‫‪Introduction‬‬

‫‪By: Muhammed Gamal Maklad‬‬

‫علَى آ ِل ُم َح َّمد‪،‬‬
‫علَى ُم َح َّم ٍد َو َ‬
‫علَى إِب َْراهِي َم‪َ ،‬وب َِاركْ َ‬
‫صلَّيْتَ َ‬
‫علَى آ ِل ُم َح َّمدٍ‪َ ،‬ك َما َ‬
‫علَى ُم َح َّم ٍد َو َ‬ ‫اللَّ ُه َّم َ‬
‫ص ِ ِّل َ‬
‫علَى آ ِل ِإب َْراهِي َم‪ ،‬فِي ا ْل َعالَمِ ينَ ‪ِ ،‬إنَّكَ حَمِي ٌد َم ِجي ٌد‪.‬‬ ‫َك َما ب َ‬
‫َاركْتَ َ‬
 Data Information
is the raw input (numbers, characters, Processed or arranged data that makes
images…) meaningful output
is the lowest level of knowledge is the second level of knowledge
Data by itself alone is not significant Information is significant by itself
Observations and recordings are done analysis and processing are done to
to obtain data obtain information

DATA STORAGE SYSTEMS

❖ MANUAL FILE SYSTEMS:

➢ Files are labelled and stored in one or more cabinets. For security, the cabinets may have locks or may be
located in secure areas of the building.‫هنا يقصد الملفات الورقه اللي كنا بنستخدمها لجمع البيانات زي زمان في المصالح الحكوميه‬
➢ Problems: ‫دلوقتي في الفايالت دي في مشاكل زي ان مثال الفايل هيبقي‬
• Searching • Retrieving data from multiple files ‫ مش امن الن ممكن‬, ‫صعب انك تدور علي داتا و ده هياخد وقت‬
• Production of detailed monthly, quarterly, and annual ‫بسهوله الدفتر مثال يتسرق و الداتا اللي جواه تتاخد‬
report • Physical problems
❖ FILE BASED SYSTEM:
➢ One way to keep information on a computer is to store it in permanent files.
➢ A company system has a number of application programs; each of them is designed to manipulate data files.
➢ Early attempt to computerize the manual filling system , each Program defines and manages its own data.
➢ Collection of application programs that perform services for the end users.
➢ Each program defines and manages its own data.
➢ file is simply a collection of records, which contains logically related data.
➢ Each record contains a logically connected set of one or more
fields
➢ Where each field represents some characteristic of the real-world
object that is being modelled
➢ FILE-BASED SYSTEMS DISADVANTAGES:
• Separation & Isolation Of data (each user has a copy) (no sharing) ‫مينفعش تعمل مشاركه للفايل كل مستخدم له فايل لو‬
‫أكتر من يوزر بضطر اني اعمل أكتر من فايل بحيث ان يكون لكل يوزر فايل‬
• Data Redundancy (Duplication of data) Inconsistency in data format ‫لو عاوز احدث داتا بضطر أخدها كوبي و أعمل‬
‫فايل جديد و بعد كده أيف اللي أنا عاوزه ف ده بيؤدي الي تكرار الداتا اللي عندي‬
• Integrity problems ‫بيكون من الصعب عمل تعديل علي الفايل ل فرض قيود زياده‬
• Atomicity of updates • Security problems (no constraints‫ • ) مفيش قيود‬No concurrency ‫مفيش تزامن للداتا‬
• Difficulty in accessing data Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
‫كل تاسك عاوز تعمله هتضطر تنسخ الداتا و تعمل التاسك في فايل جديد علشان مينفعش تعمل مشاركه للفايل زي ما قولنا فوق‬
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‫ي‬
 ❖ DATABASE:
➢ Database is an organized shared collection of related data used to support the activities of a particular
organization.
➢ DATABASE PROPERTIES: ‫خصائص الداتا بيز‬
• Represents the real world.
• Logically coherent collection of data.
• Designed, built, and populated for a specific purpose.
• Any size and of varying complexity.
• Generated and maintained(‫ )يتم صيانتها‬manually or by machine.
➢ DATABASE TYPES:
• Traditional database applications:
• Store textual or numeric information.
• Multimedia databases:
• Store images, audio clips, and video streams digitally
• Geographic information systems (GIS):
• Store and analyze maps, weather data, and satellite images
• Data warehouses systems:
• Extract and analyze useful business information from very large databases • Support decision making.

 Data Logically related data

represent entities, attributes,
and relationships of information.
Actual Stored Data
➢ Data base Consist of:
 Meta data Metadata (System
catalog) provides description of
data to enable program data
independence. Data about Data

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA IN DATABASE APPROACH

❖ Self-Describing Nature of a database system:

➢ Database system contains not only the database itself but also a complete definition or description of the
database structure and constraints.
➢ This definition is stored in the DBMS catalog, which contains information such as the structure of each file, the
type and storage format of each data item, and various constraints on the data.
➢ information stored in the catalog is called Meta-Data, and it describes the structure of the primary database.
➢ NOSQL systems, do not require meta-data. Rather the data is stored as self-describing data that includes the
data item names and data values together in one structure.

