Review

BEERS Notes Review Notes MATH PreCalculus II

Conic Sections From: Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 General Equation of Parabola General Equation (A B)
Ax 2 + By 2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0
2 (A or B is zero)
If, the discriminant, B − 4AC  0 , the conic is: or
2 2
when B=0 x +By + Cx + Dy + E = 0
B2 − 4AC  0, the conic is an ellipse if A  C
Ax 2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0
B2 − 4AC  0, the conic is a circle if A  C or Elements of Ellipse:
2
B − 4AC = 0, the conic is a parabola
2
x + Cx + Dy + E = 0 a2 = b2 + c 2
B2 − 4AC  0, the conic is a hyperbola d3 c
Eccentricity , e = =  1 .0
GENERAL EQUATION: CIRCLE d4 a
when A=0
- A simple shape of a 2b2
2 2 By 2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0 d = LR =
Ax + Bxy + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Euclidean geometry e a
consisting of those points in or
d1 + d2 = 2a
a plane which are the same y 2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0
In modern mathematics, conics is defined as distance from a given point
the locus of a point which moves in such a way Latus Rectum, LR Standard Equations ( a > b )
called the center. The
that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point common distance of the Latus rectum is a chord passing through
(focus) and a fixed line (directrix) is constant. Center at (0, 0):
points of a circle from its center is called its the focus and parallel to the directrix or
The constant ratio is called eccentricity. radius.. perpendicular to the axis. x2 y2 x2 y2
+ = 1 or + = 1
a2 b2 b2 a2
Circle : ( If eccentricity, e = 0 ) General Equation (A = B) LR = 4a

Ax 2 +Ay 2 +Cx + Dy+ E = 0 Vertex at (h, k) Center at (h, k):

Ellipse : ( If eccentricity, e < 1 ) 2
( y - k ) 2 =  4a( x - h) or (x - h) =  4a(y - k)
( x − h) (y − k) ( x − h) (y − k )
2 2 2 2
or
+ = 1 or + = 1
Parabola
2 2
: ( If eccentricity, e = 1 ) x + y + Cx + Dy + E = 0 a2
b 2
b 2
a2
Ellipse
Standard Equations Hyperbola
The locus of points, or path traced out, in a
Hyperbola : ( If eccentricity, e > 1 ) Center at (h, k) plane such that the sum of the distances from The locus of a point which moves so that
the moving point to two fixed points remains the difference of its distance between the two
Two ways of determining the type of conics (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r 2 fixed points is constant. This point is known as
constant. The two fixed points are then called
from the given general equation: Center at (0, 0) foci. The constant sum is the length of the major the foci. The constant difference is the length
axis that is equal to 2a. It can also be defined of the transverse axis that is equal to 2a. It may
 By Comparing Coefficients of the x2 + y2 = r2
Parabola as the locus of the point that moves such that also be defined as the locus of the point that
quadratic terms, (B = 0): - The locus of the point that moves such the ratio of its distance from a fixed point, called moves such that the ratio of its distance from a
that its distance from a fixed point called the the focus, and a fixed line, called the directrix, fixed point, called the focus, and fixed line,
focus is always equal to its distance from a fixed is constant and is less ythan one (1). called the directrix, is constant and is greater
From: Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 focus focus
than one (1).
line called the directrix. The intersection of a vertex asymptote
vertex asymptote
right circular conical surface and a plane d d y
If, y
parallel to a generating straight line rof that

Directrix
Directrix
d4
 A =  C , the conic is a CIRCLE surface.
Directrix

focus d4 a d1
b vertex d3
Minor axis, 2b

 A   C , the conic is an ELLIPSE d3 vertex

Latus rectum
Latus rectum
Directrix

Directrix
d1

Conjugate axis, 2b
c c d2
A or C is zero, the conic is a PARABOLA

Latus rectum
Latus rectum
x focus b focus
Latus rectum, 4a

vertex 2a 0
A & C opposite sign, the conic is a d2 d1 x
d2
x b b
HYPERBOLA a0 a P (x, y)
center
center
2a d d
a a
 By Discriminant: Major axis, 2a
a a
Transverse axis, 2a
2a
c c
 Review
BEERS Notes Review Notes MATH PreCalculus II

