs, surge arrestors, isolators,
and various associated types of equipment.
Components of Switchgear
- Switches
- Fuses
- Isolators
- Circuit breaker
- Protective relays
- Control panels
- Lightning arrestors
- Current transformer
- Potential transformer
- Auto reclosures