KALA PRE-TRIAL EXAMINATIONS 2025
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
311/2 - HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT - Paper 2
March. 2025 – 2 ½ Hours
SECTION A (25MARKS)
MARKING SCHEME
1. Define economic history. (1 mark)
i. Study of how people make their daily living.
1x1=1mark
2. State two distinct stages of evolution according to Charles Darwin. (2marks)
i. Mutation
ii. Natural selection
iii. Isolation
iv. Adaptation
2x1=2marks
3. Give the main reason why early man lived on trees. (1mark)
i. Security
1x1mark
4. State one way in which the Sumerians reclaimed land. (1mark)
i. They built banks/dykes along river banks to avoid flooding
ii. They dug ditches to drain water from swamps
iii. They used shadoof to draw water to irrigate the land.
iv. They used canals to irrigate the land
1x1mark
5. State two ways in which the Agrarian Revolution affected the Peasants in England.
(2marks)
i. They were displaced from their land
ii. Led to rural-urban migration
iii. Led to migration to other land
iv. Led to exploitation of their labour to earn a living
1
2x1=2marks
6. Name the main trade commodity during the Trans-Atlantic trade. (1mark)
Gold.
1x1mark
7. Give two uses of canals. (2marks)
i. They are used to shorten distances/Transportation
ii. They are used to control floods
iii. They are used for irrigation
2x1=2marks
8. Name two materials on which the early written messages were recorded. (2marks)
i. Stone tablets
ii. Scrolls
iii. Parchments
2x1=2marks
9. Name two inventions that revolutionized food preservation during the Scientific
Revolution. (2marks)
i. Refrigeration
ii. Canning
iii. Pasteurization
2x1=2marks
10. Which early African Urban Centre was referred to as the Jewel of the Zenj coast? (1mks)
i. Kilwa
1x1mark
11. State two factors to consider when determining the form of a constitution a country may
adopt. (2marks)
i. The historical background of a country
ii. Geographical factors
iii. Religious believers of the people.
iv. Racial composition
2x1=2marks
12. State one category of human rights. (1marks)
i. Civil and political rights.
ii. Social economic and cultural rights
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iii. Solidarity rights
1x1mark
13. Identify two treaties that were signed between Lewanika and the British. 2marks)
i. Lewanika – Ware Treaty of 1889
ii. The Lochner Treaty of 1890
iii. The Lawley Treaty of 1898
iv. The Coryndon Treaty of 1900
2x1=2marks
14. Name the policy that was used by the British to administer Northern Nigeria. (1mark)
i. Indirect Rule
1x1=1mark
1x1=1mark
15. Give one pillar of the two-pyramids policy as applied in Southern Rhodesia. (1mark)
i. Land Apportionment Act of 1930
ii. The Industrial Conciliation Act of 1934
1x1=1mark
16. Who was the first president of Mozambique? (1mark)
i. Samora Machel
1x1=1mark
17. Give two types of Nationalisms that were witnessed in South Africa. (2marks)
i. African Nationalism
ii. Afrikaner Nationalism
iii. British Nationalism
2x1=2marks
SECTION B (45 MARKS)
18.(a). Give three sources of Oral Tradition as a source of information in History and
Government. (3 marks)
i. Folktales,
ii. Proverbs,
iii. Riddles,
iv. Songs,
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v. Myths,
vi. Legends,
vii. Poems
3x1=3marks
(b). Explain six limitations of using Archaeology as a source of historical information.
(12marks)
i. It is an expensive method to hire laborers to excavate the sties
ii. Its time consuming to organize sites where information can be obtained
iii. It is difficult to locate archaeological sites
iv. Some of the fragile artifact and fossils are destroyed either by weather or by man during
the process of excavation
v. It is limited to the study of ancient period. It cannot be used to study recent history
vi. It is not easy to determine the data when events took place, it can only be estimated
through carbon dating
vii. Archaeological depends on other disciplines like oral traditions, written sources
viii. There are few archaeological experts and facilities for interpreting archaeological
remains.
ix. Archaeological information may not be accurate as it is based on inferences.
6x2=12marks
19. (a) Identify three Trans-Continental railways. (3marks)
i. Trans-Siberian Railway
ii. Canadian-Pacific Railway
iii. The Great American Railway
3x1=3marks
(b) Discuss six negative effects of using mobile phones as a modern means of
communication. (12marks)
i. The ease and speed which ideas spread all over the world has promoted
international social crimes e.g. drug trafficking.
ii. Immorality has been promoted among the youth, by watching
pornographic materials
iii. Mobile phones are addictive on the users hence leading to time wastage.
iv. Undermine/ erosion of the cultural values of the people/cultural
imperialism
v. It has led to misinformation/spread of malicious information.
vi. Mobile phones may expose the user to harmful radioactive rays such as
infrared rays which are health hazards
vii. It has led to new/emerging criminal activities e.g. cybercrimes
viii. It has led to increased risk of accidents.