General Equation of Hyperbola How to Solve Problems Involving Conics ▪  is positive (+) if measured 4. Find the equation of the circle which is tangent
counterclockwise to both the x and y axes and having a radius of
(A and B have opposite signs) 3 units.
1. Given the equations of any conic, find the ▪  is negative (-) if measured clockwise
Ax 2 -By 2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0 A. x^2 + y^2 – 6x – 6y + 9 = 0
certain elements (center, eccentricity, focus, ▪ r is positive (+) if measured at the terminal
B. x^2 + y^2 + 6x + 6y + 18 = 0
or latus rectum, vertex, etc.) side of  C. x^2 + y^2 – 9 = 0
x 2 - By 2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0 • Reduce the equation to standard form ▪ r is negative (-) if measured at the D. x^2 + y^2 – 18 = 0
and apply the necessary formulas. extension through O from the terminal side
of  5. Determine the value of k so that x 2+y2-
2. Given only the points, find the equation. (3 8x+10y+k=0 is the equation of circle of radius
Elements of Hyperbola 7.
points for circle, 3 points and axis for parabola, Distance Between Two Points
A. 8 C. -4
c 2 = a2 + b2 four points for ellipse and hyperbola) The distance between two given points B. -8 D. 6
• Substitute the given points to the can be solve using cosine law.
general equation and solve for A, B, C, etc. (r2, 2) 6. Find the radius of a circle with center at (4,1) if
d3 c d
Eccentricity , e = =  1 .0 a chord of length 4√2 is bisected at (7,4).
d4 a 3. Given some elements, find the equation. r2 A. 7 C. 2
(center and radius for circle; vertex and a for  = 2 - 1 (r1, 1) B. √26 D. √42
2 parabola; center, a, and b for ellipse and
a 2b r1
7. A curve has an equation of
d = LR = hyperbola) O
e a • Reduce the equation to standard form. x x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 10y + 5 = 0 . Find the equation of
Pole
the tangent line at (1, 0).
d2 - d1 = 2a Transformation of Coordinates (Shifting d= r12 + r22 − 2r1r2 cos ( 2 − 1 ) A. 2x + 5y + 2 = 0 C. 2x – 5y – 2 = 0
B. 5x – 2y + 2 = 0 D. 5x + 2y – 2 = 0
Axes)
Standard Equations Relationship Between Polar and Cartesian
8. Determine the equation of the radical axis of
Coordinate Systems
“a” may be greater, equal, or less than “b” the two circles: x 2 + y 2 + 10x − 18y + 25 = 0 and
Center at (0, 0): x
(r, )
r2 = x2 + y2
x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 4y + 1 = 0 .
x 2
y 2
y2
x 2
y A. 6x – 11y + 12 = 0 C. 3x + 4y – 5 = 0
− 2 = 1 or − 2 = 1 y r tan  =
a2 b a2 b x B. 2x + 3y – 3 = 0 D. x – y + 2 = 0

O

x x = r cos 
2
9. The vertex of the parabola y − 2x + 6y + 3 = 0
Pole Axis
y = r sin 
Center at (h, k): is located at:
A. (−3, 3) C. (3, 3)
( x − h) (y − k)
2 2
Sample Problems B. (3, −3) D. (−3, −3)
2
− 2
= 1 Coordinates of the point P in the new and old
a b coordinate systems are tied by the equations: 10. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at
1. What conic section is represented by the
or equation : x2 + 4y2 + 4xy + 2x – 10 = 0
(5,-2) and focus at (5,-4).
A. x2 – 12x + 10y + 40 = 0
x' = x −a
(y − k) ( x − h)
2 2 A. Ellipse C. Hyperbola B. x2 – 8x + 4y + 36 = 0
− = 1 B. Parabola D. Circle
a2 b2 y' = y −b C. x2 – 5x + 6y + 45 = 0
D. x2 – 10x + 8y + 41 = 0
Polar Coordinate System 2. Identify the graph of the equation : x2+y2+3x-
2y+4=0. 11. Determine the equation of the parabola with
Equation of Asymptote (r, ) A. Circle C. Ellipse axis vertical, vertex is at (−1, −1) and passing
y - k = m (x - h) B. Point D. No graph through (2, 2).
where (h, k) is the center of the hyperbola and r A. x^2 + 2x – 3y - 2 = 0 C. x^2 + 4x – y - 2 = 0
m is the slope. m = b/a if the axis is horizontal 3. What is the coordinate of the center of the B. x^2 – 4x + 2y - 1 = 0 D. x^2 – 5x + 2y-6 = 0
O 
and m = a/b if the axis is vertical. Use (+) for x
2 2
circle x + y − 18x + 10y + 25 = 0 .
upward asymptote and (-) for downward Pole Axis 12. A cable suspended from supports that are the
A. (9, 5) C. (−9, 5)
asymptote. same height and 600 feet apart has sag of 100
B. (−5, 9) D. (9, −5)
Sign Convention feet. If the cable hangs in the form of a
parabola, find its equation.
 Review
BEERS Notes Review Notes MATH PreCalculus II

