Ex.

No: 01
SALT ANALYSIS – 1
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Preliminary test:
a) Colour:
Colour of the Salt is noted. Colourless salt. Absence of Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+,
Co2+, Mn2+ ions.
1.
b) Appearance:
Appearance of the Salt is noted. Amorphous or powdered salt May be Carbonate, Sulphate or
Nitrate
Action of heat:
Take about 0.1 g of the dry salt in a clean and dry test tube. Heat the above No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Co2+
2.
test tube for about one minute and observe the colour of the residue when ions.
it is hot and also when it becomes cold.
Flame test:
Put 2-3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid on a clean watch glass and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Cu2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
make a paste of a small quantity of the salt in it. Dip the glass rod in this ions.
3.
paste and introduce it into the non-luminous (oxidising) flame. Observe
the colour of the flame first with the naked eye and then through a blue
glass.
Action of dilute H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of the salt in a test tube and add 1–2 mL of dilute sulphuric A colourless, odourless gas is Presence of Carbonate (CO32–) ion.
4. acid. evolved with brisk effervescence,
which turns lime water milky. CO2
gas is evolved.
Action of conc. H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and 3-4 drops of conc. H2SO4. Observe the No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Chloride (Cl–),
5.
change in the reaction mixture in cold and then warm it. Bromide (Br–), Iodide (I–), Nitrate
(NO3–), Oxalate, (C2O42–) ions.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of distilled water to it. Stir and boil the content for
about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate extract.
Take 1 mL of water extract and make it alkaline by adding ammonium No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Sulphide (S2–) ion is
1. hydroxide or sodium carbonate extract. Add a drop of sodium confirmed.
nitroprusside solution.
Take 1 mL of water extract or sodium carbonate extract in a test tube and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Sulphite (SO32–) ion is
2.
add barium chloride solution. confirmed.
Take 1 mL of water extract in a test tube. Add a few drops of potassium No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Nitrite (NO2–) ion is
3.
iodide solution and a few drops of starch solution, acidify with acetic acid. confirmed.
 Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube, add 1-2 mL distilled No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Acetate (CH3COO–)
4. water, shake well filter if necessary. Add 1 to 2 mL ion is confirmed.
neutral ferric chloride solution to the filtrate.
Acidify the aqueous solution or sodium carbonate extract with acetic acid No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Sulphate SO42– ion is
5.
and add lead acetate solution. confirmed.
Acidify sodium carbonate extract or the solution of the salt in water with No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Phosphate PO43- ion is
6.
conc. HNO3 and add ammonium molybdate solution and heat to boiling. confirmed.
Action of NaOH:
7. To a small amount of the salt, 1 mL of NaOH solution is added and heated Pungent smelling gas is evolved. Presence of Ammonium.
gently.
Chromyl chloride test:
To a small amount of the salt, a pinch of K2Cr2O7 and 3 drops of Conc, No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Chloride.
8. H2SO4 are added and heated gently. Vapours evolved are passed to another
test tube containing 1 mL NaOH. If yellow solution is obtained, 1 mL
DIL. Acetic acid and 1 mL lead acetate are added.
Identification of the basic radicals:
Preparation of original solution:
Take a little amount of the salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL of distilled water and shake it. If the salt does not dissolve, heat the content of the
boiling tube till the salt completely dissolves.
Zero group:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it and Brown precipitate is obtained. Ammonium is confirmed.
1.
heat. If there is a smell of ammonia, this indicates the presence of
ammonium ions. Pass the gas through Nessler’s reagent.
First group:
2.
Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Frist group (lead)
Second group:
3. Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl and H2S gas No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Second group (copper)
is passed
Third group:
4. To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of NH4OH No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Third group
are added (aluminium)
Fourth group:
5. To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of NH4OH No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Fourth group (Zinc)
are added and H2S gas is passed
Fifth group:
To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of NH4OH No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Five group (Calcium or
6. and 2 mL (NH4)2CO3 are added barium)

