FIRE PROTECTION
DESIGN COURSE
AYMAN QURANY
MECHANICAL ENGINEER
[email protected]
01004334635
THIRD LECTURE CONTENTS
Examples of firefighting designed project(Network& building).
1. Firefighting Systems Water Requirements.
2. Hydraulic Calculation.
3. Example of Hydraulic Calculation.
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1 . FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS
WATER REQUIREMENTS
NFPA -13& NFPA -14
Firefighting Water Requirements:
1. Hoses Water Demand.
2. Sprinkler Water Demand.
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HYDRAULIC CALCULATION
NFPA -13
1. PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD (HOSE&SPRINKLER REQUIRED
FLOW IS GIVEN)
FOR LIGHT& ORDINARY(SPECIFIC AREA)
2. HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD( HOSE IS GIVEN &
SPRINKLER TO BE CALCULATED ).
NFPA -14
3. TOTAL WATER REQUIREMENT WITHOUT RESTRICTIONS.
THE HIGHER WATER REQUIREMENT VALUE OF 2&3 SHALL BE
USED.
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STANDPIPE WATER REQUIREMENT
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2. OCCUPANCY HAZARD FIRE APPROACH
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1. PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD
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CONDITIONS OF USING
PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD
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PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD
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2. HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD
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HYDRAULIC CALCULATION
METHOD(CONTINUED)
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DENSIT Y AREA CURVE
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SPRINKLER HYDRAULIC CALCULATION
When flow through a sprinkler orifice takes place, the energy
of the water changes from the potential energy of pressure to
the kinetic energy of flow. A formula can be derived from the
basic energy equations to determine how much water will flow
through an orifice based on the water pressure inside the
piping at the orifice.
However, this formula contains a factor, c d , which is a
discharge coef ficient characteristic of the orifice and which
must be determined experimentally. For sprinklers, the
product testing laboratories determine the orifice discharge
coef ficient at the time of listing of a particular model of
sprinkler. To simplify things, all factors other than pressure
are lumped into what is experimentally determined as the K-
factor of a sprinkler, such that
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SPRINKLER OPERATING
PRESSURE RANGE
If the required minimum flow at the most remote sprinkler is
known, determined by either the area/density method or the
special sprinkler listing, the minimum pressure needed at the
most remote sprinkler can easily be found.
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HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
As the calculations proceed toward the system riser the pressure
requirements increase, because additional pressures are needed
at these points to overcome elevation and friction losses while
still maintaining the minimum needed pressure at the most
remote sprinkler.
Elevation and friction losses are determined, and their values
added to the total pressure requirements. Total flow
requirements also increase back ward toward the source of
supply, until calculations get beyond the design area. Then there
is no flow added other than hose stream allowances.
Once the minimum pressure at the most remote sprinkler is
determined, the hydraulic calculation method proceeds backward
toward the source of supply.
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FRICTION LOSS
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EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGTH
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FRICTION LOSS
Once the value of friction loss per foot is determined using
either the previous equation or friction loss tables, the total
friction loss through a section of pipe is found by multiplying
p by the length of pipe, L Since NFPA 13 uses p to designate
loss per foot, total friction loss in a length of pipe can be
designated by p f , where
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3. PROCEDURES OF
HYDRAULIC CALCULATION(EXAMPLE)
Occupancy Hazard= Ordinary Hazard.
Area of ALL Sprinklers Operation=1500 ft 2 .
Area Covered per Sprinkler=130 ft 2.
Number of operating sprinklers=1500 \130=11 .5=12 sprinklers.
Minimum Required Density= 0.15 gpm/f t 2
Minimum residual pressure for the HMD sprinkler=20 psi.
HMD=Hydraulically Most Demanding.
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EXAMPLE
NODING DIAGRAM
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EXAMPLE(CONTINUED)
Q 1 =A 1 X ∂ 1
WHERE Q= FLOW IN GPM,
∂= DENSIT Y IN GPM/FT 2
A= AREA OF SPRINKLE R COVERAGE
q 1 = 130 x 0.15 = 19.5 gpm
p 1 =(q/k) 2 =(19.5/5.6) 2 =11 .9 psi
p 2 =p 1 +p 1(friction+ p 1(elevation)
losses)
for friction losses of 4 psi& elevation=0
p 2 =11 .9 + 4= 15.9 psi q 2 =k(p) 1/2 =5.6(15.6) 1/2 =22.19 gpm
p 3 =p 2 + p 2(friction losses) + p 2(elevation) 2 =xxxx psi
q 3 =k(p3) 1/ 2 =xxxx gpm
q 4= q 3 & p 4 =p 3 + p 3(friction losses) + p 3(elevation)
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EXAMPLE(CONTINUED)
By applying the previous procedures, the required discharge of
the (12 expected sprinklers to operate during fire) and the
required pressure may be calculated.
Q pump =Q 12 sprinklers +Q hose
P pump =P 12 sprinklers +P static Head +P friction loss
By adding this up to the hose required capacity,
FIREFIGHTING PUMP WOULD EASILY BE SELECTED.
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INSIDE HOSE WATER REQUIREMENT
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OUTSIDE HOSE WATER REQUIREMENT
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MINIMUM FLOWRATE
CLASS I& CLASS III
NFPA -14
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HYDRAULIC CALCULATION
CLASS I& CLASS III
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FOR 1 HOSE PER FLOOR
FOR A STANDPIPE
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FOR 3 HOSES PER FLOOR
FOR A STANDPIPE
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COMBINED SYSTEM
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MINIMUM SUPPLY TIME
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MINIMUM FLOWRATE
CLASS II
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HYDRAULIC CALCULATION
CLASS II
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INDIVIDUAL CONNECTIONS MAXIMUM
FLOW RATE
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