A. y^2=900x C. x^2=400y 21. Find the new coordinate of the point (3, −5) if
B. y^2=400x D. x^2=900y the axis is translated to a new origin at (−4, 6).
A. (7, −11) C. (−1, 1)
13. Find the location of the center of the ellipse: B. (−7, 11) D. (4, −14)
2 2
16x + 25y − 64x − 50y − 311 = 0
22. Find the equation of the curve
A. (3, 2) C. (2, 1)
B. (4, 5) D. (1, 2) x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 8y + 8 = 0 if the origin is moved
at (3, −2).
14. An ellipse has its vertices at (-2,-3) and (8,-3). If A. x’2 + y’2 – 12x’ + 8y’ + 43 = 0
one end of the minor axis is at (3,-7), how far is B. x’2 + y’2 – 8x’ + 12y’ + 43 = 0
the nearest focus to the left of the directrix. C. x’2 + y’2 + 8x’ – 12y’ + 43 = 0
A. 7.42 C. 4.28 D. x’2 + y’2 + 12x’ – 8y’ + 43 = 0
B. 3.21 D. 5.33
23. A point has a polar coordinate of (7, 38°).
15. The major axis of the elliptical path in which the Determine its equivalent rectangular coordinate.
satellite moves around the earth is A. (5.52, 4.31) C. (79.56, 38.64)
approximately 186,000,000 miles and the B. (38.64, 79.56) D. (4.31, 5.52)
eccentricity of the ellipse is 1/60. Find the
maximum altitude of the satellite. 24. Express y3 = 4x 2 in its polar form.
A. 94, 550,000 C. 84,556,000
B. 105,000,000 D. 96,665,000 A. r = 4cot2θcscθ C. r = 4cotθcsc2θ
B. r = 4cot2θcsc2θ D. r = 4cotθcscθ
16. Find the equation of the ellipse given the
following conditions: foci (−3, 2) and (5, 2), 25. Transform the rectangular equation

(x )
3
major axis is 10. 2
+y 2
= 4x y
2 2
into its equivalent polar
A. 9x^2 + 25y^2 – 18x – 100y – 116 = 0
B. 9x^2 + 25y^2 – 18x + 100y – 116 = 0 form.
C. 9x^2 + 25y^2 – 18x – 100y + 116 = 0 A. r = 2cosθ C. r = sin2θ
D. 9x2 + 25y2 – 18x + 100y + 116 = 0 B. r = 2sinθ D. r = cos2θ

17. From the given equation of the hyperbola 16y 2 26. Determine the coordinates of the vertex of the
– 9x2 + 36x + 96y – 36 = 0. Find the center of 4
the hyperbola. curve r = .
1 − cos 
A. 1, -2 C. 3, -4
B. 2,-3 D. 3, -2 A. (2, 0) C. (0, 2)
B. (−2, 0) D. (0, −2)
18. Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci at
(−4, 0) and (4, 0) and passes through (2, 0).
A. 3x^2 – y^2 – 12 = 0 C. x^2 – 3y^2 – 4 = 0
B. 3x^2 – y^2 + 12 = 0 D. x^2 – 3y^2+12 = 0

19. The length of the latus rectum of a hyperbola is

equal to 18 and the distance between the foci is
12. Determine the equation of the curve if the
conjugate axis is parallel to the y-axis.
A. y^2 – 3x^2 = 27 C. y^2 – 2x^2 = 15
B. 3x^2 – y^2 = 27 D.2x^2 – 3y^2 = 27

20. A point moves so that the difference between

its distance from (0, 5) and (0, −5) is 8, what is
the equation of its locus?
A. 9y^2 – 16x^2 = 144 C. 4y^2 – 9x^2 = 36
B. 16x^2 – 9y^2 = 144 D. 9x^2 – 4y^2 = 36