Sixth group:
7. To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of NH4OH No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Sixth group
and 2 mL NH4H2PO4 are added and scratched the side of the test tube (Magnesium)
Confirmatory test for basic radicals:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it and heat. If Brown precipitate is obtained. Ammonium is confirmed.
there is a smell of ammonia, this indicates the presence of ammonium ions. Bring
a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near the mouth of the test tube. White
fumes are observed. Pass the gas through Nessler’s reagent.
Result:
The given acid radical is Carbonate.
The given basic radical is Ammonium.
The given simple Salt is Ammonium carbonate.
Ex. No: 02
SALT ANALYSIS – 2
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Preliminary test:
a) Colour:
Colour of the Salt is noted. Colourless salt. Absence of Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+,
Co2+, Mn2+ ions.
1.
b) Appearance:
Appearance of the Salt is noted. Amorphous or powdered salt May be Carbonate, Sulphate or
Nitrate
Action of heat:
Take about 0.1 g of the dry salt in a clean and dry test tube. Heat the above No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Co2+
2.
test tube for about one minute and observe the colour of the residue when it ions.
is hot and also when it becomes cold.
Flame test:
Put 2-3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid on a clean watch glass and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Cu2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
3. make a paste of a small quantity of the salt in it. Dip the glass rod in this ions.
paste and introduce it into the non-luminous (oxidising) flame. Observe the
colour of the flame first with the naked eye and then through a blue glass.
Action of dilute H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of the salt in a test tube and add 1–2 mL of dilute sulphuric acid. No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Carbonate (CO32–),
4. Sulphide (S2–), Sulphite (SO32–),
Nitrite (NO2–), Acetate, (CH3COO–
) ions.
Action of conc. H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and 3-4 drops of conc. H2SO4. Observe the Brown fumes evolve which become Presence of Nitrate, (NO3–) ion
change in the reaction mixture in cold and then warm it. dense upon heating the reaction
5. mixture after addition of copper
turnings and the solution acquires
blue colour. NO2 gas is evolved.

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:

Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of distilled water to it. Stir and boil the content for
about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate extract.
Take 1 mL of water extract and make it alkaline by adding ammonium No characteristic changes occur Absence of Sulphide (S2–) ion is
1. hydroxide or sodium carbonate extract. Add a drop of sodium nitroprusside confirmed.
solution.
Take 1 mL of water extract or sodium carbonate extract in a test tube and No characteristic changes occur Absence of Sulphite (SO32–) ion is
2.
add barium chloride solution. confirmed.
 Take 1 mL of water extract in a test tube. Add a few drops of potassium Blue colour appears. Absence of Nitrite (NO2–) ion is
3.
iodide solution and a few drops of starch solution, acidify with acetic acid. confirmed.
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube, add 1-2 mL distilled water, shake well No characteristic changes occur Absence of Acetate (CH3COO–) ion
4. filter if necessary. Add 1 to 2 mL neutral ferric chloride solution to the is confirmed.
filtrate.
Test for sulphate:
5. Acidify the aqueous solution or sodium carbonate extract with acetic acid No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Sulphate SO42– ion.
and add lead acetate solution.
Test for phosphate:
6. Acidify sodium carbonate extract or the solution of the salt in water with No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Phosphate PO43- ion.
conc. HNO3 and add ammonium molybdate solution and heat to boiling.
Action of NaOH:
To a small amount of the salt, 1 mL of NaOH solution is added and heated No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
7.
gently.

Chromyl chloride test:

To a small amount of the salt, a pinch of K2Cr2O7 and 3 drops of Conc, No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Chloride.
8. H2SO4 are added and heated gently. Vapours evolved are passed to another
test tube containing 1 mL NaOH. If yellow solution is obtained, 1 mL DIL.
Acetic acid and 1 mL lead acetate are added.
Identification of the basic radicals:
Preparation of original solution:
Take a little amount of the salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL of distilled water and shake it. If the salt does not dissolve, heat the content of the
boiling tube till the salt completely dissolves.
Zero group:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
heat. If there is a smell of ammonia, this indicates the presence of
1.
ammonium ions. Bring a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near the
mouth of the test tube. White fumes are observed. Pass the gas through
Nessler’s reagent.
First group:
2. Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl A white precipitate is obtained is Presence of Frist group (lead)
obtained
Confirmatory test for basic radicals:
1. To the original solution add potassium chromate solution. A yellow precipitate is obtained Lead is confirmed.
which is soluble in NaOH and
insoluble in ammonium acetate
solution.
Result
The given acid radical is Nitrate.
The given basic radical is Lead.
The given simple Salt is Lead Nitrate.
Ex. No: 03
SALT ANALYSIS – 3
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Preliminary test:
a) Colour:
Colour of the Salt is noted. Blue Presence of Cu2+ ion
1.
b) Appearance:
Appearance of the Salt is noted. Crystal salt May be Acetate, Sulphate, Nitrate
or Oxalate
Action of heat:
Take about 0.1 g of the dry salt in a clean and dry test tube. Heat the above Blue when cold and White when Presence of Cu2+ ion
2.
test tube for about one minute and observe the colour of the residue when it hot
is hot and also when it becomes cold.
Flame test:
Put 2-3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid on a clean watch glass and Green flame with blue centre in Presence of Cu2+ ion
3. make a paste of a small quantity of the salt in it. Dip the glass rod in this naked eye and Same colour as
paste and introduce it into the non-luminous (oxidising) flame. Observe the observed with blue glass as well as
colour of the flame first with the naked eye and then through a blue glass. without glass
Action of dilute H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of the salt in a test tube and add 1–2 mL of dilute sulphuric acid. No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Carbonate (CO32–),
4. Sulphide (S2–), Sulphite (SO32–),
Nitrite (NO2–), Acetate,
(CH3COO–) ions.
Action of conc. H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and 3-4 drops of conc. H2SO4. Observe the No characteristic changes occur. Presence of Chloride, (Cl–),
5. change in the reaction mixture in cold and then warm it. Bromide, (Br–), Iodide, (I–),
Nitrate, (NO3–), Oxalate, (C2O42–)
ions.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of distilled water to it. Stir and boil the content for
about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate extract.
Take 1 mL of water extract and make it alkaline by adding No characteristic changes occur Absence of Sulphide (S2–) ion is
1. ammonium hydroxide or sodium carbonate extract. Add a drop of confirmed.
sodium nitroprusside solution.
Take 1 mL of water extract or sodium carbonate extract in a test tube and No characteristic changes occur Absence of Sulphite (SO32–) ion is
2.
add barium chloride solution. confirmed.
Take 1 mL of water extract in a test tube. Add a few drops of potassium No characteristic changes occur Absence of Nitrite (NO2–) ion is
3.
iodide solution and a few drops of starch solution, acidify with acetic acid. confirmed.
 Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube, add 1-2 mL distilled water, shake well filter No characteristic changes occur Absence of Acetate (CH3COO–)
4.
if necessary. Add 1 to 2 mL neutral ferric chloride solution to the filtrate. ion is confirmed.
Test for sulphate:
5. Acidify the aqueous solution or sodium carbonate extract with acetic acid Appearance of white precipitate. Sulphate SO42– ion is confirmed.
and add lead acetate solution.
Test for phosphate:
6. Acidify sodium carbonate extract or the solution of the salt in water with No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Phosphate PO43- ion.
conc. HNO3 and add ammonium molybdate solution and heat to boiling.
Action of NaOH:
To a small amount of the salt, 1 mL of NaOH solution is added and heated No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
7.
gently.

Chromyl chloride test:

To a small amount of the salt, a pinch of K2Cr2O7 and 3 drops of Conc, No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Chloride.
8. H2SO4 are added and heated gently. Vapours evolved are passed to another
test tube containing 1 mL NaOH. If yellow solution is obtained, 1 mL DIL.
Acetic acid and 1 mL lead acetate are added.
Identification of the basic radicals:
Preparation of original solution:
Take a little amount of the salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL of distilled water and shake it. If the salt does not dissolve, heat the content of the
boiling tube till the salt completely dissolves.
Zero group:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
heat. If there is a smell of ammonia, this indicates the presence of
1.
ammonium ions. Bring a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near the
mouth of the test tube. White fumes are observed. Pass the gas through
Nessler’s reagent.
First group:
2.
Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Frist group (lead)
Second group:
3. Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl and H2S gas A black precipitate is obtained. Presence of second group (copper)
is passed
Confirmatory test for basic radicals:
To the original solution add potassium ferrocyanide solution. A chocolate brown precipitate is Copper is confirmed.
formed.
Result
The given acid radical is Sulphate.
The given basic radical is Copper.
The given simple Salt is Copper sulphate.
Ex. No: 04
SALT ANALYSIS – 4
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Preliminary test:
a) Colour:
Colour of the Salt is noted. No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+,
Co2+, Mn2+ ions.
1.
b) Appearance:
Appearance of the Salt is noted. Crystal salt. May be Acetate, Sulphate, Nitrate
or Oxalate.
Action of heat:
Take about 0.1 g of the dry salt in a clean and dry test tube. Heat the above No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Co2+
2.
test tube for about one minute and observe the colour of the residue when it ions.
is hot and also when it becomes cold.
Flame test:
Put 2-3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid on a clean watch glass and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Cu2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
3. make a paste of a small quantity of the salt in it. Dip the glass rod in this ions.
paste and introduce it into the non-luminous (oxidising) flame. Observe the
colour of the flame first with the naked eye and then through a blue glass.
Action of dilute H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of the salt in a test tube and add 1–2 mL of dilute sulphuric acid. No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Carbonate (CO32–),
4. Sulphide (S2–), Sulphite (SO32–),
Nitrite (NO2–), Acetate, (CH3COO–
) ions.
Action of conc. H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and 3-4 drops of conc. H2SO4. Observe the Brown fumes evolve which become Presence of Nitrate, (NO3–) ion.
change in the reaction mixture in cold and then warm it. dense upon heating the reaction
5.
mixture after addition of copper
turnings and the solution acquires
blue colour. NO2 gas is evolved.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of distilled water to it. Stir and boil the content for
about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate extract.
Take 1 mL of water extract and make it alkaline by adding No characteristic changes occur Absence of Sulphide (S2–) ion is
1. ammonium hydroxide or sodium carbonate extract. Add a drop of confirmed.
sodium nitroprusside solution.
Take 1 mL of water extract or sodium carbonate extract in a test tube and No characteristic changes occur Absence of Sulphite (SO32–) ion is
2.
add barium chloride solution. confirmed.
Take 1 mL of water extract in a test tube. Add a few drops of potassium No characteristic changes occur Absence of Nitrite (NO2–) ion is
3.
iodide solution and a few drops of starch solution, acidify with acetic acid. confirmed.
 Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube, add 1-2 mL distilled water, shake well No characteristic changes occur Absence of Acetate (CH3COO–) ion
4. filter if necessary. Add 1 to 2 mL neutral ferric chloride solution to the is confirmed.
filtrate.
Test for sulphate:
5. Acidify the aqueous solution or sodium carbonate extract with acetic acid No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Sulphate SO42– ion.
and add lead acetate solution.
Test for phosphate:
6. Acidify sodium carbonate extract or the solution of the salt in water with No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Phosphate PO43- ion.
conc. HNO3 and add ammonium molybdate solution and heat to boiling.
Action of NaOH:
7. To a small amount of the salt, 1 mL of NaOH solution is added and heated No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
gently.
Chromyl chloride test:
To a small amount of the salt, a pinch of K2Cr2O7 and 3 drops of Conc, No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Chloride.
8. H2SO4 are added and heated gently. Vapours evolved are passed to another
test tube containing 1 mL NaOH. If yellow solution is obtained, 1 mL DIL.
Acetic acid and 1 mL lead acetate are added.
Identification of the basic radicals:
Preparation of original solution:
Take a little amount of the salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL of distilled water and shake it. If the salt does not dissolve, heat the content of the
boiling tube till the salt completely dissolves.
Zero group:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
heat. If there is a smell of ammonia, this indicates the presence of
1.
ammonium ions. Bring a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near the
mouth of the test tube. White fumes are observed. Pass the gas through
Nessler’s reagent.
First group:
2.
Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Frist group (lead).
Second group:
3. Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl and H2S gas No characteristic changes occur. Absence of second group (copper)
is passed
Third group:
To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of NH4OH A gelatinous white precipitate is Presence of third group
4. are added obtained. (aluminium)

Confirmatory test for basic radicals:

To the original solution add ammonium hydroxide solution drop by drop along the A bright red lake is formed. Aluminium is confirmed.
sides of the test tube and add drops of aluminon reagent.
Result
The given acid radical is Nitrate.
The given basic radical is Aluminium.
The given simple Salt is Aluminium nitrate.
Ex. No: 05
SALT ANALYSIS – 5
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Preliminary test:
Colour:
Colour of the Salt is noted. No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+,
Co2+, Mn2+ ions.
1.
Appearance:
Appearance of the Salt is noted. Crystal salt May be Carbonate, Sulphate,
Nitrate or acetate.
Action of heat:
Take about 0.1 g of the dry salt in a clean and dry test tube. Heat the above test No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Co2+
2.
tube for about one minute and observe the colour of the residue when it is hot ions.
and also when it becomes cold.
Flame test:
Put 2-3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid on a clean watch glass and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Cu2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
3. make a paste of a small quantity of the salt in it. Dip the glass rod in this paste ions.
and introduce it into the non-luminous (oxidising) flame. Observe the colour of
the flame first with the naked eye and then through a blue glass.
Action of dilute H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of the salt in a test tube and add 1–2 mL of dilute sulphuric acid. Colourless vapours with smell of Presence of Acetate, (CH3COO–)
4. vinegar. Vapours turn blue litmus ion.
red. CH3COOH vapours are
evolved.
Action of conc. H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and 3-4 drops of conc. H2SO4. Observe the No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Chloride, (Cl–),
5. change in the reaction mixture in cold and then warm it. Bromide, (Br–), Iodide, (I–),
Nitrate, (NO3–), Oxalate, (C2O42–)
ions.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of distilled water to it. Stir and boil the content for
about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate extract.
Take 1 mL of water extract and make it alkaline by adding Purple or violet colouration Sulphide (S2–) ion is confirmed.
1. ammonium hydroxide or sodium carbonate extract. Add a drop of appears
sodium nitroprusside solution.
Take 1 mL of water extract or sodium carbonate extract in a test tube and add A white precipitate is formed Sulphite (SO32–) ion is confirmed.
barium chloride solution. which dissolves in dilute
2.
hydrochloric acid and sulphur
dioxide gas is also evolved.
 Take 1 mL of water extract in a test tube. Add a few drops of potassium iodide Blue colour appears. Nitrite (NO2–) ion is confirmed.
3.
solution and a few drops of starch solution, acidify with acetic acid.
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube, add 1-2 mL distilled water, shake well filter if Deep red colour appears which Acetate (CH3COO–) ion is
4. necessary. Add 1 to 2 mL neutral ferric chloride solution to the filtrate. disappears on boiling and a confirmed.
brown-red precipitate is formed.
Test for sulphate:
5. Acidify the aqueous solution or sodium carbonate extract with acetic acid and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Sulphate SO42– ion.
add lead acetate solution.
Test for phosphate:
6. Acidify sodium carbonate extract or the solution of the salt in water with conc. No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Phosphate PO43- ion.
HNO3 and add ammonium molybdate solution and heat to boiling.
Action of NaOH:
To a small amount of the salt, 1 mL of NaOH solution is added and heated No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
7.
gently.

Chromyl chloride test:

To a small amount of the salt, a pinch of K2Cr2O7 and 3 drops of Conc, H2SO4 No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Chloride.
9. are added and heated gently. Vapours evolved are passed to another test tube
containing 1 mL NaOH. If yellow solution is obtained, 1 mL DIL. Acetic acid
and 1 mL lead acetate are added.
Identification of the basic radicals:
Preparation of original solution:
Take a little amount of the salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL of distilled water and shake it. If the salt does not dissolve, heat the content of the
boiling tube till the salt completely dissolves.
Zero group:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
heat. If there is a smell of ammonia, this indicates the presence of
1.
ammonium ions. Bring a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near the
mouth of the test tube. White fumes are observed. Pass the gas through
Nessler’s reagent.
First group:
2.
Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Frist group (lead)
Second group:
3. Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl and H2S gas No characteristic changes occur. Absence of second group (copper)
is passed
Third group:
4. To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of NH4OH No characteristic changes occur. Absence of third group
are added (aluminium)
Fourth group:
To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of NH4OH A dirty white precipitate is obtained Presence of fourth group (Zinc)
5.
are added and H2S gas is passed
Confirmatory test for basic radicals:
To the original solution add sodium hydroxide solution. A white precipitate soluble in Zinc is confirmed.
excess of sodium hydroxide
solution is formed.
Result
The given acid radical is Acetate.
The given basic radical is Zinc.
The given simple Salt is Zinc acetate.
Ex. No: 06
SALT ANALYSIS – 6
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Preliminary test:
a) Colour:
Colour of the Salt is noted. No characteristic colour is Absence of Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+,
observed. Co2+, Mn2+ ions.
1.
b) Appearance:
Appearance of the Salt is noted. May be Carbonate, Sulphate or
Amorphous or powdered salt Nitrate
Action of heat:
Take about 0.1 g of the dry salt in a clean and dry test tube. Heat the above test No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Co2+
2.
tube for about one minute and observe the colour of the residue when it is hot ions.
and also when it becomes cold.
Flame test:
Put 2-3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid on a clean watch glass and Brick red with naked eye and Presence of Ca2+ ion
3. make a paste of a small quantity of the salt in it. Dip the glass rod in this paste Green with blue glass
and introduce it into the non-luminous (oxidising) flame. Observe the colour of
the flame first with the naked eye and then through a blue glass.
Action of dilute H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of the salt in a test tube and add 1–2 mL of dilute sulphuric acid. A colourless, odourless gas is Presence of Carbonate (CO32–)
4. evolved with brisk effervescence, ion.
which turns lime water milky.
CO2 gas is evolved.
Action of conc. H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and 3-4 drops of conc. H2SO4. Observe the No characteristic changes occur. Presence of Chloride, (Cl–),
5. change in the reaction mixture in cold and then warm it. Bromide, (Br–), Iodide, (I–),
Nitrate, (NO3–), Oxalate, (C2O42–)
ion
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of distilled water to it. Stir and boil the content for
about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate extract.
Take 1 mL of water extract and make it alkaline by adding No characteristic changes occur Absence of Sulphide (S2–) ion is
1. ammonium hydroxide or sodium carbonate extract. Add a drop of confirmed.
sodium nitroprusside solution.
Take 1 mL of water extract or sodium carbonate extract in a test tube and add No characteristic changes occur Absence of Sulphite (SO32–) ion
2.
barium chloride solution. is confirmed.
Take 1 mL of water extract in a test tube. Add a few drops of potassium iodide No characteristic changes occur Absence of Nitrite (NO2–) ion is
3.
solution and a few drops of starch solution, acidify with acetic acid. confirmed.
 Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube, add 1-2 mL distilled water, shake well filter if No characteristic changes occur Absence of Acetate (CH3COO–)
4.
necessary. Add 1 to 2 mL neutral ferric chloride solution to the filtrate. ion is confirmed.
Test for sulphate:
5. Acidify the aqueous solution or sodium carbonate extract with acetic acid and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Sulphate SO42– ion.
add lead acetate solution.
Test for phosphate:
6. Acidify sodium carbonate extract or the solution of the salt in water with conc. No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Phosphate PO43- ion.
HNO3 and add ammonium molybdate solution and heat to boiling.
Action of NaOH:
To a small amount of the salt, 1 mL of NaOH solution is added and heated No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
7.
gently.

Chromyl chloride test:

To a small amount of the salt, a pinch of K2Cr2O7 and 3 drops of Conc, H2SO4 No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Chloride.
8. are added and heated gently. Vapours evolved are passed to another test tube
containing 1 mL NaOH. If yellow solution is obtained, 1 mL DIL. Acetic acid
and 1 mL lead acetate are added.
Identification of the basic radicals:
Preparation of original solution:
Take a little amount of the salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL of distilled water and shake it. If the salt does not dissolve, heat the content of the
boiling tube till the salt completely dissolves.
Zero group:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
1. heat. If there is a smell of ammonia, this indicates the presence of ammonium
ions. Bring a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near the mouth of the test
tube. White fumes are observed. Pass the gas through Nessler’s reagent.
First group:
2.
Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Frist group (lead)
Second group:
3. Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl and H2S gas is No characteristic changes occur. Absence of second group
passed (copper)
Third group:
4. To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of NH4OH are No characteristic changes occur. Absence of third group
added (aluminium)
Fourth group:
5. To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of NH4OH are No characteristic changes occur. Absence of fourth group (Zinc)
added and H2S gas is passed
Fifth group:
To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of NH4OH and 2 A white precipitate is obtained. Presence of fifth group (Calcium
6.
mL (NH4)2CO3 are added or barium)
Confirmatory test for basic radicals:
To the original solution add 1 mL of potassium ferrocyanide is added. A pale yellow precipitate is Calcium is confirmed.
obtained.
Result
The given acid radical is Carbonate.
The given basic radical is Calcium.
The given simple Salt is Calcium carbonate.
Ex. No: 07
SALT ANALYSIS – 7
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Preliminary test:
a) Colour:
Colour of the Salt is noted. No characteristic colour is observed. Absence of Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+,
Co2+, Mn2+ ions.
1.
b) Appearance:
Appearance of the Salt is noted. Crystal salt. May be Acetate, Sulphate, Nitrate or
Oxalate.
Action of heat:
Take about 0.1 g of the dry salt in a clean and dry test tube. Heat the No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Co2+
2.
above test tube for about one minute and observe the colour of the ions.
residue when it is hot and also when it becomes cold.
Flame test:
Put 2-3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid on a clean watch glass No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Cu2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
and make a paste of a small quantity of the salt in it. Dip the glass rod ions.
3.
in this paste and introduce it into the non-luminous (oxidising) flame.
Observe the colour of the flame first with the naked eye and then
through a blue glass.
Action of dilute H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of the salt in a test tube and add 1–2 mL of dilute sulphuric No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Carbonate (CO32–),
4. acid. Sulphide (S2–), Sulphite (SO32–),
Nitrite (NO2–), Acetate, (CH3COO–)
ion
Action of conc. H2SO4:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and 3-4 drops of conc. H2SO4. Observe No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Chloride, (Cl–), Bromide,
5.
the change in the reaction mixture in cold and then warm it. (Br–), Iodide, (I–), Nitrate, (NO3–),
Oxalate, (C2O42–) ion
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of distilled water to it. Stir and boil the content for
about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate extract.
Take 1 mL of water extract and make it alkaline by adding No characteristic changes occur Absence of Sulphide (S2–) ion is
1. ammonium hydroxide or sodium carbonate extract. Add a drop of confirmed.
sodium nitroprusside solution.
Take 1 mL of water extract or sodium carbonate extract in a test tube No characteristic changes occur Absence of Sulphite (SO32–) ion is
2.
and add barium chloride solution. confirmed.
Take 1 mL of water extract in a test tube. Add a few drops of potassium No characteristic changes occur Absence of Nitrite (NO2–) ion is
3. iodide solution and a few drops of starch solution, acidify with acetic confirmed.
acid.
 Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube, add 1-2 mL distilled water, shake well No characteristic changes occur Absence of Acetate (CH3COO–) ion is
4. filter if necessary. Add 1 to 2 mL neutral ferric chloride solution to the confirmed.
filtrate.
Test for sulphate:
5. Acidify the aqueous solution or sodium carbonate extract with acetic Appearance of white precipitate Sulphate SO42– ion is confirmed.
acid and add lead acetate solution.
Test for phosphate:
Acidify sodium carbonate extract or the solution of the salt in water No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Phosphate PO43- ion.
6.
with conc. HNO3 and add ammonium molybdate solution and heat to
boiling.
Action of NaOH:
To a small amount of the salt, 1 mL of NaOH solution is added and No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
7.
heated gently.

Chromyl chloride test:

To a small amount of the salt, a pinch of K2Cr2O7 and 3 drops of Conc, No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Chloride.
8. H2SO4 are added and heated gently. Vapours evolved are passed to
another test tube containing 1 mL NaOH. If yellow solution is
obtained, 1 mL DIL. Acetic acid and 1 mL lead acetate are added.
Identification of the basic radicals:
Preparation of original solution:
Take a little amount of the salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL of distilled water and shake it. If the salt does not dissolve, heat the content of the
boiling tube till the salt completely dissolves.
Zero group:
Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Ammonium.
and heat. If there is a smell of ammonia, this indicates the presence of
1.
ammonium ions. Bring a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near the
mouth of the test tube. White fumes are observed. Pass the gas through
Nessler’s reagent.
First group:
2.
Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl No characteristic changes occur. Absence of Frist group (lead)
Second group:
3. Take a small amount of original solution, addition of dil. HCl and H2S No characteristic changes occur. Absence of second group (copper)
gas is passed
Third group:
4. To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of No characteristic changes occur. Absence of third group (aluminium)
NH4OH are added
Fourth group:
To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of No characteristic changes occur. Absence of fourth group (Zinc)
5.
NH4OH are added and H2S gas is passed
 Fifth group:
6. To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of No characteristic changes occur. Absence of fifth group (Calcium or
NH4OH and 2 mL (NH4)2CO3 are added barium)
Sixth group:
To the 1 mL of the original solution 1 mL of NH4Cl and 2 mL of A white precipitate is obtained Presence of sixth group (Magnesium)
7. NH4OH and 2 mL NH4H2PO4 are added and scratched the side of the
test tube

Confirmatory test for basic radicals:

To the original solution add drops of magneson reagent. A blue precipitate is obtained. Magnesium is confirmed.
Result
The given acid radical is Sulphate.
The given basic radical is Magnesium.
The given simple Salt is Magnesium sulphate.