1.
Embedded Systems
a. Explain embedded system
An embedded system is a small computer built into a larger machine to do a specific job. It does not
work alone like a laptop or desktop. Instead, it helps control devices like washing machines, traffic
lights, and medical equipment.
b. Two characteristics of embedded systems
1. Dedicated Function - It is made to do only one job, like controlling a microwave.
2. Limited resources - It has small memory and works with low power.
c. How embedded systems are used:
Household tasks: They control machines like washing machines (to run wash cycles), microwaves
(to set heat and time), and air conditioners (to adjust temperature automatically).
Healthcare: Embedded systems are used in devices like pacemakers (to control heartbeat), infusion
pumps (to give medicine slowly), and MRI or CT scanners (to take body scans). They help keep
patients safe and help doctors make good decisions.
Transportation: Cars have embedded systems that manage braking (ABS), airbags, and GPS. They
also control traffic lights and ticket machines in buses and trains. These systems make transport
safer and more efficient.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
a. Describe the CPU
The CPU is the main part of a computer that processes all instructions. It controls how the computer
works, does calculations, and follows commands. It is also called the "brain" of the computer.
b. Components of the CPU
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) - Does calculations and logic (e.g. add, subtract, compare
numbers).
2. Control Unit (CU) - Directs all parts of the computer. It fetches, decodes, and sends instructions.
3. Registers - Small memory areas that store data the CPU is working on.
4. Cache - Very fast memory that stores data the CPU uses often.
c. Functions of:
Control Unit (CU): It controls how data moves in the CPU. It gets instructions from memory,
understands them, and sends them to the right part (like the ALU).
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): It does arithmetic tasks like addition and subtraction. It also
compares numbers and helps the computer make decisions (like greater than, equal to, or less
than).
d. Three CPU registers and their functions
1. Program Counter (PC): Keeps the address of the next instruction the CPU should run.
2. Memory Address Register (MAR): Stores the address in memory where data or an instruction is
kept.
3. Memory Data Register (MDR): Holds the actual data that is being moved to or from memory.
e. Explain cache
Cache is a small, fast memory near or inside the CPU. It keeps copies of data or instructions that
the CPU uses often. This helps the CPU work faster because it doesn't need to go to the slower
main memory all the time.
f. Functions of cache
- Stores instructions and data used regularly.
- Helps the CPU access information faster.
- Reduces delays from using main memory.
- Improves overall speed of the computer.
3. Machine Cycle
a. Explain machine cycle
The machine cycle is the process the CPU follows to carry out each instruction. It includes four
steps: fetch, decode, execute, and store. This cycle happens repeatedly while the computer is
working.
b. The four stages of the machine cycle
1. Fetch - The CPU gets an instruction from the main memory.
2. Decode - The control unit reads the instruction and figures out what to do.
3. Execute - The CPU carries out the instruction. For example, the ALU may do a calculation.
4. Store - The CPU saves the result in a register or memory for later use.