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 ❖ Insulation between programs and data, and data abstraction:
➢ In the file-based system, the structure of the data files is defined in the application programs so if a user wants
to change the structure of a file, all the programs that access that file might need to be changed as well.
➢ in the database approach, the data structure is stored in the system catalogue and not in the programs.
➢ Therefore, one change is all that is needed to change the structure of a file. This insulation between the
programs and data is also called program-data independence.
❖ Support of multiple views of the data:
➢ database typically has many types of users, each of whom may require a different perspective or view of the
database. ‫دي مثال زي ما بتستخد برنامج فبيبقي فيه لغه عربيه و انجايزيه و هكذا علشان كل يوزر يختار اللي يناسبه‬
➢ A view may be a subset of the database or it may contain virtual data that is derived from the database files
but is not explicitly stored.
➢ Some users may not need to be aware of whether the data they refer to is stored or derived.5
❖ DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(DBMS):
➢ DBMS: Is the intermediate layer between the database and the programs that access the data.
➢ DBMS: is collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database and control access to
them.
➢ DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitates(‫ )يسهل‬the processes of defining, constructing,
manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and applications.
➢ Constructing the database is the process of storing the data on some storage medium that is controlled by the
DBMS.
➢ Database involves specifying the data types, structures, and constraints of the data to be stored in the
database
➢ Meta-Data The database definition or descriptive information is also stored by the DBMS in the form of a
database catalog or dictionary.
➢ Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs to access the database simultaneously.
➢ Database includes functions such as :
• querying the database to retrieve(‫ )يستدعي او يسترجع‬specific data
• updating the database to reflect changes in the miniworld, and generating reports from the data.
➢ important functions provided by the DBMS:
• Constructing Database. • Manipulating Database • Data Security • Concurrency.
• Data Integrity. • Backup & Recovery. • Data Dictionary (Meta Data) • Performance
• Protection includes system protection against hardware or software malfunction (or crashes) and security
protection against unauthorized or malicious access. A typical large database may have a life cycle of many
years, so the DBMS must be able to maintain (‫)بيحافظ علي الداتا بيز لوفت كبير الن في داتا بيز بتقعد سنين‬the database
system by allowing the system to evolve as requirements change over time.

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 Advantages of database Disadvantages of database
• Redundancy can be reduced. • It needs expertise to use.
• Inconsistency can be avoided. • DBMS itself is expensive.
• Data can be shared. • DBMS may be incompatible with any other available
• Security restrictions can be applied. DBMS.
• Enforcing Integrity Constraints.
• Providing Backup and Recovery

❖ DATABASE SYSTEMS COMPONENTS:

➢ application program accesses the database by sending queries or requests for data to the DBMS.
➢ query typically causes some data to be retrieved.
➢ a transaction may cause some data to be read and some data to be written into the database
❖ single-user DBS is a system in which at most one user can access the database at any given time "Data is integrated
and shared"

❖ multi-user DBS is a system in which many users can access the database at the same time "Data is integrated and
shared concurrently"
ROLES IN THE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT (PEOPLE)

❖ Database designers are responsible for:

➢ Identifying the data to be stored
➢ Choosing appropriate structures to represent and store this data.
➢ Logical database designer:
• Identifying the data (that is, the entities and attributes),
• Relationships between the data
• Constraints on the data that is to be stored in the database.
➢ Physical database designer:
• decides how the logical database design is to be physically realized:

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 • Mapping the logical database design into a set of tables
• selecting access methods for data.
• Designing security measures required on the data.
❖ Database Administrator (DBA): Responsible for the physical realization of the database
➢ Authorizing access to the database
➢ Coordinating and monitoring its use
➢ Acquiring software and hardware resources
❖ Application Programmers:
➢ Implemented the application programs that provide the required functionality for the end-users.
❖ End Users:
➢ Naïve users:
• Unaware of the DBMS.
• Access the database using application programs.
➢ Sophisticated end-user:
• Familiar with the structure of DB and DBMS.
• Use a high-level query language (SQL) to perform the required operations.
• Some sophisticated end-users write application programs for their own use.
❖ System analysts: Determine requirements of end users
❖ Workers behind the scene
➢ DBMS system designers and implementers as a software package
➢ Tool developers : Design and implement tools
➢ Operators and maintenance personnel:
• Responsible for running and maintenance of hardware and software environment for database system
❖ Database application program:
➢ A computer program that interacts with database by issuing an appropriate request (SQL statement) to the
DBMS.
➢ is simply a program that interacts with the database at some point in its execution.
❖ DATABASE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE:

5 Muhammed Gamal Maklad ‫النب‬

‫عل ي‬ ‫صل ي‬
‫ي‬