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ix. It has negatively impacted on social relationships e.g. family break ups
6x2=12marks
20.(a). State three factors that led to the spread of iron working in Africa. (3marks)
i. Due to trade between Africa and Mesopotamia.
ii. Due to migration of Bantus from Congo Basin and southern Cushites who spread the
skills
to Africa.
iii. Through intermarriages where communities with iron working skills and those from
families of black smiths passed the knowledge to others.
iv. Through warfare during inter-tribal wars.
v. Through travelers and messengers who gave or received gifts of iron to their homes
3x1=3marks
(b). Explain six economic effects of Industrial Revolution in Europe. (12marks)
i. There is large scale production of industrial goods due to availability of
machines.
ii. With development of new sources of energy industries have expanded
rapidly
iii. Industrial Revolution boosted transportation and communication systems
e.g. roads and railway network.
iv. Living standards have improved with production of new quality products
like television, radio, satellites and computers
v. Trade has expanded as more goods are produced for exchange
vi. It led to creation of job opportunities.
vii. It promoted development of science and technology used in production.
viii. It led to development and growth of urban centres.
ix. European nations amassed a lot of wealth
x. It led to diversification of the economy/job specialization
xi. It led to introduction of modern farming methods which boosted
production.
xii. It led to formation of trade unions.
6x2=12marks
21. (a) Name three countries that took part in the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference. (3marks)
i. Britain
ii. Germany
iii. France
iv. Belgium
v. Portugal
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vi. Italy.
vii. United States of America
3x1=3marks
(b) Explain six terms of the Berlin Act. (12marks)
i. Any European power claiming any region in Africa was to inform other European powers
interested.
ii. The European powers were to declare their sphere of influence or areas they wish to
occupy. This led drawing of boundaries.
iii. A European power claiming any part of Africa must be followed by effective occupation.
iv. All Europeans powers acquiring territories in Africa were to abolish slave trade.
v. Congo River and the Niger River basins were to be left free and open for navigation by
all European powers.
vi. European powers recognized the demands of king Leopold II over the Congo Free State.
vii. Any European power claiming a certain part of the African coast, the land in the interior
next to the coast became hers.
6x2=12marks
SECTION C (30MARKS)
22. (a) State three functions of the Lukiiko among the Baganda during the pre-colonial period.
(3marks)
i. Advised Kabaka mainly on matters affecting the country.
ii. They represented the people’s concerns and needs to the Kabaka.
iii. Acted as final court of appeal in setting disputes.
iv. They directed collection of taxes in the kingdom and planned expenditure.
v. They helped the Kabaka in general administration
3x1=3marks
(b) Explain six factors that led to the rise and development of the Buganda Kingdom during
pre- colonial period. (12marks)
i. It had good, strong, shrewd, able rulers e.g. the Kabaka Mutesa I.
ii. The kingdom was small/cohesive/compact easy to administer.
iii. Its strategic location next to Lake Victoria which provided a good means of internal
communication and natural defense against her neighbors
iv. Trade with Swahili and Arabs where it acquired arms/firearms to expand
v. Good climate in the kingdom which favoured growth of bananas
vi. It had a strong standing army, loyal to Kabaka which provided security and conquered
neighbouring states.
vii. It had a strong centralized government under Kabaka which enhanced her growth and
control
viii. Decline of Bunyoro Kitara kingdom
ix. It had conquered neighbouring states of Busoga where she obtained slaves, livestock,
grains and ivory
6x2=12marks
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23. (a)State three factors that facilitated the application of assimilation policy in the four
communes of Senegal. (3marks)
i. The people had earlier interacted with the Europeans
ii. They intermarried with the Europeans /Presence of the Mullato population.
iii. The people were exposed to outside world due to the proximity to the Coast
iv. Most people had converted to Christianity.
3x1=3marks
(b) Explain six reasons why the French policy of Assimilation failed in West Africa. (10marks)
i. The French lacked adequate funds to sustain their operations.
ii. Cultural differences between the French and Africans. Africans were attached to their
culture and hence they opposed the French cultural imperialism.
iii. The Africans traditional chiefs who had lost their authority were opposed to the policy.
iv. Lacked of adequate personnel to implement the policy.
v. The French feared that the policy would lead to loss of labour on their farms.
vi. Resistance from the French parliamentarians who feared being out-numbered in the
Chamber of Deputies by the Africans.
vii. Disregard of African laws based on African culture and Islam caused a lot of resentment.
viii. The high standards expected by the French for one to be assimilated made the policy
unworkable.
ix. The French businessmen feared competition from the assimilated Africans
x. The French themselves who had used this policy were unable to agree to destroy the
French colonial empire.
xi. The rise of African nationalism undermined the policy of assimilation.
6x2=12marks
24.(a) State five methods used by Nationalists in Ghana in their struggle for independence.
(5marks)
i. Public / political rallies
ii. Trade unions
iii. Mobilized protests, demonstrations, riots, boycotts & go – slows
iv. Mass media (newspapers)
v. International fora e.g. the 5th pan – African Congress
vi. Formation of political parties
vii. Songs & slogans / poems to attack colonialism
viii. Participated in the pre – independence elections of 1954 & 1956
ix. Legislative council
5x1=5marks
(b). Explain five reasons why it took long for Mozambique to achieve independence.
(10marks)
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i. Portugal was reluctant to part with the economic wealth of Mozambique
ii. Portugal was ruled by kings who had no regard for human rights
iii. Portugal regarded Mozambique as one of its provinces and no a colony
iv. Portugal had succeeded in suppressing revolts by Africans before nationalism took root in
Mozambique
v. Lack of unity among Africans until the 1960s
vi. Illiteracy among Africans in Mozambique
5x2=10marks
